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==History==
==History==
The house where the Prophet Muhammad(s) was born, was located in [[Shi'b Abi Talib]] in a neighborhood called [[Suq al-Layl]]. It was called "Mawlid al-Nabi" or the Prophet's birthplace. In some historical sources, other places have been mentioned as the possible places of the Prophet's birth, which is not approved by most historians of [[Mecca]].<ref>Fasi al-Makki, ''Shifaʾ al-gharam'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>
The house where the Prophet Muhammad(s) was born, was located in [[Shi'b Abi Talib]] in a neighborhood called [[Suq al-Layl]]. It was called "Mawlid al-Nabi" or the Prophet's birthplace. In some historical sources, other places have been mentioned as the possible places of the Prophet's birth, which is not approved by most historians of [[Mecca]].<ref>Fasi al-Makki, ''Shifa' al-gharam'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>


===Until the Third/Ninth Century===
===Until the Third/Ninth Century===
Line 75: Line 75:
===Al-Fasi's Report (Ninth/Fifteenth Century)===
===Al-Fasi's Report (Ninth/Fifteenth Century)===


More than two centuries later, the Mecca historian Taqi al-Din Fasi (832 AH) gave a description of this place, which was respected and cherished by the people of [[Mecca]], in the book ''Shifaʾ al-gharam''. The building of the mosque is depicted as a square shape with two arcuate arches, which has a large angle in its southwest corner.<ref>Fasi, Shifaʾ al-gharam, vol. 1, p. 268.</ref>
More than two centuries later, the Mecca historian Taqi al-Din al-Fasi (832/1428-29) described this place, which was respected and cherished by the people of [[Mecca]], in the book ''Shifa' al-gharam''. The building of the mosque is depicted as a square shape with two vaults, which have a large khanqah in its southwest corner.<ref>Fasi, Shifa' al-gharam, vol. 1, p. 268.</ref>


===The report of the ʾuliaʾ Chalbi (11th century)===
===Evliya Çelebi's Report (Eleventh/Seventeenth Century)===


Two and a half centuries later, in 1081 AH, Turkish travel writer ʾuliaʾ Chalbi saw Mawlid al-Nabi<small>(s)</small> and described it in his book. He has described this building as a large and beautiful mosque, which was a square building with a high dome covered with lead. Chalbi mentioned the decorations inside the mosque, including the precious carpet and the pulpit covered with silk cloth and gold. According to him, the Prophet's birthplace was a stone in a yellow hole on which the place of his body was imprinted.<ref>Chalbi,''Al-Rahla al-hijaziyya'', pp. 255-256</ref>
Two and a half centuries later, in 1081/1670-71, the Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi saw Mawlid al-Nabi(s) and described it in his book. He described this building as a large and beautiful mosque, which was a square building with a high dome covered with lead. Çelebi mentioned the decorations inside the mosque, including the precious carpet and the pulpit covered with silk cloth and a gilded door. According to him, the Prophet's birthplace was a stone in a yellow hole on which the place of his body was imprinted.<ref>Chalbi,''Al-Rahla al-hijaziyya'', pp. 255-256</ref>


===The last descriptions of Mould al-Nabi<small>(s)</small> building before its destruction===
===Last Descriptions Before Destruction===


Mulla Ibrahim Kaziruni, who had the opportunity to visit this house in 1315 AH, writes: "On Friday, the 14th, we went to visit the Prophet<small>(s)</small> birthplace at a place known as the Mawlid al-Nabi<small>(s)</small>, and that place is located in [[Sawq al-layl]] We went inside and went down approximately fourteen steps. We entered a room named after the mosque. After that, we went to another room. There is a shrine in this room. The servant opened the door of the shrine. There is a pit inside this shrine. In the middle of it there is a green stone, which was the birthplace of Prophet." <ref>''Safarnam-iy Mulla Ibrahim Kaziruni'', p. 366.</ref>
Mulla Ibrahim Kaziruni, who had the opportunity to visit this house in 1315/1898, writes: "On Friday, the 14th, we went to visit the Prophet(s) birthplace located in Suq al-Layl. We went inside and went down approximately fourteen steps. We entered a room which is the mosque. After that, we went to another room. There is a darih in this room. The servant opened the door of darih. There is a pit inside in the middle of it a green stone, which was the birthplace of the Prophet(s)." <ref>''Safarnam-iy Mulla Ibrahim Kaziruni'', p. 366.</ref>
 
[[File:نقشه مولد النبی.jpg|thumb|Map of Mawlid al-Nabi as al-Batanuni drew]]
MuhammadLabib Batanuni who in 1909/1327 AH. He traveled to mecca in his travelogue and drew a plan from the plan of the Prophet's building and described it as follows: "When you enter it, you first enter a 12-meter-long and 6-meter-wide playground, which is on the right wall. There is a door, after passing through it you will enter a space on which a dome is placed, in the middle of this space and under the dome leaning against the western wall, there is a wooden compartment inside which is a concave marble stone with a little It has sunk in. It can be seen. This place shows the birthplace of the prophet" <ref>Batanuni , ''Safarnam-iy  hijaz'', p. 146.</ref>
Muhammad Labib al-Batanuni who traveled to Mecca in 1327/1909 drew the plan of Mawlid al-Nabi in his travelogue and described it as follows: "When you enter it, you first enter a 12x6 square meters hall. On the right wall, there is a door, after passing through it you will enter a space over which a dome is placed, in the middle of the space and under the dome leaning against the western wall, there is a wooden darih inside which is a concave marble stone marking the birthplace of the Prophet(s)." <ref>Batanuni , ''Safarnam-iy  hijaz'', p. 146.</ref>


==Renovations==
==Renovations==
Line 91: Line 91:
The building of Mawlid al-Nabi was the attention of princes and kings and was renovated many times. The list of these renovations is as follows:
The building of Mawlid al-Nabi was the attention of princes and kings and was renovated many times. The list of these renovations is as follows:


* Year 576 AH, By Nasser, [['Abbasid Caliph]];
* 576/1180-81, By al-Naser, the [['Abbasid Caliph]];
* Year 666 AH, King Muzaffar, the ruler of Yemen;
* 666/1267-68, King al-Muzaffar, the ruler of Yemen;
* Year 740 AH, King Mujahid, the ruler of Yemen;
* 740/1339-40, King al-Mujahid, the ruler of Yemen;
* Year 758 AH, Amir Sheikhun, one of the grandees of Egypt;
* 758/1357, Amir Shaykhun, a nobleman from Egypt;
* Year 766 AH, King Sha'ban, King of Egypt;
* 766/1364-65, King Sha'ban, King of Egypt;
* Year 801 AH, King Ẓahir Barquq, King of Egypt;<ref>Fasi, ''Shifaʾ al-gharam'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>
* 801/1398-99, King al-Zahir Barquq, King of Egypt;<ref>Fasi, ''Shifa' al-gharam'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>


===In the Ottoman era===
===In the Ottoman Era===


* In 935 AH, King Sulayman 'thmani;
* In 935/1528-29, King Sulayman;
* In 1009 AH, by the order of King Muhammad 'thmani under the supervision of Ghaḍanfar agha <ref>sanjari, ''Manaʾih al-karam'', vol. 3, p. 506.</ref> In this reconstruction, a large dome and a minaret were built for this building, and endowments were determined by the Ottoman government for it, and a muezzin, servant, and Imam were determined for the mosque.<ref>tabari ,''Tarikh-i makka, ittihaf fuḍalaʾal-zaman  bitarikh walih bani al-hasan'', Vol 2, p. 15.</ref>
* In 1009/1600-1, by the order of King Muhammad under the supervision of Ghadanfar Agha <ref>sanjari, ''Mana'ih al-karam'', vol. 3, p. 506.</ref> In this reconstruction, a large dome and a minaret were built for this building, endowments were assigned for it, and a mu'azzin, a servant, and an imam for congregational prayer were assigned for the mosque by the Ottoman government.<ref>tabari ,''Tarikh-i makka, ittihaf fuḍala'al-zaman  bitarikh walih bani al-hasan'', Vol 2, p. 15.</ref>
* In 1230, Muhammad 'Ali Pasha of [[Egypt]] ordered king Muhammad Khan.
* In 1230, Muhammad 'Ali Pasha of [[Egypt]] ordered king Muhammad Khan.
* The last repair is said to have been in the time of 'Abd al-Majid Khan.<ref>Ghazi, ''Ifada al-anam bi akhbar al-balad Allah al-haram'',vol. 2, p. 71.</ref>
* The last repair is said to have been in the time of 'Abd al-Majid Khan.<ref>Ghazi, ''Ifada al-anam bi akhbar al-balad Allah al-haram'',vol. 2, p. 71.</ref>
Line 114: Line 114:
==Destruction of the building and construction of the library==
==Destruction of the building and construction of the library==


In the [[House of Sa'ud]] government, the building of Mawlid al-Nabi<small>(s)</small>, like many old buildings in Mecca, was destroyed in the year 1343 AH under the pretext that people were looking for blessings on it.<ref>Biladi, '''atiq Ma'alim Makka al-tarikhiyya wa al-athariyya'',  p. 294.</ref>  
In the [[House of Sa'ud]] government, the building of Mawlid al-Nabi(s), like many old buildings in Mecca, was destroyed in the year 1343 AH under the pretext that people were looking for blessings on it.<ref>Biladi, '''atiq Ma'alim Makka al-tarikhiyya wa al-athariyya'',  p. 294.</ref>  


Later, due to the fact that there was no grave to be visited in this place, some people tried to get permission to rebuild it. In 1370, permission was issued to build a library in this place.
Later, due to the fact that there was no grave to be visited in this place, some people tried to get permission to rebuild it. In 1370, permission was issued to build a library in this place.
Line 126: Line 126:
*'Abd al-Ghani al-nablusi.''Al-haqiqa wa al-Majaz fi rahla al-bilad al-sham wa misr wa al-hijaz''. Damascus: Dar al-Ma'rifa, 1419 AH.
*'Abd al-Ghani al-nablusi.''Al-haqiqa wa al-Majaz fi rahla al-bilad al-sham wa misr wa al-hijaz''. Damascus: Dar al-Ma'rifa, 1419 AH.
*'Abd al-Wahhab Ibrahim Abu Sulayman.''Maktabat makkah al- Makka al-mukarrama qadiman wa hadithan.'' Riyadh: Maktaba al-malik fahad al-Wataniyyah, 1433 AH.
*'Abd al-Wahhab Ibrahim Abu Sulayman.''Maktabat makkah al- Makka al-mukarrama qadiman wa hadithan.'' Riyadh: Maktaba al-malik fahad al-Wataniyyah, 1433 AH.
*'Ali b. Taj al-ddin al-sanjari.''Manaʾih al-karam''. Mecca: umm al-qura university, 1998.  
*'Ali b. Taj al-ddin al-sanjari.''Mana'ih al-karam''. Mecca: umm al-qura university, 1998.  
*Azraqi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-.''Akhbar Makka wa ma jaʾa fiha min al-athar''. Edited by Rushdi *Batanuni, Muhammad Labib.''Al-Rahla al-hijaziyya''. Cairo: Al-Thiqafat al-Diniyya, [n.d
*Azraqi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-.''Akhbar Makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. Edited by Rushdi *Batanuni, Muhammad Labib.''Al-Rahla al-hijaziyya''. Cairo: Al-Thiqafat al-Diniyya, [n.d
*Biladi, 'atiq.''Ma'alim Makka al-tarikhiyya wa al-athariyya''. Mecca: 1400 AH
*Biladi, 'atiq.''Ma'alim Makka al-tarikhiyya wa al-athariyya''. Mecca: 1400 AH
*Fasi al-Makki, Muhammad b. Ahmad.''Shifaʾ al-gharam bi akhbar al-balad al-haram''. Edited by 'Umar 'Abd al-Salam al-Tadmuri. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1405 AH.
*Fasi al-Makki, Muhammad b. Ahmad.''Shifa' al-gharam bi akhbar al-balad al-haram''. Edited by 'Umar 'Abd al-Salam al-Tadmuri. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1405 AH.
*Ja'fariyan, Rasul.''athar-i islami-yi Makka wa Madina''. Tehran: Mash'ar, 1382 Sh
*Ja'fariyan, Rasul.''athar-i islami-yi Makka wa Madina''. Tehran: Mash'ar, 1382 Sh
*Ja'fariyan, Rasul.''Mirath-i islami-yi Iran''. Qom: Nashr-i Kitabkhana-yi Mar'ashi Najafi, 1377 Sh.
*Ja'fariyan, Rasul.''Mirath-i islami-yi Iran''. Qom: Nashr-i Kitabkhana-yi Mar'ashi Najafi, 1377 Sh.
*Jubayr, Muhammad b. Ahmad.''Safarnama-iy Ibn Jubayr''. Translated by Parwiz Atabaki. Mashhad: Intisharat-i astan-i Quds-i Raḍawi, 1370 Sh.
*Jubayr, Muhammad b. Ahmad.''Safarnama-iy Ibn Jubayr''. Translated by Parwiz Atabaki. Mashhad: Intisharat-i astan-i Quds-i Raḍawi, 1370 Sh.
*Nahrawani al-Makki, Qutb al-Din.''Al-A'lam bi a'lam bayt Allah al-haram''. Beirut: Dar al-Raʾiq al-Turath al-'Arabi, [n.d].
*Nahrawani al-Makki, Qutb al-Din.''Al-A'lam bi a'lam bayt Allah al-haram''. Beirut: Dar al-Ra'iq al-Turath al-'Arabi, [n.d].
* Makki,'Abd Allah Ghazi al-.''Ifada al-anam bi akhbar al-balad Allah al-haram''.
* Makki,'Abd Allah Ghazi al-.''Ifada al-anam bi akhbar al-balad Allah al-haram''.
*tabari, Muhammad b. 'Ali al-.''Tarikh-i makka, ittihaf fuḍalaʾal-zaman bitarikh walih bani al-hasan''. Cairo:  Dar al-Kitab al-Jami'i, 1413 AH.   
*tabari, Muhammad b. 'Ali al-.''Tarikh-i makka, ittihaf fuḍala'al-zaman bitarikh walih bani al-hasan''. Cairo:  Dar al-Kitab al-Jami'i, 1413 AH.   
*ʾuliaʾ, Chalbi.''Al-Rahla al-hijaziyya''. [n.p], Dar al-afaq al-'Arabiyya, 1420 AH.  
*'ulia', Chalbi.''Al-Rahla al-hijaziyya''. [n.p], Dar al-afaq al-'Arabiyya, 1420 AH.  


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[[fa: مولد النبی]]
[[fa: مولد النبی]]

Revision as of 18:11, 14 February 2024

Template:Px
General Information
Other NamesMakka al-Mukarrma Library
PlaceMecca, Shi'b Abi Talib, Suq al-Layl
UsageMosque
History
Time of Construction2/8 century
EventsBirth of the Prophet(s)
ReconstructionsMultiple times
Current State
StatusDestroyed, a library is built in its place

Mawlid al-Nabi (Arabic: مولد النبي) the Prophet's birthplace is the house of 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib, where the Prophet Muhammad(s) was born. This place was located in Mecca in the neighborhood of Shi'b Abi Talib. In the second/eighth century, Khayzaran, the mother of Harun al-Rashid, bought the place and turned it into a mosque. Reports from the 6th/12th century onwards indicate that an ornate marble monument for marking the birthplace of the Prophet(s) was built in a part of the mosque. In the reconstruction of 1009/1600-1, a large dome and minaret were built for this mosque.

The Mawlid al-Nabi Mosque was considered one of the blessed places in Mecca, and every year on the night of the birth of the Prophet(s), the people of Mecca attended there. Sources from the 10th/16th century report a special and official ritual that was held on the eve of the 12th of Rabi' I with the presence of the Ottoman governor of Mecca).

Due to the importance and fame of Mawlid al-Nabi, the building has been rebuilt many times by order of kings and nobles, but it was destroyed during the rule of the House of Saud like many blessed places and buildings in Mecca (in 1343/1924-25). In the year 1370/1950-51 to keep the memory of this place, a library was built in it, which is still there, and it is called Makka al-Mukarrma Library.

History

The house where the Prophet Muhammad(s) was born, was located in Shi'b Abi Talib in a neighborhood called Suq al-Layl. It was called "Mawlid al-Nabi" or the Prophet's birthplace. In some historical sources, other places have been mentioned as the possible places of the Prophet's birth, which is not approved by most historians of Mecca.[1]

Until the Third/Ninth Century

According to al-Azraqi in his book Akhbar Makka, who lived in the third/ninth century, Mawlid al-Nabi, or the house where the Prophet(s) was born, fell into the hands of 'Aqil, son of Abu Talib, after Hijra, and was passed on to 'Aqil's children until it was sold to Muhammad b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi, who added it to his house known as the White House. When Khayzran, the mother of Harun al-Rashid, performed hajj in 171/788, she bought it and built a mosque in it. Al-Azraqi states that the people of Mecca have no discord about the Prophet's birthplace.[2] The same report was also given by al-Fakihi (245/859-60), another historian of Mecca.[3]

Ibn Jubayr's Report (Seventh/Thirteenth Century)

Ibn Jubayr (614/1217-18) visited the mosque in 579/1184 and described it in his travelogue.[4] He describes the building to be a magnificent mosque that "opens on Mondays in the month of Rabi' I, which is the month of the Prophet's birth, and people will come there on that day to obtain grace and blessings, and other holy places will also be opened on the same day."[5]

According to Ibn Jubayr, the Prophet's birthplace in this mosque is built in the form of a small pond with a width of three spans, in the middle of which is a green marble with a width of two-thirds of a span, covered in silver. The mihrab of the mosque is located in front of this place.[6]

Al-Fasi's Report (Ninth/Fifteenth Century)

More than two centuries later, the Mecca historian Taqi al-Din al-Fasi (832/1428-29) described this place, which was respected and cherished by the people of Mecca, in the book Shifa' al-gharam. The building of the mosque is depicted as a square shape with two vaults, which have a large khanqah in its southwest corner.[7]

Evliya Çelebi's Report (Eleventh/Seventeenth Century)

Two and a half centuries later, in 1081/1670-71, the Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi saw Mawlid al-Nabi(s) and described it in his book. He described this building as a large and beautiful mosque, which was a square building with a high dome covered with lead. Çelebi mentioned the decorations inside the mosque, including the precious carpet and the pulpit covered with silk cloth and a gilded door. According to him, the Prophet's birthplace was a stone in a yellow hole on which the place of his body was imprinted.[8]

Last Descriptions Before Destruction

Mulla Ibrahim Kaziruni, who had the opportunity to visit this house in 1315/1898, writes: "On Friday, the 14th, we went to visit the Prophet(s) birthplace located in Suq al-Layl. We went inside and went down approximately fourteen steps. We entered a room which is the mosque. After that, we went to another room. There is a darih in this room. The servant opened the door of darih. There is a pit inside in the middle of it a green stone, which was the birthplace of the Prophet(s)." [9]

Map of Mawlid al-Nabi as al-Batanuni drew

Muhammad Labib al-Batanuni who traveled to Mecca in 1327/1909 drew the plan of Mawlid al-Nabi in his travelogue and described it as follows: "When you enter it, you first enter a 12x6 square meters hall. On the right wall, there is a door, after passing through it you will enter a space over which a dome is placed, in the middle of the space and under the dome leaning against the western wall, there is a wooden darih inside which is a concave marble stone marking the birthplace of the Prophet(s)." [10]

Renovations

The building of Mawlid al-Nabi was the attention of princes and kings and was renovated many times. The list of these renovations is as follows:

  • 576/1180-81, By al-Naser, the 'Abbasid Caliph;
  • 666/1267-68, King al-Muzaffar, the ruler of Yemen;
  • 740/1339-40, King al-Mujahid, the ruler of Yemen;
  • 758/1357, Amir Shaykhun, a nobleman from Egypt;
  • 766/1364-65, King Sha'ban, King of Egypt;
  • 801/1398-99, King al-Zahir Barquq, King of Egypt;[11]

In the Ottoman Era

  • In 935/1528-29, King Sulayman;
  • In 1009/1600-1, by the order of King Muhammad under the supervision of Ghadanfar Agha [12] In this reconstruction, a large dome and a minaret were built for this building, endowments were assigned for it, and a mu'azzin, a servant, and an imam for congregational prayer were assigned for the mosque by the Ottoman government.[13]
  • In 1230, Muhammad 'Ali Pasha of Egypt ordered king Muhammad Khan.
  • The last repair is said to have been in the time of 'Abd al-Majid Khan.[14]

Prophet's birthday celebration in Mawlid al-Nabi Mosque

In the 6th century, Ibn Jubayr reported the presence of the people of Mecca in the Prophet's birthday Mosque on Monday in the month of Rabi al-Awwal on the occasion of the celebration of the Prophet's birthday.[15] There are reports of the celebration of the birth of the Prophet in this place in the later centuries.

Muhammad b. Ahmad Nahrawali (d. 990AH) gave a detailed report about the ritual of the Prophet's birthday in the 10th century. According to him, every year on the twelfth night of Rabi' al-Awwal, after Maghrib prayer, the jurists, nobles, grandees and people, while carrying many candles and torches, gather before the supervisor of Masjid al-haram and the judges of the Sunni's four denominations, and from Masjid al-haram to Sawq al-layl and Mawlid al-Nabi place and enter it and gather near the birthplace of the Prophet(s). A sermon is read there, and after that, people come to Masjid al-haram, and some officials of Masjid al-haram are given robes, and the 'Isha prayer is held, and the ceremony ends.[16]More than a century later, a travel writer who went on Hajj in 1105-1106 AH narrated the same report of Nahrawali and described this event as a big gathering in which many primitives and residents of other cities (except Mecca) participated.[17] بندانگشتی|An old picture of the library building|جایگزین=

Destruction of the building and construction of the library

In the House of Sa'ud government, the building of Mawlid al-Nabi(s), like many old buildings in Mecca, was destroyed in the year 1343 AH under the pretext that people were looking for blessings on it.[18]

Later, due to the fact that there was no grave to be visited in this place, some people tried to get permission to rebuild it. In 1370, permission was issued to build a library in this place.

The capital of the construction of the building was paid by Fatemeh, daughter of Yusuf Qattan, and her brother Sheikh 'Abbas Qattan (d. 1370 AH) supervised the construction of the building, and after his death, his sons finished the construction of the building. In this way, Makkah Al-Mukarrma School was built in this place.[19]

Notes

  1. ↑ Fasi al-Makki, Shifa' al-gharam, vol. 1, p. 270.
  2. ↑ Azraqi, Akhbar Makka, vol. 2, p. 198.
  3. ↑ Fakihi, Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa haithih, vol. 4, p. 5.
  4. ↑ Ibn Jubayr, 'Safarnama Ibn Jubayr, p. 82, 125.
  5. ↑ Ibn Jubayr, 'Safarnama Ibn Jubayr, p. 154.
  6. ↑ Ibn Jubayr, 'Safarnama Ibn Jubayr, p. 126-127.
  7. ↑ Fasi, Shifa' al-gharam, vol. 1, p. 268.
  8. ↑ Chalbi,Al-Rahla al-hijaziyya, pp. 255-256
  9. ↑ Safarnam-iy Mulla Ibrahim Kaziruni, p. 366.
  10. ↑ Batanuni , Safarnam-iy hijaz, p. 146.
  11. ↑ Fasi, Shifa' al-gharam, vol. 1, p. 270.
  12. ↑ sanjari, Mana'ih al-karam, vol. 3, p. 506.
  13. ↑ tabari ,Tarikh-i makka, ittihaf fuḍala'al-zaman bitarikh walih bani al-hasan, Vol 2, p. 15.
  14. ↑ Ghazi, Ifada al-anam bi akhbar al-balad Allah al-haram,vol. 2, p. 71.
  15. ↑ Jubayr, Safarnama Ibn Jubayr, p. 154.
  16. ↑ Nahrawali, Al-A'lam bi a'lam bayt Allah al-haram, p. 422.
  17. ↑ Al-nablusi ‘'Al-haqiqa wa al-Majazl. 3, pp. 354-355.
  18. ↑ Biladi, 'atiq Ma'alim Makka al-tarikhiyya wa al-athariyya, p. 294.
  19. ↑ Abu Sulayman,Maktabat makkah al- Makka al-mukarrama qadiman wa hadithan, p. 80.

References

  • 'Abd al-Ghani al-nablusi.Al-haqiqa wa al-Majaz fi rahla al-bilad al-sham wa misr wa al-hijaz. Damascus: Dar al-Ma'rifa, 1419 AH.
  • 'Abd al-Wahhab Ibrahim Abu Sulayman.Maktabat makkah al- Makka al-mukarrama qadiman wa hadithan. Riyadh: Maktaba al-malik fahad al-Wataniyyah, 1433 AH.
  • 'Ali b. Taj al-ddin al-sanjari.Mana'ih al-karam. Mecca: umm al-qura university, 1998.
  • Azraqi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-.Akhbar Makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar. Edited by Rushdi *Batanuni, Muhammad Labib.Al-Rahla al-hijaziyya. Cairo: Al-Thiqafat al-Diniyya, [n.d
  • Biladi, 'atiq.Ma'alim Makka al-tarikhiyya wa al-athariyya. Mecca: 1400 AH
  • Fasi al-Makki, Muhammad b. Ahmad.Shifa' al-gharam bi akhbar al-balad al-haram. Edited by 'Umar 'Abd al-Salam al-Tadmuri. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1405 AH.
  • Ja'fariyan, Rasul.athar-i islami-yi Makka wa Madina. Tehran: Mash'ar, 1382 Sh
  • Ja'fariyan, Rasul.Mirath-i islami-yi Iran. Qom: Nashr-i Kitabkhana-yi Mar'ashi Najafi, 1377 Sh.
  • Jubayr, Muhammad b. Ahmad.Safarnama-iy Ibn Jubayr. Translated by Parwiz Atabaki. Mashhad: Intisharat-i astan-i Quds-i Raḍawi, 1370 Sh.
  • Nahrawani al-Makki, Qutb al-Din.Al-A'lam bi a'lam bayt Allah al-haram. Beirut: Dar al-Ra'iq al-Turath al-'Arabi, [n.d].
  • Makki,'Abd Allah Ghazi al-.Ifada al-anam bi akhbar al-balad Allah al-haram.
  • tabari, Muhammad b. 'Ali al-.Tarikh-i makka, ittihaf fuḍala'al-zaman bitarikh walih bani al-hasan. Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Jami'i, 1413 AH.
  • 'ulia', Chalbi.Al-Rahla al-hijaziyya. [n.p], Dar al-afaq al-'Arabiyya, 1420 AH.
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