Al-Haramayn: Difference between revisions

'''Al-Haramayn''' refers to the two sanctuaries of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. The [[Al-Haram Al-Makki]] encompasses an area of the city of Mecca, and the [[Al-Haram Al- Madani|Al-Haram Al- Madani]] encompasses an area of the city of [[Medina]]. They are called "Haramayn" due to their sanctity and respect, as well as the prohibition of certain acts within them. They also share virtues and rulings in Islam; for example, the reward for performing prayer in the two Harams is a thousand times greater than in other places, and cutting trees there is forbidden.

The term "Ḥaramayn" (the two sanctuaries) is the dual form of "Ḥaram".<ref>Muṣṭafawī ," Al-Taḥqīq fī Kalimāt al-Qurʾān al-Karīm " ,vol. 2, p. 204.</ref> And in lexicons, it has meant “being forbidden” or “prohibited”.<ref>al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī , "Mufradāt Alfāẓ al-Qurʾān " , p. 229; Ibn Manẓūr , " Lisān al-ʿArab " ,vol. 12, p. 122.</ref> And in terminology, it refers to the Meccan and Medinan Harams.<ref>ibn. Duraid , " Jamhara al-Lugha ", p. 390-391; al-Ḥamawī , "Muʿjam al-Buldān " ,vol. 2, p. 243.</ref>

[[file:نقشه محدوده حرم.jpg|thumbnail|The area of Meccan Haram]] The Meccan Haram is an area of the city of [[Mecca]], which in Islam has special rulings, such as the prohibition of cutting trees,<ref>al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 230-231; al-Ṭūsī , " Taḥdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd " ,vol. 5, p. 379-380; al-Nasāʾī ," Sunan al-Nasāʾī " ,vol. 5, p. 211.</ref> The prohibition of a non-Muslim entering<ref>al-Ṭūsī , "Al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya" ,vol. 2, p. 47; al-Miqdād , " Kanz al-ʿIrfān fī Fiqh al-Qurʾān " ,vol. 1, p. 46; al-Shāfiʿī , " Al-Um " ,vol. 1, p. 71./ vol. 4, p. 187; b. Ḥazm , " Al-Muḥallā bi al-Āthār" ,vol. 4, p. 243.</ref> and the increase of the blood money for murder.<ref>al-Ṭūsī , "Al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya" ,vol. 7, p. 116-117; Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī ," Al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya (al-Nāfiʿ fī Mukhtaṣar al-Sharāʾiʿ)" ,vol. 2, p. 302.</ref>

In the narrations, regarding the history of [[Mecca]] becoming a Haram, there are three categories of narrations, tracing back to the period of the “creation of the heavens and the earth.<ref>al-Bukhārī  , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" ,vol. 2, p. 214; al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 225; b. Bābawayh , "Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh " ,vol. 2, p. 245-246</ref> “After the descent of [[Adam (Prophet)|Prophet Adam(a)]].<ref>b. Bābawayh , "Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh " ,vol. 2, p. 192; al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 195; al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī , "Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa (Tafṣīl Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa ilā Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʿa" ,vol. 13, p. 221; al-Azraqī , " Akhbār Makkah wa Mā Jāʾa Fīhā min al-Āthār" ,vol. 1, p. 37-38; al-Fāsī , " Al-Zuhūr al-Muqṭaṭafa min Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah", p. 33; al-Fāsī , " Shifāʾ al-Gharām bi Akhbār al-Balad al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 105.</ref> And "The Era of [[Abraham (a)|Prophet Ibrahim(a)]]<ref>al-Bukhārī  , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" ,vol.3, p. 224-225; al-Nīshābūrī ," Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim" ,vol. 4, p. 112-118.</ref> Some have combined these three together.<ref>al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā" ,vol. 4, p. 189.</ref> The narrations have stated that the reason for Mecca becoming sacred is the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>b. Bābawayh (Shaykh Ṣaduq) ,ʿ"Ilal al-Sharāʾiʿ wa al-Aḥkām",vol. 2, p. 415; b. Khālid al-Barqī ," Al-Maḥāsin " , vol. 2, p. 330; al-Majlisī , " Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʿa li Durar Akhbār al-Aʾimma al-Aṭhār. " ,vol. 96, p. 43-44.</ref>

There is disagreement regarding the exact boundaries of the sacred area of [[Mecca]].<ref>al-Māwardī , "Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyya" , vol. 2, p.164-165; al-Ṭūsī, "Al-Nihāya fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā ", p. 234.</ref> Throughout Islamic history and even today, markers have been placed around the city of Mecca called "[[Ansab al-Haram]]" which define the boundaries of the sacred area based on the narrations left by the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Al-Dahīsh, ''Al- Ḥaram Al-Makki Al-Sharīf'', p. 128-129. </ref>

According to some studies, the boundary of the sacred area extends 15,500 meters from the [[Ta’if]] side, 6,150 meters from the [[Tan‘īm]] side (the road to Medina), and 17,000 meters from the Yemen side.<ref>Ibn Al-Dahīsh, ''Al- Ḥaram Al-Makki Al-Sharīf'', p. 157-158.</ref>And its perimeter is 127 kilometers.<ref>Ibn Al-Dahīsh, ''Al- Ḥaram Al-Makki Al-Sharīf'', p. 165.</ref>

[[file:محدوده حرم مدنی.PNG|thumbnail| The area of Al-Haram Al-Madani lies between [[Mount Thawr]] and [[Mount ʻIr.]]]]

This area, from the east and west, lies between the [[Eastern Harra]] and the [[Western Harra]].<ref>al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 564-565; Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal , "Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal" , vol. 3, p. 23; al-Nīshābūrī ," Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim" ,vol. 4, p. 113.</ref> And from the north and south, it lies between [[Mount Thawr]] and [[Mount ʻIr]].<ref>al-Nīshābūrī ," Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim" ,vol. 4, p. 115; al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" ,vol. 8, p. 10.</ref>

Regarding the reason for [[Medina]] becoming sacred, various causes have been mentioned.<ref>al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā" ,vol. 1, p. 117-118.</ref>

According to Shia narrations, the value of prayer in the Two Sacred Mosques is equivalent to a thousand prayers elsewhere.<ref>b. Bābawayh (Shaykh Ṣaduq), " Al-Khaṣāl al-Maḥmūda wa al-Madhmūma", p. 628.</ref> And whoever dies in one of the Two Sacred Mosques is considered a "muhajir ila Allah" (one who has migrated for the sake of God).<ref>Ibn Qulawayh al-Qummī, " Kāmil al-Ziyārāt", p. 44; al-Majlisī , " Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʿa li Durar Akhbār al-Aʾimma al-Aṭhār. " ,vol. 96, p. 387.</ref> And is safe from punishment.<ref>al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 558; Dārghotnī, ''Sunan dārghotnī'', vol. 2; p. 244; al-Rāwandī, "Al-Daʿawāt", p. 241.</ref>

• According to a group of Shia narrations, performing the full prayer in the Two Sacred Mosques carries virtue.<ref>al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 524; al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī , "Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa (Tafṣīl Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa ilā Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʿa)" , vol. 8, p. 526/533.</ref> Some Shia jurists have considered performing the full prayer in the Two Sacred Mosques as recommended (mustahabb).<ref>al-Ṭūsī , " Taḥdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd " ,vol. 5, p. 425; Ḥillī , "Tadhkirat al-Fuqahāʾ", vol. 8, p. 444; Najafī , " Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. ", vol. 14, p. 330.</ref> And some have issued a ruling allowing a choice between performing the prayer in shortened form or in full.<ref>ʿAlawī ʿĀmilī , "Manāhij al-Akhyār fī Sharḥ al-Istibsār" , vol. 3, p. 695; Najafī , " Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. ", vol. 14, p. 329.</ref> Among jurists, there is disagreement regarding the boundaries for performing the full prayer in the two cities of Mecca and Medina.<ref> Imām Khomeinī, " Manāsik Ḥajj (Maḥshī" , p. 486; Ibn Idrīs (d. 598 AH). Al-Sarāʾir al-Ḥāwī li Taḥrīr al-Fatāwā" , vol. 1, p. 342; Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī ,"Al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā", vol. 3, p. 516. </ref>

==Superiority of the Haramayn (Which Haram is Superior?)==

According to a narration in Shia sources, residing in [[Medina]] is considered superior to [[Mecca]].<ref>al-Zarandī, ". Al-Murūr bayn al-ʿIlmayn fī Mafākhirat al-Ḥaramayn", p. 91-124; al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā" ,vol. 1, p. 85-95; al-Rifāʿī , "Al-Aḥādīth al-Wārida fī Faḍāʾil al-Madīna" , p. 1-3.</ref>

[[Ansab al-Haram]]