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[[file:درون کعبه۱.jpg|Thumbnail|The pillars of the Ka'ba.]]
Fakh is an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]], about four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]].
'''The pillars of the Ka'ba''' refer to the pillars inside the [[Ka'ba]] that were first installed by the Quraysh in the year 35 of [[the Year of the Elephant]]/605 CE; During the reconstruction of the Ka'ba in the year 64 AH/683-4, [[Abdullah b. Zubair]] reduced their number to three, and their number and placement have remained the same to this day.
According to Shia jurists, this place is the location where children enter into ihram. The cemetery of the martyrs of Fakh is also located here.
This cemetery is the burial site of Husayn ibn Ali (known as Sahib al-Fakh) and a number of Hasanid nobles who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at Fakh.
According to historians, the graves of some companions of the Prophet — including Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab — were also located in this area but were demolished during the Saudi period.
According to some narrations, the Prophet prayed in this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his descendants, and wept in mourning for him.
==Location==
Fakh, or Wādī Zāhir (Zahir Valley),<ref>Fāsī, '' Shifāʾ al-Gharām '', vol. 1, p. 472.
</ref>
It is the name of an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]].
This place is located 4 kilometers from al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Sacred Mosque).
Today, this place is referred to as “Ḥayyu al-Shuhadā’” (the Neighborhood of the Martyrs).


The color of the pillars is dark brown, and there is a rod between the pillars from which some of the [[Ka'ba's hangings]] are suspended.
The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh
==History==
In the Fakh area, there is a mountain at the foot of which lies a cemetery known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
The first pillars of the Ka'ba were erected by the Quraysh in the year 35 Aam al-Fil (the Year of the Elephant)/ 605 CE. They included six pillars in two rows of three, extending from north to south (the width of the Ka'ba).<ref>Ṣabrī Pāshā, ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn wa Jazīrat al-ʿArab '', vol. 2, p. 819; Ṣaffarī-Furūshānī, '' Makkah fī Bistar al-Tārīkh'', p. 106.</ref>
The martyrs of Fakh were a group of Sādāt Ḥasanī (descendants of Imam Hasan) who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at this pl According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. ace.(3) Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'' vol. 5,p. 148.
Before that, since the time of [[Abraham (a)|Prophet Ibrahim(a)]] , the [[Ka'ba]] was without a roof and did not need pillars.<ref>Ṣabrī Pāshā,  ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn wa Jazīrat al-ʿArab '', vol. 1, p. 332. , Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 66.</ref>
According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. Part of it is about two meters above street level, and the main section is enclosed by a courtyard wall with a gate that is always closed. It is said that the grave of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (the martyr of Fakh) is located within this walled enclosure.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
During the war between the armies of [[Yazid]] and [[Ibn al-Zubayr]], the Ka'ba was set on fire and destroyed. Abdullah b. al-Zubayr rebuilt the Ka'ba in the year 64 AH/683-4. He placed three wooden pillars, the number and positions of which have remained the same to this day.<ref>Batanūnī, ''Al-Riḥla al-Ḥijāziyya'', p. 106; Ṣabrī Pāshā,  ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn wa Jazīrat al-ʿArab, vol. 1, p. 264.</ref>
==The Place of the Prophet’s (s) Prayer==


In some historical narrations, it is mentioned that after [[the conquest of Mecca]], [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|the Prophet (s)]] entered the Ka'ba and prayed. The location of his prayer was such that two pillars were on his right, one pillar on his left, and three pillar behind him.<ref>Ṣabrī Pāshā,  ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn wa Jazīrat al-ʿArab '', vol. 2, p. 819.</ref>
According to some reports from the year 1391 SH (2012-2013 CE), the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh was destroyed and turned into a garbage dump.(4) ISNA, news code: 91090602351.
Today, upon entering the Ka'ba, directly opposite [[the door of the ka'ba|the door ]], there is a mihrab that is identified as the place where the Prophet (s) prayed.<ref>Batanūnī, ''Al-Riḥla al-Ḥijāziyya'', p. 106.</ref> 
==Size and Features==
The three pillars built inside the Ka'ba during the reconstruction by Abdullah b. al-Zubayr (64 AH/683-4) have remained in the same number and positions. However, the pillars were replaced in later renovations of the Ka'ba's interior. Today, the pillars are intricately carved and decorated.<ref> Batanūnī, ''Al-Riḥla al-Ḥijāziyya'', p. 106; Ṣabrī Pāshā,  ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn wa Jazīrat al-ʿArab '', vol. 1, p. 264.</ref>
These three pillars are arranged in a single row from north to south (the width of the Ka'ba), with a distance of four steps between each one. The first pillar is three steps away from the Yemeni-Eastern wall, and the third pillar is opposite the Iraqi-Shami wall.<ref>Ibn Jubayr,''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 54;  Ibn Baṭūṭa, ''Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa''. vol. 1, p. 372.</ref>
The color of the pillars is dark brown. Each pillar has a diameter of 44 centimeters and a circumference of approximately 150 centimeters. These pillars are made of wood, square-shaped, and intricately carved.<ref> Kurdī, ''Makkah wa Madīna: Taṣwīrī min Taqaddum wa Nawsāzī'' ,p. 121.</ref>
Additionally, there is a rod among the three pillars from which some of the [[Ka'ba’s gifts]] are hung. Above each pillar, there is a beam whose ends are embedded in the northern and southern walls of the Ka'ba.<ref>Kurdī, ''Makkah wa Madīna: Taṣwīrī min Taqaddum wa Nawsāzī'' ,p. 121.</ref>
The three pillars extend only up to the lower ceiling and do not reach the upper ceiling. In the space between the lower and upper ceilings, narrower and additional wooden columns are placed to support the upper ceiling. Some of these pillars are supported indirectly by the three main pillars. At the base of each of the three pillars, which bear most of the roof's weight, there is a ring to reinforce and strengthen them.<ref>Kurdī, ''Makkah wa Madīna: Taṣwīrī min Taqaddum wa Nawsāzī'' ,p. 121.</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
درون کعبه۲.jpg|The three wooden pillars inside the Ka'ba..
ستون قدیمی کعبه.jpg|A part of one of the Ka'ba pillars dating back to the [[reconstruction by Ibn al-Zubayr]] in the year 65 AH/684-5.<ref>«[https://www.kuna.net.kw/ViewPics.aspx?id=1477678 جزء تالف من احد الاعمدة الخشبیة للکعبة المشرفة التی یرجع تاریخها لعام 65 هجری]»، وکالة الانباء الکویتیة (کونا).</ref>
ستون قدیمی کعبه۲.jpg|One of the old pillars inside the Ka'ba from the reconstruction by Ibn al-Zubayr, which was replaced in the 1990s.<ref>«[https://madainproject.com/exhibition_of_the_two_holy_mosques_architecture Exhibition of the Two Holy Mosques' Architecture]»،‌ Madain Project.</ref>
قندیل‌های درون کعبه.jpg|[[The rods]] connected to the pillars, from which lanterns are suspended.
درون کعبه۳.jpg|The location of the Ka'ba pillars in relation to other parts and fixtures of the [[Ka'ba]].
</gallery>


==Notes==
The Martyr of Fakh
{{Notes}}
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan al-Muthallath ibn Ḥasan al-Muthannā, son of Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), known as Ṣāḥib al-Fakh(5) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 364.
==References==
He was the leader of a revolt against the Abbasid government, which is referred to as the Incident of Fakh or the Uprising of Fakh(6) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
{{References}}
 
*Ṣaffarī-Furūshānī, Niʿmat-Allāh. *Makkah fī Bistar al-Tārīkh*. Qom: Markaz Jahānī-ʿUlūm-IslHere’s the transliterated and translated citation:
Ṣāḥib al-Fakh was martyred on the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 169 AH (Yawm al-Tarwiyah) in the Fakh region during the battle against the army of Hādī al-‘Abbāsī (reigned 169–170 AH), along with most of his soldiers, including about 100 of the Hasanid descendants(7) ʿ Amīn Āmīlī,, '' A‘yān al-Shīʿa'',vol. 6, p. 97.
. Ṣabrī Pāshā, Ayyūb. *Muʾassuat Mirʾāt al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharīfayn wa Jazīrat al-ʿArab*. Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabiyya, 1424 AH / 2004 CE.āmī, 1st edition, 1386 SH.
According to al-Ḥamawī, a 7th-century AH historian, the bodies of the martyrs, after remaining on the ground for three days and being preyed upon by wild animals, were buried in the place now known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(8) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
. Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d]
The Martyr of Fakh, or Ṣāḥib al-Fakh, began his uprising from Medina.(9) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 372.
. Batanūnī, Muḥammad Labīb *Al-Riḥla al-Ḥijāziyya*. Cairo: Nāshir: Mūʾallif, 1329 AH.
After taking control of the city, due to the approaching Hajj season, he moved toward Mecca with 300 of his companions and close followers.
. Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
But upon reaching the Fakh region, he confronted the Abbasid army, commanded by ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad (a descendant of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbbās), and in this battle all of his army were martyred, with only a few captured. Some of his relatives, including his uncle Idrīs ibn ʿAbdullāh, managed to escape Idrīs fled to the Maghreb and established the Idrisid dynasty there.(10) Various Authors, ''Tārīkh al-Tashayyūʿ''. Vol. 1, p. 263.
. Ibn Baṭūṭa, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Hādī Tāzī. Rabat: Ākādimīyya al-Mamlikat al-Maghribīyya, 1417 AH.
Other Graves
. Kurdī, ʿUbayd-Allāh Muḥammad-Amīn. *Makkah wa Madīna: Taṣwīrī min Taqaddum wa Nawsāzī*. Translated by Ḥusayn Ṣābirī. Tehran: Nashr Mashʿar, 1380 SH.
It is said that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb(11) Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā'',vol. 4, p. 142.
And a number of the ṣaḥābah (companions of the Prophet) are also buried in the Fakh region(12) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
There is also a report of the burial of ʿAbdullāh ibn Zubayr in Fakh(13) Jaʿfarīān, '',Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah '', p. 200.
Virtue / Merit
 
According to a narration, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), while traveling from Medina to Mecca, performed ghusl (ritual purification) at Fakh, which was six miles from Mecca [and is now part of the city of Mecca], before entering Mecca.(14) Ḥumayrī, '' al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār fī Khabar al-Aqṭār'', p. 436.
 
According to another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood in ṣalāh (prayer) at this place and wept during the prayer The Prophet explained that he wept because one of his descendants would be martyred at this place.(15) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
 
 
Also, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), while passing through this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his Ahl al-Bayt at this location.(16) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 367. , Muḥaddith Qumī, ''Muntahā al-Āmāl'', vol. 1, p. 261.
 
 
Sheikh Tusi, in his book Rijāl, considered Ṣāḥib al-Fakh to be among the companions of Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him(17) Ṭūsī, '' Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', p. 489.
 
It is narrated that Imam Musa al-Kāẓim (peace be upon him) honored the Martyr of Fakh(18) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 380.
 
Miqāt for Children
 
According to Shia jurists, based on narrations, Fakh is considered the miqāt (designated station for entering ihrām) for children.(19) Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
In a narration, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), in response to the question of where the sewn garments of children could be removed [and where they could be made to enter ihrām], said: “My father, Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (peace be upon him), would remove the children’s garments at Fakh and make them enter ihrām.”(20) Kulaynī, ''  al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 303. , Shaykh Ṣadūq, '' Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh''  , vol. 2, p. 433.
Some jurists believe that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the five designated miqāts on their behalf—by intending on their behalf and reciting the Talbiyah—but the act of removing the child’s garments and putting on the ihrām can be delayed until reaching Fakh.(21) Anṣārī, '' Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn ''  ,vol. 1, p. 230. , Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
 
Most Shia jurists believe that the actual ihrām for children can be performed from Fakh, serving as their designated miqāt.(22) Anṣārī, '' Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatuhā'' , vol. 5, p. 282.
Of course, this applies to cases other than Ḥajj al-Tamattu
 
Some contemporary jurists, such as Muhammad-Taqi Bahjat, hold that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the well-known miqāts and may delay the removal of the sewn garments and putting on the ihrām until reaching Fakh.(23) Iftikhārī Golpāygānī, ''  Ārāʾ al-Marājiʿ fī al-Ḥajj ʿalā Ḍawʾ Fatāwā al-Imām al-Khomeynī. '', vol. 1, p. 34.
Sunni jurists are either opposed to this or remain silent on the matter. However, some of them say that there is no problem in delaying the ihrām of a child until reaching the Ḥaram (the Sacred Mosque) or near it(24) Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī, '' al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah '',vol. 1, p. 411.
 
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