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The Mosque of Fash (Arabic: Masjid al-Fasḥ) is one of the ancient mosques in [[Medina]]. It is located in the southern part of [[Mount Uḥud]], connected to the mountain, and to the north of the [[Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uḥud]] and to the south of the [[Cave of Uḥud]], where people believe [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] entered. The Prophet’s (s) prayer during the [[Battle of Uḥud]] is mentioned in various early sources, and contemporary researchers believe the location of the prayer corresponds to the area of this mosque. In some sources, this mosque is referred to as "Masjid Uḥud." The structure of the mosque has been partially ruined in recent centuries.
Fakh is an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]], about four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]].
According to Shia jurists, this place is the location where children enter into ihram. The cemetery of the martyrs of Fakh is also located here.
This cemetery is the burial site of Husayn ibn Ali (known as Sahib al-Fakh) and a number of Hasanid nobles who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at Fakh.
According to historians, the graves of some companions of the Prophet — including Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab — were also located in this area but were demolished during the Saudi period.
According to some narrations, the Prophet prayed in this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his descendants, and wept in mourning for him.
==Location==
Fakh, or Wādī Zāhir (Zahir Valley),<ref>Fāsī, '' Shifāʾ al-Gharām '', vol. 1, p. 472.
</ref>
It is the name of an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]].
This place is located 4 kilometers from al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Sacred Mosque).
Today, this place is referred to as “Ḥayyu al-Shuhadā’” (the Neighborhood of the Martyrs).


==Name== 
The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh
**Masjid Fasḥ**, also known as "Fasīḥ," is referred to as "Masjid Uḥud" in some sources due to its proximity to Mount Uḥud.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87.pdf&page=151 Masājid al-Athariyya, ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 151.]</ref> It is also called "Masjid al-Shiʿb" (the Mosque of the Valley).<ref>Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-Miʿmāra wa al-Tārīkh, Kaʿkī, vol. 2, p. 355.</ref>
In the Fakh area, there is a mountain at the foot of which lies a cemetery known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
The martyrs of Fakh were a group of Sādāt Ḥasanī (descendants of Imam Hasan) who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at this pl According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. ace.(3) Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'' vol. 5,p. 148.
According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. Part of it is about two meters above street level, and the main section is enclosed by a courtyard wall with a gate that is always closed. It is said that the grave of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (the martyr of Fakh) is located within this walled enclosure.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.


[[ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī]], a historian of the 9th century AH, reports that the name "Fasḥ" is believed to have been given because of the revelation of the "Fasḥ verse" (verse 11 of Surah al-Mujādila){{Note|"O you who have believed, when you are told, 'Make room in assemblies,' then make room; Allah will make room for you..."}} in this location, but he found no evidence to confirm this.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%B3.pdf&page=204 Wafāʾ al-Wafā, al-Samhūdī, vol. 3, p. 204.]</ref>
According to some reports from the year 1391 SH (2012-2013 CE), the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh was destroyed and turned into a garbage dump.(4) ISNA, news code: 91090602351.


== Location==
The Martyr of Fakh
Masjid Fasḥ is located in the southern part of [[Mount Uḥud]], connected to the mountain.<ref name=":0">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9.pdf&page=126 Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra, al-Muṭrī, p. 126.]</ref> It is situated to the north of the [[Cemetery of the Martyrs of Uḥud]] and to the south of the [[Cave of Uḥud]], where people believe [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] entered.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87.pdf&page=154 Masājid al-Athariyya, ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 154.]</ref>
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan al-Muthallath ibn Ḥasan al-Muthannā, son of Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), known as Ṣāḥib al-Fakh(5) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 364.
He was the leader of a revolt against the Abbasid government, which is referred to as the Incident of Fakh or the Uprising of Fakh(6) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.


==The Prophet’s Prayer==
Ṣāḥib al-Fakh was martyred on the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 169 AH (Yawm al-Tarwiyah) in the Fakh region during the battle against the army of Hādī al-‘Abbāsī (reigned 169–170 AH), along with most of his soldiers, including about 100 of the Hasanid descendants(7) ʿ Amīn Āmīlī,, '' A‘yān al-Shīʿa'',vol. 6, p. 97.
The historical background of Masjid Fasḥ dates back to the early years of Islam. The prayer of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] during the [[Battle of Uḥud]] is mentioned in early sources.<ref>Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, Ibn Hishām, vol. 3, p. 604.</ref> According to a report in the history of Medina by [[Ibn Shabba]], the location of the Prophet’s prayer was a small mosque in the Uḥud region, to the right of the "Valley of Jarrār," adjacent to the mountain.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87.pdf&page=57 Tārīkh Madīna Ibn Shabba, p. 57.]</ref> Some contemporary researchers believe the location of the prayer corresponds to the area of this mosque.<ref>Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-Miʿmāra wa al-Tārīkh, Kaʿkī, vol. 2, p. 362.</ref><ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87.pdf&page=155 Masājid al-Athariyya, ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 155.]</ref> 
According to al-Ḥamawī, a 7th-century AH historian, the bodies of the martyrs, after remaining on the ground for three days and being preyed upon by wild animals, were buried in the place now known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(8) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
The Martyr of Fakh, or Ṣāḥib al-Fakh, began his uprising from Medina.(9) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 372.
After taking control of the city, due to the approaching Hajj season, he moved toward Mecca with 300 of his companions and close followers.
But upon reaching the Fakh region, he confronted the Abbasid army, commanded by ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad (a descendant of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbbās), and in this battle all of his army were martyred, with only a few captured. Some of his relatives, including his uncle Idrīs ibn ʿAbdullāh, managed to escape Idrīs fled to the Maghreb and established the Idrisid dynasty there.(10) Various Authors, ''Tārīkh al-Tashayyūʿ''. Vol. 1, p. 263.
Other Graves
It is said that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb(11) Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā'',vol. 4, p. 142.
And a number of the ṣaḥābah (companions of the Prophet) are also buried in the Fakh region(12) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
There is also a report of the burial of ʿAbdullāh ibn Zubayr in Fakh(13) Jaʿfarīān, '',Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah '', p. 200.
Virtue / Merit


==History of the Mosque’s Structure== 
According to a narration, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), while traveling from Medina to Mecca, performed ghusl (ritual purification) at Fakh, which was six miles from Mecca [and is now part of the city of Mecca], before entering Mecca.(14) Ḥumayrī, '' al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār fī Khabar al-Aqṭār'', p. 436.
According to [[Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muṭrī]] (d. 741 AH), the structure of the small mosque at the foot of Mount Uḥud had been destroyed by his time.<ref name=":0" /> Similar reports are found in other sources from the 9th<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%B3.pdf&page=204 Wafāʾ al-Wafā, al-Samhūdī, vol. 3, p. 204.]; Maghānim al-Muṭāba, Fīrūzābādī, vol. 2, p. 289.</ref> and 10th centuries.<ref>Durar al-Farāʾid, al-Anṣārī, vol. 3, p. 1630.</ref> 


A report from the 11th century AH mentions that the mosque had a width of approximately 18 cubits.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1.pdf&page=163 ʿUmdat al-Akhbār, al-ʿAbbāsī, p. 163.]</ref> In the mid-14th century AH, the mosque had high walls but no roof, built during the Ottoman era.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7.pdf&page=192 Tārīkh Maʿālim al-Madīna Qadīman wa Ḥadīthan, p. 193.]</ref> According to a more recent report from 1418 AH, the walls of the mosque had been demolished, and only the southern wall, which contained the mihrab, remained relatively intact, standing at one and a half meters tall.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87.pdf&page=158 Masājid al-Athariyya, p. 185.]</ref> 
According to another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood in ṣalāh (prayer) at this place and wept during the prayer The Prophet explained that he wept because one of his descendants would be martyred at this place.(15) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.


Based on available images of Masjid Fasḥ, its current structure has been rebuilt as a rectangle with low stone walls. The walls are of uneven height, and a mihrab is located on the qibla wall. A canopy-like structure has been built over the mosque, and the interior is carpeted.<ref>Documentary images by users on [https://www.google.com/maps/place/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AD%E2%80%AD/@24.5099944,39.6128596,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipMByh_DDWYLOtNEm2uPJxtDdlLnIrsQY7KELBE-!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipMByh_DDWYLOtNEm2uPJxtDdlLnIrsQY7KELBE-%3Dw203-h203-k-no!7i3024!8i3024!4m9!3m8!1s0x15bdbe7f9ec02dfb:0xe73388ab22cc24d3!8m2!3d24.5099944!4d39.6128596!10e5!14m1!1BCgIgARICGAI!16s%2Fg%2F12mb3_5ts?hl=fa&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDExNS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps] and the website [https://welcomesaudi.com/activity/masjid-al-fasah-madinah Welcome Saudi].</ref>
==Images of the Mosque== 
Current Condition of the Mosque 
<gallery>
File:مسجد فسح6.png|alt=
File:مسجد فسح7.png|alt=
File:مسجد فسح8.png|alt=
File:مسجد فسح 9.png|alt=
</gallery>


==Older Images of the Mosque== 
Also, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), while passing through this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his Ahl al-Bayt at this location.(16) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 367. , Muḥaddith Qumī, ''Muntahā al-Āmāl'', vol. 1, p. 261.
<gallery>
 
File:مسجد فسح1.png|alt=
 
File:مسجد فسح2.png|alt=
Sheikh Tusi, in his book Rijāl, considered Ṣāḥib al-Fakh to be among the companions of Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him(17) Ṭūsī, '' Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', p. 489.
File:مسجد فسح3.jpg|alt=
 
File:مسجد فسح4.jpg|alt=
It is narrated that Imam Musa al-Kāẓim (peace be upon him) honored the Martyr of Fakh(18) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 380.
File:مسجد فسح5.jpg|alt=
 
</gallery>
Miqāt for Children
==Notes==
 
{{Notes}}
According to Shia jurists, based on narrations, Fakh is considered the miqāt (designated station for entering ihrām) for children.(19) Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
==References==
In a narration, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), in response to the question of where the sewn garments of children could be removed [and where they could be made to enter ihrām], said: “My father, Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (peace be upon him), would remove the children’s garments at Fakh and make them enter ihrām.”(20) Kulaynī, ''  al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 303. , Shaykh Ṣadūq, '' Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh'' , vol. 2, p. 433.
{{References}}
Some jurists believe that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the five designated miqāts on their behalf—by intending on their behalf and reciting the Talbiyah—but the act of removing the child’s garments and putting on the ihrām can be delayed until reaching Fakh.(21) Anṣārī, '' Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn ''  ,vol. 1, p. 230. , Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
*Abū Zayd ʿUmar ibn Shabba. ''Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Munawwara''. Qom: Dār al-Fikr, 1368 SH.   
 
2. **Masājid al-Athariyya**, Muḥammad Ilyās ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Maṭābiʿ al-Rashīd, Medina, 2nd edition, 1419 AH.   
Most Shia jurists believe that the actual ihrām for children can be performed from Fakh, serving as their designated miqāt.(22) Anṣārī, '' Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatuhā'' , vol. 5, p. 282.
3. **Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya**, Ibn Hishām al-Ḥimyarī, Maktabat Muḥammad ʿAlī Ṣabīḥ wa Awlādihi, Egypt, 1383–1963 CE.
Of course, this applies to cases other than Ḥajj al-Tamattu
4. **Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra**, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muṭrī, edited by Sulaymān al-Raḥīlī, Riyadh: Dārat al-Malik ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, 1426 AH.
 
5. **Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-Miʿmāra wa al-Tārīkh**, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Kaʿkī, Medina: Self-published, 2011 CE.
Some contemporary jurists, such as Muhammad-Taqi Bahjat, hold that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the well-known miqāts and may delay the removal of the sewn garments and putting on the ihrām until reaching Fakh.(23) Iftikhārī Golpāygānī, '' Ārāʾ al-Marājiʿ fī al-Ḥajj ʿalā Ḍawʾ Fatāwā al-Imām al-Khomeynī. '', vol. 1, p. 34.
6. **Wafāʾ al-Wafā bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā**, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī, edited by Qāsim al-Sāmarrāʾī, London: Muʾassasat al-Furqān lil-Turāth al-Islāmī, 2001 CE.
Sunni jurists are either opposed to this or remain silent on the matter. However, some of them say that there is no problem in delaying the ihrām of a child until reaching the Ḥaram (the Sacred Mosque) or near it(24) Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī, '' al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah '',vol. 1, p. 411.
7. **Al-Maghānim al-Muṭāba fī Maʿālim Ṭāba**, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb Fīrūzābādī, Riyadh: Dār al-Yamāma, 1389 AH.
 
8. **Durar al-Farāʾid al-Munaẓẓama fī Akhbār al-Ḥājj wa Ṭarīq Makka al-Muʿaẓẓama**, ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad al-Anṣārī, Riyadh: Dār al-Yamāma, 1429 AH.
"references"
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. Muntahā al-ʾĀmāl. By Muḥaddith Qummī (d. 1359 AH). Tehran: Kitābfurūshī-yi Islāmīyah, 1379 SH.
. Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh. By Shaykh al-Ṣadūq (d. 386 AH). Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1404 AH.
. Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatihā. By Qudrat Allāh Anṣārī. Qom: Markaz-i Fiqhī-yi Aʾimmat al-Aṭhār (ʿa), 1429 AH.
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