Residence in Mecca: Difference between revisions

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Residency in Mecca refers to settling there as a permanent home, which is commonly referred to in jurisprudential and other sources as "residing in Mecca."<ref>''Al-Mabsut'', vol. 1, p. 385; ''Al-Majmu'', vol. 8, p. 278; ''Tahrir al-Ahkam'', vol. 2, p. 115.</ref> The term "iqamah" (Residency) can refer to both temporary residence and permanent settlement (tawattun); <ref>''Al-Mukhtasar al-Nafi'', vol. 1, p. 98; ''Irshad al-Adhhan'', vol. 1, p. 337; ''Kifayat al-Ahkam'', vol. 1, p. 363.</ref> however, jurists generally use "residence" and "residing" interchangeably. <ref>See: ''Al-Mu'tabar'', vol. 2, p. 799; ''Majma al-Fa'idah'', vol. 6, p. 36; vol. 7, p. 387.</ref>

The word "iqamah" (residency) is derived from the root "q-w-m," meaning to settle, ~~continue, and~~ take up residence.<ref>''Al-Ain'', vol. 5, p. 232; ''Al-Sihah'', vol. 5, pp. 2016-2017, "qawm."</ref>

The word "iqamah" (residency) is derived from the root "q-w-m," meaning to remain, settle, or take up residence<ref>''Al-Ain'', vol. 5, p. 232; ''Al-Sihah'', vol. 5, pp. 2016-2017, "qawm."</ref>

==History of ~~Residency~~ in Mecca==

==History of Residence in Mecca==

Based on historical and hadith sources, the history of residency in [[Mecca]] dates back to ancient times. It is reported that [[Prophet Adam (~~A.S.~~)]], after his descent to earth, built the [[~~Kaaba~~]] by God's command and performed the [[Hajj rituals]] in Mecca and the land of [[Mina]].<ref>''Akhbar Mecca'', Azraqi, vol. 1, pp. 36-37; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 229; ''Tarikh Mecca al-Musharrafah'', pp. 26-27.</ref> Also, [[Prophet Abraham (A.S.)]], by God's command, settled his wife [[Hagar]] and his son [[~~Prophet~~ Ishmael|Ishmael]] in Mecca near the Kaaba to facilitate the rebuilding of the Kaaba and the prosperity of Mecca.<ref>Surah Ibrahim, verse 37.</ref> Many scholars resided in Mecca for years and became known as "~~[[Jarullah]]~~".

Based on historical and hadith sources, the history of residency in [[Mecca]] dates back to ancient times. It is reported that [[Adam (Prophet)|Prophet Adam (a)]], after his descent to earth, built the [[Ka'ba]] by God's command and performed the [[Hajj rituals]] in Mecca and the land of [[Mina]].<ref>''Akhbar Mecca'', Azraqi, vol. 1, pp. 36-37; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 229; ''Tarikh Mecca al-Musharrafah'', pp. 26-27.</ref> Also, [[Prophet Abraham (A.S.)]], by God's command, settled his wife [[Hagar]] and his son [[Ishmael (prophet)|Ishmael]] in Mecca near the Kaaba to facilitate the rebuilding of the Kaaba and the prosperity of Mecca.<ref>Surah Ibrahim, verse 37.</ref> Many scholars resided in Mecca for years and became known by the honorific "Jar Allah" ("neighbor of God").

==View of Shi'a Jurists==

Shi'a jurists have held two views on residency in [[Mecca]]: the well-known view and the less well-known view.

Shi'a jurists ~~hold~~ two views~~, a~~ well-known and a less well-known ~~one, regarding residency in Mecca~~.

===Well-known View===

According to the well-known view of Imami jurists,<ref>''Al-Durus'', vol. 1, p. 471; ''Madarik al-Ahkam'', vol. 8, p. 271; ''Kifayat al-Ahkam'', vol. 1, p. 360.</ref> residing (iqamah) in Mecca is reprehensible (makruh).<ref>''Al-Mabsut'', vol. 1, p. 385; ''Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha'', vol. 8, p. 447; ''Jawahir al-Kalam'', vol. 20, p. 70.</ref> This view is supported by narrations attributed to [[Imam Sadiq (a)]]<ref>''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, pp. 227 and 230; ''Al-Tahdhib'', vol. 5, pp. 420 and 448; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, pp. 252 and 254.</ref> which discourage residing in Mecca and encourage leaving it after performing the Hajj rituals. Also, some narrations describe the practice of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] of leaving Mecca after performing the Hajj rituals.<ref>''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 194; ''Ilal al-Shara'i'', vol. 2, p. 446.</ref> It is reported that [[Imam Ali (a)]] never spent the night in Mecca because the Prophet (s) had migrated from Mecca.<ref>See: ''Bihar al-Anwar'', vol. 96, p. 82.</ref>

====Well-known View====

According to the well-known view of Imami jurists,<ref>''Al-Durus'', vol. 1, p. 471; ''Madarik al-Ahkam'', vol. 8, p. 271; ''Kifayat al-Ahkam'', vol. 1, p. 360.</ref> residing (iqamah) in Mecca is reprehensible (makruh).<ref>''Al-Mabsut'', vol. 1, p. 385; ''Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha'', vol. 8, p. 447; ''Jawahir al-Kalam'', vol. 20, p. 70.</ref> ~~Their support comes from~~ narrations ~~from~~ [[Imam Sadiq (~~A.S.~~)]]<ref>''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, pp. 227 and 230; ''Al-Tahdhib'', vol. 5, pp. 420 and 448; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, pp. 252 and 254.</ref> which ~~emphasize not~~ residing in Mecca and leaving it after performing [[Hajj]]. Also, some narrations describe the practice of [[Prophet Muhammad (~~PBUH)|the Holy Prophet (PBUH~~)]] of leaving Mecca after performing the Hajj rituals.<ref>''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 194; ''Ilal al-Shara'i'', vol. 2, p. 446.</ref> It is reported that [[Imam Ali (~~A.S.~~)]] never spent the night in Mecca because the [[Prophet (~~PBUH~~)]] had migrated from Mecca.<ref>See: ''Bihar al-Anwar'', vol. 96, p. 82.</ref>

In narrations and jurisprudential sources, several reasons are mentioned for this reprehensibility, including: the hardening of the heart due to residency in Mecca,<ref>''Ilal al-Shara'i'', vol. 2, p. 446; ''Al-Muqni'ah'', p. 444.</ref> the greater ugliness of committing sins in Mecca compared to other places,<ref>''Al-Durus'', vol. 1, p. 471; ''Wasa'il al-Shi'ah'', vol. 13, pp. 231-232; ''Jawahir al-Kalam'', vol. 20, p. 70.</ref> the forced departure (migration) of the Prophet (PBUH) from Mecca,<ref>''Ilal al-Shara'i'', vol. 2, p. 446.</ref> the loss of respect for Mecca due to continuous presence there,<ref>See: ''Masalik al-Ifham'', vol. 2, p. 380.</ref> the necessity of maintaining a desire to be present in Mecca, and avoiding weariness due to residency there.<ref>''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, p. 230; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 254.</ref>

====Less Well-known View====

===Less Well-known View===

In contrast, there are narrations from which the recommendability of residing in Mecca can be understood;<ref>''Al-Tahdhib'', vol. 5, p. 476.</ref> <ref>''Al-Kafi'', vol. 2, p. 612; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 226.</ref><ref>''Al-Mahasin'', vol. 1, p. 68; ''Al-Tahdhib'', vol. 5, p. 468.</ref> The purport of these narrations is the superiority of residing in Mecca over residing in other cities, the equivalence of eating in Mecca to fasting elsewhere,<ref>''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 227.</ref> and the equivalence of sleeping in Mecca to night vigil<ref>''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 228.</ref> and [[Jihad]] or [[martyrdom]] in other lands.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 Residency in Mecca refers to settling there as a permanent home, which is commonly referred to in jurisprudential and other sources as "residing in Mecca."<ref>''Al-Mabsut'', vol. 1, p. 385; ''Al-Majmu'', vol. 8, p. 278; ''Tahrir al-Ahkam'', vol. 2, p. 115.</ref> The term "iqamah" (Residency) can refer to both temporary residence and permanent settlement (tawattun); <ref>''Al-Mukhtasar al-Nafi'', vol. 1, p. 98; ''Irshad al-Adhhan'', vol. 1, p. 337; ''Kifayat al-Ahkam'', vol. 1, p. 363.</ref> however, jurists generally use "residence" and "residing" interchangeably. <ref>See: ''Al-Mu'tabar'', vol. 2, p. 799; ''Majma al-Fa'idah'', vol. 6, p. 36; vol. 7, p. 387.</ref>
-The word "iqamah" (residency) is derived from the root "q-w-m," meaning to settle, continue, and take up residence.<ref>''Al-Ain'', vol. 5, p. 232; ''Al-Sihah'', vol. 5, pp. 2016-2017, "qawm."</ref>
+The word "iqamah" (residency) is derived from the root "q-w-m," meaning to remain, settle, or take up residence<ref>''Al-Ain'', vol. 5, p. 232; ''Al-Sihah'', vol. 5, pp. 2016-2017, "qawm."</ref>
-==History of Residency in Mecca==
+==History of Residence in Mecca==
-Based on historical and hadith sources, the history of residency in [[Mecca]] dates back to ancient times. It is reported that [[Prophet Adam (A.S.)]], after his descent to earth, built the [[Kaaba]] by God's command and performed the [[Hajj rituals]] in Mecca and the land of [[Mina]].<ref>''Akhbar Mecca'', Azraqi, vol. 1, pp. 36-37; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 229; ''Tarikh Mecca al-Musharrafah'', pp. 26-27.</ref> Also, [[Prophet Abraham (A.S.)]], by God's command, settled his wife [[Hagar]] and his son [[Prophet Ishmael|Ishmael]] in Mecca near the Kaaba to facilitate the rebuilding of the Kaaba and the prosperity of Mecca.<ref>Surah Ibrahim, verse 37.</ref> Many scholars resided in Mecca for years and became known as "[[Jarullah]]".
+Based on historical and hadith sources, the history of residency in [[Mecca]] dates back to ancient times. It is reported that [[Adam (Prophet)|Prophet Adam (a)]], after his descent to earth, built the [[Ka'ba]] by God's command and performed the [[Hajj rituals]] in Mecca and the land of [[Mina]].<ref>''Akhbar Mecca'', Azraqi, vol. 1, pp. 36-37; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 229; ''Tarikh Mecca al-Musharrafah'', pp. 26-27.</ref> Also, [[Prophet Abraham (A.S.)]], by God's command, settled his wife [[Hagar]] and his son [[Ishmael (prophet)|Ishmael]] in Mecca near the Kaaba to facilitate the rebuilding of the Kaaba and the prosperity of Mecca.<ref>Surah Ibrahim, verse 37.</ref> Many scholars resided in Mecca for years and became known by the honorific "Jar Allah" ("neighbor of God").
 ==View of Shi'a Jurists==
+Shi'a jurists have held two views on residency in [[Mecca]]: the well-known view and the less well-known view.
-Shi'a jurists hold two views, a well-known and a less well-known one, regarding residency in Mecca.
+===Well-known View===
+According to the well-known view of Imami jurists,<ref>''Al-Durus'', vol. 1, p. 471; ''Madarik al-Ahkam'', vol. 8, p. 271; ''Kifayat al-Ahkam'', vol. 1, p. 360.</ref> residing (iqamah) in Mecca is reprehensible (makruh).<ref>''Al-Mabsut'', vol. 1, p. 385; ''Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha'', vol. 8, p. 447; ''Jawahir al-Kalam'', vol. 20, p. 70.</ref> This view is supported by narrations attributed to [[Imam Sadiq (a)]]<ref>''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, pp. 227 and 230; ''Al-Tahdhib'', vol. 5, pp. 420 and 448; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, pp. 252 and 254.</ref> which discourage residing in Mecca and encourage leaving it after performing the Hajj rituals. Also, some narrations describe the practice of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] of leaving Mecca after performing the Hajj rituals.<ref>''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 194; ''Ilal al-Shara'i'', vol. 2, p. 446.</ref> It is reported that [[Imam Ali (a)]] never spent the night in Mecca because the Prophet (s) had migrated from Mecca.<ref>See: ''Bihar al-Anwar'', vol. 96, p. 82.</ref>
-====Well-known View====
-According to the well-known view of Imami jurists,<ref>''Al-Durus'', vol. 1, p. 471; ''Madarik al-Ahkam'', vol. 8, p. 271; ''Kifayat al-Ahkam'', vol. 1, p. 360.</ref> residing (iqamah) in Mecca is reprehensible (makruh).<ref>''Al-Mabsut'', vol. 1, p. 385; ''Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha'', vol. 8, p. 447; ''Jawahir al-Kalam'', vol. 20, p. 70.</ref> Their support comes from narrations from [[Imam Sadiq (A.S.)]]<ref>''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, pp. 227 and 230; ''Al-Tahdhib'', vol. 5, pp. 420 and 448; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, pp. 252 and 254.</ref> which emphasize not residing in Mecca and leaving it after performing [[Hajj]]. Also, some narrations describe the practice of [[Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)|the Holy Prophet (PBUH)]] of leaving Mecca after performing the Hajj rituals.<ref>''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 194; ''Ilal al-Shara'i'', vol. 2, p. 446.</ref> It is reported that [[Imam Ali (A.S.)]] never spent the night in Mecca because the [[Prophet (PBUH)]] had migrated from Mecca.<ref>See: ''Bihar al-Anwar'', vol. 96, p. 82.</ref>
 In narrations and jurisprudential sources, several reasons are mentioned for this reprehensibility, including: the hardening of the heart due to residency in Mecca,<ref>''Ilal al-Shara'i'', vol. 2, p. 446; ''Al-Muqni'ah'', p. 444.</ref> the greater ugliness of committing sins in Mecca compared to other places,<ref>''Al-Durus'', vol. 1, p. 471; ''Wasa'il al-Shi'ah'', vol. 13, pp. 231-232; ''Jawahir al-Kalam'', vol. 20, p. 70.</ref> the forced departure (migration) of the Prophet (PBUH) from Mecca,<ref>''Ilal al-Shara'i'', vol. 2, p. 446.</ref> the loss of respect for Mecca due to continuous presence there,<ref>See: ''Masalik al-Ifham'', vol. 2, p. 380.</ref> the necessity of maintaining a desire to be present in Mecca, and avoiding weariness due to residency there.<ref>''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, p. 230; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 254.</ref>
-====Less Well-known View====
+===Less Well-known View===
 In contrast, there are narrations from which the recommendability of residing in Mecca can be understood;<ref>''Al-Tahdhib'', vol. 5, p. 476.</ref> <ref>''Al-Kafi'', vol. 2, p. 612; ''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 226.</ref><ref>''Al-Mahasin'', vol. 1, p. 68; ''Al-Tahdhib'', vol. 5, p. 468.</ref> The purport of these narrations is the superiority of residing in Mecca over residing in other cities, the equivalence of eating in Mecca to fasting elsewhere,<ref>''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 227.</ref> and the equivalence of sleeping in Mecca to night vigil<ref>''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'', vol. 2, p. 228.</ref> and [[Jihad]] or [[martyrdom]] in other lands.