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Pourghorbani

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'''Masjid ʿUtbān b. Mālik''' (The Mosque of ʿUtban b. Malik)
Fakh is an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]], about four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]].
Masjid ʿUtban b. Malik is located in [[Medina]], to the north of [[Masjid al-Jumuʿa]] (the Friday Mosque), in an open area facing it. ʿUtban b. Malik was one of the [[Ansar]] (Helpers) and companions of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], and he participated in the [[Battle of Badr]]. The Prophet (s) prayed in a corner of his house, and for this reason, ʿUtbān designated that area as his place of prayer.
According to Shia jurists, this place is the location where children enter into ihram. The cemetery of the martyrs of Fakh is also located here.
This cemetery is the burial site of Husayn ibn Ali (known as Sahib al-Fakh) and a number of Hasanid nobles who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at Fakh.
According to historians, the graves of some companions of the Prophet — including Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab — were also located in this area but were demolished during the Saudi period.
According to some narrations, the Prophet prayed in this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his descendants, and wept in mourning for him.
==Location==
Fakh, or Wādī Zāhir (Zahir Valley),<ref>Fāsī, '' Shifāʾ al-Gharām '', vol. 1, p. 472.
</ref>
It is the name of an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]].
This place is located 4 kilometers from al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Sacred Mosque).
Today, this place is referred to as “Ḥayyu al-Shuhadā’” (the Neighborhood of the Martyrs).


During the development and urban renewal project in 2015 (1393 SH), the walls of Masjid ʿUtban were demolished, and the remains of the structure were preserved as a historical and tourist site.
The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh
==ʿUtban b. Malik==
In the Fakh area, there is a mountain at the foot of which lies a cemetery known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
Utban b. Malik was one of the [[Ansar]] of the Prophet (s) from the Bani Salim tribe of the [[Khazraj]] tribe. He was a companion{{eNote|Companions and supporters present during the time of the Prophet (s)}} of the Prophet(s) and participated in the [[Battle of Badr]]. He passed away in the year 50 AH.<ref>Usd al-Ghāba, Ibn al-Athīr, vol. 3, pp. 359–360.</ref>
The martyrs of Fakh were a group of Sādāt Ḥasanī (descendants of Imam Hasan) who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at this pl According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. ace.(3) Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'' vol. 5,p. 148.
According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. Part of it is about two meters above street level, and the main section is enclosed by a courtyard wall with a gate that is always closed. It is said that the grave of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (the martyr of Fakh) is located within this walled enclosure.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.


==The Prophet’s Prayer in ʿUtbān’s House==
According to some reports from the year 1391 SH (2012-2013 CE), the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh was destroyed and turned into a garbage dump.(4) ISNA, news code: 91090602351.
Due to his inability to attend congregational prayers, ʿUtbān asked [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] to pray in a corner of his house so that he could designate it as his prayer place, and the Prophet (s) agreed.<ref>Usd al-Ghāba, Ibn al-Athīr, vol. 3, p. 360; [https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aتاریخ_مدینه_ابن_شبه.pdf&page=71 Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Munawwara, Ibn Shabba, p. 71.]</ref>


==Structure of the Mosque==
The Martyr of Fakh
Masjid ʿUtbān ibn Mālik is located to the north of [[Masjid al-Jumuʿa]] in an open area facing it.<ref name=":0">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:مساجد_الاثریه.pdf&page=120 Masājid al-Athariyya, Ilyās ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 120.]</ref> Since around the 8th century AH, the location of this mosque has been identified within the fortress of Muzdalifa.<ref name=":1" /> Muzdalifa, during the time of al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), was a ruined fortress to the north of Masjid al-Jumuʿa,<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aوفاء_الوفاء_سمهودی_ج۳.pdf&page=249 Wafāʾ al-Wafā, al-Samhūdī, vol. 3, p. 249.]</ref> and al-ʿAbbāsī, a historian of the 10th century AH, confirms this information.<ref name=":2">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:عمده_الاخبار_فی_مدینه_المختار.pdf&page=182 ʿUmdat al-Akhbār fī Madīnat al-Mukhtār, al-ʿAbbāsī, p. 182.]</ref> Al-ʿAyyāshī, in his travelogue (1073 AH/1662 CE), also found the mosque in a ruined fortress to the north of Masjid al-Jumuʿa, describing it as a small, roofless mosque.<ref name=":3">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aالرحله_العياشيه،_ج_1.pdf&page=390 Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya, vol. 1, p. 390.]</ref>
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan al-Muthallath ibn Ḥasan al-Muthannā, son of Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), known as Ṣāḥib al-Fakh(5) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 364.
He was the leader of a revolt against the Abbasid government, which is referred to as the Incident of Fakh or the Uprising of Fakh(6) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.


==Reconstruction of the Structure== 
Ṣāḥib al-Fakh was martyred on the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 169 AH (Yawm al-Tarwiyah) in the Fakh region during the battle against the army of Hādī al-‘Abbāsī (reigned 169–170 AH), along with most of his soldiers, including about 100 of the Hasanid descendants(7) ʿ Amīn Āmīlī,, '' A‘yān al-Shīʿa'',vol. 6, p. 97.
[[Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Mutri]] (d. 741 AH), a historian of Medina in the 8th century AH, described the structure as having walls that did not exceed half the height of a person.<ref name=":1">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aالتعریف_بما_انست_الهجرة.pdf&page=134 Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra, al-Muṭrī, p. 134.]</ref> According to [[al-Samhūdī]] (d. 911 AH), the structure mentioned by al-Muṭrī had disappeared by his time, and a group of non-Arabs had rebuilt and revived it in a new form. The roof of the new structure was repaired by Muḥammad ibn Qāwān after its collapse.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aوفاء_الوفاء_سمهودی_ج۳.pdf&page=169 Wafāʾ al-Wafā, al-Samhūdī, vol. 3, p. 169.]</ref> He was born in 820 AH and passed away in 889 AH, a scholar of ḥadīth and history who lived in Cairo and performed the Hajj multiple times.<ref>Al-Ḍawʾ al-Lāmiʿ li-Ahl al-Qarn al-Tāsiʿ, al-Sakhāwī, vol. 7, p. 54.</ref>
According to al-Ḥamawī, a 7th-century AH historian, the bodies of the martyrs, after remaining on the ground for three days and being preyed upon by wild animals, were buried in the place now known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(8) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
The Martyr of Fakh, or Ṣāḥib al-Fakh, began his uprising from Medina.(9) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 372.
After taking control of the city, due to the approaching Hajj season, he moved toward Mecca with 300 of his companions and close followers.  
But upon reaching the Fakh region, he confronted the Abbasid army, commanded by ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad (a descendant of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbbās), and in this battle all of his army were martyred, with only a few captured. Some of his relatives, including his uncle Idrīs ibn ʿAbdullāh, managed to escape Idrīs fled to the Maghreb and established the Idrisid dynasty there.(10) Various Authors, ''Tārīkh al-Tashayyūʿ''. Vol. 1, p. 263.
Other Graves
It is said that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb(11) Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā'',vol. 4, p. 142.
And a number of the ṣaḥābah (companions of the Prophet) are also buried in the Fakh region(12) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
There is also a report of the burial of ʿAbdullāh ibn Zubayr in Fakh(13) Jaʿfarīān, '',Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah '', p. 200.
Virtue / Merit


Aḥmad al-ʿAbbāsī, a researcher and historian of Medina, claimed that in the year 1036 AH, he discovered this mosque, which was unknown at the time, and carried out minor renovations.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:عمده_الاخبار_فی_مدینه_المختار.pdf&page=183 ʿUmdat al-Akhbār fī Madīnat al-Mukhtār, al-ʿAbbāsī, p. 183.]</ref> Al-ʿAyyāshī, in his travelogue (1073 AH/1662 CE), also found the mosque as a small, roofless structure.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aالرحله_العياشيه،_ج_1.pdf&page=390 Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya, vol. 1, p. 390.]</ref>
According to a narration, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), while traveling from Medina to Mecca, performed ghusl (ritual purification) at Fakh, which was six miles from Mecca [and is now part of the city of Mecca], before entering Mecca.(14) Ḥumayrī, '' al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār fī Khabar al-Aqṭār'', p. 436.


==Current Condition of the Mosque== 
According to another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood in ṣalāh (prayer) at this place and wept during the prayer The Prophet explained that he wept because one of his descendants would be martyred at this place.(15) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
According to Ilyās ʿAbd al-Ghanī, a researcher of Medina’s geography, Masjid ʿUtbān in the year 1417 AH (1996 CE) was an empty plot of land surrounded by a white wall.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:مساجد_الاثریه.pdf&page=120 Masājid al-Athariyya, p. 120.]</ref> 


Other reports indicate that in 1393 SH (2015 CE/1435 AH), the Saudi government demolished the walls of Masjid ʿUtbān as part of a development and urban renewal project;<ref>Al-Alam News Website, [https://fa.alalam.ir/news/1682500/خشم-مردم-عربستان-از-تخریب-مسجد-تاریخی-در-مدینه-منوره Persian Version] and [https://www.alalam.ir/news/1682430/غضب-بالسعودية-اثر-ازالة-مسجد-اثري-في-المدينة-المنورة Arabic Version of the Same News].</ref> however, the underlying remains of the structure were preserved as a historical and tourist site.<ref>[https://makkah-almadinah.com/almadinah-attractions/itban-bin-malik/ Makkah and Medina Shrines Website].</ref>


==Historical Images of the Mosque and Its Mihrab== 
Also, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), while passing through this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his Ahl al-Bayt at this location.(16) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 367. , Muḥaddith Qumī, ''Muntahā al-Āmāl'', vol. 1, p. 261.
<gallery>
File:عتبان 3.jpg|Aerial view near Masjid al-Jumuʿa
File:1403-05-28 18 03 13-Google Maps.png|Distant view of the mosque near ʿAbd al-Majīd Street
File:عتبان6.png|alt=
File:عتبان4.jpg|alt=
File:عتبان5.jpg|The only existing image of the mosque’s interior and its mihrab
File:عتبان بن مالک.jpg|alt=
File:عتبان.jpg|alt=
</gallery>


==Images After the Saudi Development Project in 2015 CE== 


===Initial Images After Demolition=== 
Sheikh Tusi, in his book Rijāl, considered Ṣāḥib al-Fakh to be among the companions of Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him(17) Ṭūsī, '' Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', p. 489.
<gallery>
File:1403-05-28 17 44 47-Mosque of Atban Bin Malik - Google Maps.png|alt=
File:Alalam 635611550987617648 25f 4x3.jpg|alt=
File:عتبان2.jpg|Aerial view of the remaining structure of Masjid ʿUtbān to the north of Masjid al-Jumuʿa
</gallery>


===Current Condition of the Mosque===
It is narrated that Imam Musa al-Kāẓim (peace be upon him) honored the Martyr of Fakh(18) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 380.
<gallery>
File:Itban-bin-malik-2-1024x768.jpg|alt=
File:1403-05-28 17 45 25-Mosque of Atban Bin Malik - Google Maps.png|alt=
File:Itban-bin-malik-1-1024x768.jpg|alt=
File:1403-05-28 17 45 35-Mosque of Atban Bin Malik - Google Maps.png|alt=
File:Itban-bin-malik-3-1024x768.jpg|alt=
</gallery>


==Notes==
Miqāt for Children
{{Notes}}
==References==
{{References}}


*Ibn al-Athīr, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Jazarī. ''Usd al-Ghāba fī Maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba'', Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, Beirut, Lebanon.
According to Shia jurists, based on narrations, Fakh is considered the miqāt (designated station for entering ihrām) for children.(19) Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
*Muḥammad Ilyās ʿAbd al-Ghanī. ''Masājid al-Athariyya'', Maṭābiʿ al-Rashīd, Medina, 2nd edition, 1419 AH.  
In a narration, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), in response to the question of where the sewn garments of children could be removed [and where they could be made to enter ihrām], said: “My father, Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (peace be upon him), would remove the children’s garments at Fakh and make them enter ihrām.”(20) Kulaynī, ''  al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 303. , Shaykh Ṣadūq, '' Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh''  , vol. 2, p. 433.
*Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muṭrī. ''Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra''. edited by Sulaymān al-Raḥīlī, Riyadh: Dārat al-Malik ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, 1426 AH.
Some jurists believe that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the five designated miqāts on their behalf—by intending on their behalf and reciting the Talbiyah—but the act of removing the child’s garments and putting on the ihrām can be delayed until reaching Fakh.(21) Anṣārī, '' Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn ''   ,vol. 1, p. 230. , Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
*ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-Wafā bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā''. edited by Qāsim al-Sāmarrāʾī, London: Muʾassasat al-Furqān lil-Turāth al-Islāmī, 2001 CE.
 
*Shams al-Dīn al-Sakhāwī. ''Al-Ḍawʾ al-Lāmiʿ li-Ahl al-Qarn al-Tāsiʿ''. Dār al-Jīl, Beirut, 1412 AH.
Most Shia jurists believe that the actual ihrām for children can be performed from Fakh, serving as their designated miqāt.(22) Anṣārī, '' Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatuhā'' , vol. 5, p. 282.
*Aḥmad al-ʿAbbāsī. ''ʿUmdat al-Akhbār fī Madīnat al-Mukhtār''. edited by Muḥammad al-Ṭayyib al-Anṣārī, published by Asʿad Ṭarābuzūnī, n.d.
Of course, this applies to cases other than Ḥajj al-Tamattu
*ʿUmar ibn Shabba al-Numayrī. ''Tārīkh Madīnat Munawwara''. n.d., n.p.
 
*ʿAyyāshī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad. ''Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya''. 2006 CE, edited by Saʿīd al-Fāḍilī and Sulaymān al-Qarshī, Abu Dhabi: Dār al-Suwaydī, 1st edition.
Some contemporary jurists, such as Muhammad-Taqi Bahjat, hold that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the well-known miqāts and may delay the removal of the sewn garments and putting on the ihrām until reaching Fakh.(23) Iftikhārī Golpāygānī, '' Ārāʾ al-Marājiʿ fī al-Ḥajj ʿalā Ḍawʾ Fatāwā al-Imām al-Khomeynī. '', vol. 1, p. 34.
*Al-Alam News Website**.
Sunni jurists are either opposed to this or remain silent on the matter. However, some of them say that there is no problem in delaying the ihrām of a child until reaching the Ḥaram (the Sacred Mosque) or near it(24) Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī, '' al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah '',vol. 1, p. 411.
*Makkah and Medina Shrines Website.
 
{{end}}
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