Gabriel: Difference between revisions

'''Gabriel''' is one of the four archangels of God who is mentioned in the holy books of the Torah, the Gospel, and the Quran. In the Holy Quran, the name of this angel appears three times with the word "Jibril."

 

By God’s command, Gabriel(a) aided the Muslims in certain battles, such as [[Badr]], [[Uhud]], and the battle against the Jews of [[Banu Qurayza]].

 

It is reported that during the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in the sixth year of the [[Hijra]], Gabriel came to the [[Prophet(s)]] and asked him to sacrifice the camels and return to [[Medina]].

 

During the Conquest of [[Mecca]], Gabriel (a) also assisted the Prophet (a) in uncovering a spying plot.

 

Then the Prophet(s), following Gabriel’s guidance, destroyed the idols surrounding the [[Ka'ba]] with his staff.

And according to some, it means "Allah."<ref>al-Zamakhsharī , "al-Kashshāf",vol. 1, p. 169; Ḥusaynī Kāshifī , "Mawāhib ʿAliyya (Tafsīr Ḥusaynī)" ,p. 30; al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān" ,vol. 1, p. 324.</ref> This word is originally Hebrew<ref>Ḥusaynī Kāshifī , "Mawāhib ʿAliyya (Tafsīr Ḥusaynī)" ,p. 30; Arthur Jeffery , "Wājihāt-i Dakhīl dar al-Qurʾān al-Majīd" ,p. 166; al-Shaʿrānī , "Nasr-i Ṭūbā ", vol. 1, p. 122.</ref> or Syriac<ref>al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān" ,vol. 1, p. 324; Maybudī , "Kashf al-Asrār", vol. 1. P. 291; Ḥusaynī Kāshifī , "Mawāhib ʿAliyya (Tafsīr Ḥusaynī)" ,p. 30.</ref> and means “servant of God”<ref>al-Ṭūsī , " al-Tibyān" ,vol. 1, p. 363; al-Zamakhsharī , "al-Kashshāf",vol. 1, p. 169; al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān" ,vol. 1, p. 324.</ref> or “power of God.” This word in Hebrew is Gabriel (Gabriel).<ref> Shūshtarī , "Farhang-i Kāmil Lughat al-Qurʾān" ,p. 149.</ref> and in Arabic in various forms<ref>al-Ṭūsī , " al-Tibyān" ,vol. 1, p. 362; ***,,, al-Qurṭubī, " Tafsīr al-Qurṭubī (al-Jāmiʿ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʾān)" ,vol. 2, p. 37.</ref> It has been reported in various forms, including: Jibril, Jabril, Jibra’il, Jabra’il, Jabr’el, Jibrin, and Jibrīn.<ref>al-Nawawī, " al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥaḏhab" ,vol. 3, p. 20; " al-Jawāliqī ,al-Muʿrib min al-Kalām al-Aʿjamī ", p. 60; Ibn Manẓūr ," Lisān al-ʿArab" ,vol. 4, p. 114.</ref>

The Holy Quran, in numerous verses, refers to the role of angels in the affairs of the world<ref>Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79), verse, 1; Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79), verse 5; Sūrat al-Dhāriyāt (51), verse 4; al-Ṭabarī, "  Jāmiʿ al-Bayān", vol. 30, p. 18–20; al-Ṭabarī, "   Jāmiʿ al-Bayān",vol. 26, p. 116–117; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 18, p. 364–365; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 20, p. 180.</ref>  

 

Considering the various attributes mentioned in the Holy Quran for Gabriel(a), it can be understood that, in addition to his exalted status with God, this angel plays an important role in managing the affairs of existence, the most significant of which is the revelation of divine guidance.<ref>Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), verse 97;  Sūrat al-Naḥl (16), verse, 102.</ref> and its instruction<ref>Sūrat al-Najm (53), verse 5; al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān ", vol. 27, p. 25; Ibn Kathīr, " Tafsīr Ibn Kathīr" , vol. 7, p. 412; Ibn al-Jawzī, " Zād al-Masīr", vol. 4, p. 184; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 19, p. 27.</ref>to the [[Prophet(s)]].

Regarding Gabriel’s (a) role in cosmic affairs, for example, one can refer to the expansion of the earth (Dahw al-Ard). It is said that the spreading of the earth mentioned in the verseوَالاَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذَلِکَ دَحَاهَا﴾<ref>Al-Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79), verse, 30.</ref> It is mentioned that this was carried out by Gabriel (a) from beneath the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, " Rawḍ al-Jinān" , vol. 20, p. 140.</ref>

According to Shia narrations, the descent of [[Adam]] and Eve from Paradise to the land of [[Mecca]], and the placement of Adam (a) on [[Mount Safa]] and Eve on [[Mount Marwa]], was carried out by God’s command and through Gabriel (a).

 

Then Gabriel (a), by God’s command, erected one of the heavenly tents at the place where the Ka'ba was later built and placed [[Adam (Prophet)|Adam]] and Eve in it.

 

 

 

 

According to a Shia narration, Gabriel(a) said these words to [[Abraham (a)|Abraham]].<ref>al-Ṣadūq," ʿUyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā, vol. 1, p. 98.</ref> For this reason, this land was named [[Mina]].<ref>al-Ṣadūq," ʿUyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā, vol. 1, p. 98.</ref>Teaching Abraham and [[Ishmael]] After Hagar and Ishmael settled in Mecca, causing the [[Zamzam]] water to flow beneath Ishmael’s feet was one of Gabriel’s (a) missions.<ref>al-Ṣadūq," Al-Khiṣāl, vol. 1, p. 455; Ibn Isḥāq , "Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq", p. 26; al-Kulaynī, " al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 202.</ref> For this reason, one of the names of Zamzam is Raqdat Jibril (the place where Gabriel stepped).<ref>al-Ṣadūq," Al-Khiṣāl", p. 455; al-ʿAynī ,"ʿUmdat al-Qārī", vol. 9, p. 277.</ref>

When [[Abraham(a)]] was commanded by God to build the Ka'ba, Gabriel (a) showed him its location.<ref>Sūrat al-Ḥajj (22), verse, 26;

Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī , "Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 2, p. 168; Kāshānī , "Manhaj al-Ṣādiqīn", vol. 6, p. 142.</ref>

Then, upon reaching the location of the Black Stone, he sent Ishmael(a) to bring a stone for that place.* (37)** <ref>Al-Mustadrak, vol. 1, p. 629.</ref>

Gabriel(a), who had hidden the [[Black Stone]] on [[Mount Abu Qubays]] during the [[flood of Noah(a)]],<ref>Ibn Isḥāq , "Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq", p. 96.</ref> he entrusted it to Ishmael (a) to give to his father.<ref>Al-Mustadrak, vol. 1, p. 629.</ref> ***

After the construction of the Ka'ba, Gabriel (a) commanded Abraham(a) to call people to [[Hajj]].<ref>Ibn Abī Jumhūr, "ʿAwālī al-Luʾālī", vol. 4, p. 35–36.</ref>

Abraham and Ishmael (a) asked God to teach them the [[rituals of Hajj]].<ref>Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), verse, 128.</ref> Gabriel (a) came to the two of them and taught them the rituals of Hajj.<ref>al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī" ,vol. 4, p. 202–203; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī , " Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 2, p. 160/ 171; al-Qurṭubī, " Tafsīr al-Qurṭubī" , vol. 2, p. 128–129.</ref>  

Arafah,<ref>al-Ṣadūq, " ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ", vol. 2, p. 436; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, " Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 3, p. 123; al-Fakhr al-Rāzī, " al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr" , vol. 4, p. 55.</ref> and the Jamrat<ref>al-Ṣadūq, " ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ" , vol. 2, p. 437.</ref>have been reported.

 

According to some Sunni narrations, Abraham, with Gabriel’s guidance, determined and marked the boundaries of the [[Haram]] (Sacred Sanctuary) of [[Mecca]].<ref>al-Fākhī, " Akhbār Makkah" , vol. 2, p. 259; al-Ṣanʿānī, " al-Muṣannaf " ,vol. 5, p. 25.</ref>

==Teaching Moses==

It is reported that in Medina, Gabriel(a) often appeared to the Prophet(a) in the form of “Dihyah al-Kalbi,” who was one of the companions of the Prophet and a handsome man.<ref>al-Ṭabarānī, "Al-Muʿjam al-Awsaṭ ", vol. 1, p. 7.  al-Haythamī, " Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid ",vol. 8, p. 257.</ref>

 

Whenever Gabriel(a) came to the Prophet(s), he would stop at a place near his house and seek permission to enter.<ref>Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī " vol. 4, p. 452_ p. 557.</ref>

 

In another narration, it is reported that at the end of the [[Battle of Khandag]] (Trench), Gabriel(a) came to the Prophet(s) at this place and conveyed God’s message instructing him to prepare for the battle against the Jews of [[Banu Qurayza]].<ref>al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ " ,vol. 1, p. 236–237.</ref>

By God’s command, Gabriel(a) participated in certain battles, such as [[Badr]],<ref>al-Bukhārī, " Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" , vol. 5, p. 14; al-Qummī, " Tafsīr al-Qummī" , vol. 1, pp. 266–267; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, "  Rawḍ al-Jinān ",vol. 9, p. 71.</ref> He also assisted the Muslims in the [[battles of Uhud]],<ref>Muslim, " Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim", vol. 7, p. 72; Ibn Shahr Āshūb, "Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib", vol. 2, p. 78.</ref> Khaybar<ref>Maybudī , "Kashf al-Asrār " , vol. 9, p. 214; Ḥusaynī Shāh ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīmī, " Tafsīr Ithnāʿasharī", vol. 12, p. 160.</ref> and against the Jews of Banu Qurayza.<ref>Maybudī , " Kashf al-Asrār", vol. 8, p. 39; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī",  Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 15, p. 396; al-Ṭabarasī , "Majmaʿ al-Bayān " ,vol. 8, p. 551–552.</ref> Narrations report Gabriel’s accompaniment during the Treaty of [[Hudaybiyya]]<ref>al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān", vol. 30, p. 212; al-Suyūṭī , "al-Durr al-Manthūr", vol. 6, p. 403; Mudarrisī, "Min Hudā al-Qurʾān ",  vol. 18, p. 395.</ref> and the Conquest of Mecca.<ref>al-Zamakhsharī , "Al-Kashshāf ", vol. 2, p. 689; al-Ṭabarasī, "  Jawāmiʿ al-Jāmi",  vol. 2, p. 342; al-Kāshānī, "Zubdat al-Tafāsīr" , vol. 4, p. 64.</ref>

One of the doors of the Prophet’s Mosque is named the [[Gate of Gabriel]] because Gabriel would enter the Prophet’s presence through it. Narrations from Shia sources have reported the virtue of this gate.<ref>al-Kulaynī , "Al-Kāfī" , vol. 4, p. 557; al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām ", vol. 6, pp. 8–9; al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī , "Wasāʾil al-Shīʿah ",vol. 14, p. 346.</ref>

 

It is recommended that visitors to the Prophet enter the mosque through this gate.<ref>al-Ṣadūq, " Man lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh ", vol. 2, p. 565–566; Ibn Ḥamzah,"  al-Wasīlah ", p. 196–197.</ref>

Gabriel accompanied the Prophet during the Farewell Pilgrimage and taught him the [[Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'|rituals of Hajj]].<ref>al-Ḥākim al-Nīshābūrī, "Al-Mustadrak", vol. 1, p. 477; al-Bayhaqī , "al-Sunan al-Kubrā ", vol. 5, p. 153.</ref>

 

 

Some of Gabriel’s instructions regarding the Hajj rituals were conveyed to the people through the Prophet (s).<ref>al-Kulaynī , "Al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 246; al-Ṣadūq, " Man lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh ", vol. 2, p. 236; al-Fārisī, " Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān", vol. 9, p. 112; al-Ṭabarānī, " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr ",vol. 5, p. 229;  al-Nūrī , "Mustadrak al-Wasāʾil ",vol. 9, p. 177. </ref>

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