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{{Building
| title = Mount Abu Qubays
| image =کوه ابوقبیس.jpg
| image size =
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| other names =
| place = [[Mecca]], [[Masjid al-haram]]
| usage = Holy mountain
| religious affiliation = Islam
| beliefs =
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| visitors =
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| administrator =
| imam of prayer =
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| latitude = 21.429949951348185
| longitude = 39.822059900000006
| map description =
}}
'''Mount Abu Qubays''' is a sacred mountain for Muslims located in the northeast of the [[al-Masjid al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] in the city of [[Mecca]]. Today, it has been carved, and its original dome-shaped form has been altered. It is said that when the Black Stone descended from paradise, it was placed in this mountain for a period of time as a trust. Additionally, [[Prophet Ibrahim(s)]]  used to call people to perform the rituals of Hajj from atop this mountain. The [[Mosque of Ibrahim]], the [[Mosque of Shaqq al-Qamar]], and the caravansary of Mulla Muhammad Yazidi are among the structures built on the slopes of this mountain.
==Location==


Mount Abu Qubays is situated in the northeast of the Masjid al-Haram and overlooks it.<ref>Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān'',  Vol. 1, p. 80; Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, ''Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ'', vol. 3, p. 1066.</ref>
'''Al_Mustajār''' (Arabic: المستجار) is a part of the western wall of the Ka'ba, approximately 2 meters in length, located between [[the Rukn al-Yamani]] and the second door of the [[Ka'ba]], which was sealed during the time of [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]]. This section is at the back of the Ka'ba, directly opposite the current door of the Ka'ba.
And the Shi'ab Abi Talib begins from there. Its elevation from sea level is reported to be 420 meters, and from the base, it is 120 meters.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 95.</ref> According to Naser Khosrow, this mountain was dome-shaped.<ref>Nāṣir Khusraw. ''Safarnāma'', p. 119.</ref>
In recent years, a significant portion of the mountain has been flattened, and on it, a palace and a government guesthouse have been built.<ref>Furqānī, ''Sarzamīn yādhā wa nishānihā'', p. 89.</ref>
Names:


The name of this mountain is derived from the name of a person from the [[Mazhij tribe]].<ref> Zamakhsharī, '' Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh'', p. 27.</ref>
The meaning of the word Mustajār is 'refuge' or 'sanctuary.' This place is known for the acceptance of repentance and is recommended for supplication and prayer.
Or Ayad.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 267.</ref> It is said that for the first time, a house was built on its slopes.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 265-267; Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān'',  Vol. 1, p. 80; Zamakhsharī, '' Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh'', p. 27.</ref>
==Al- Mustajar and Al-Multazam==
According to some accounts, such as Abu Qubays ibn Shalih from the Jurhum tribe sought refuge on this mountain due to disagreements with his relatives, and he never returned. The mountain became famous by this name thereafter.<ref>Suhaylī, ''Al-Rawḍ al-anf fī tafsīr al-sīra al-nabawīyya li ibn Hushām'', vol. 3, p. 90.</ref>
Two places on the wall of the Ka'ba are introduced as places for the acceptance of supplications and repentance, and there are narrations about them:Al_Mustajar and [[Al_Multazam]].
Some also, considering the semantic significance, have said that [[Abu Qubays]] relates to "qabas" (a piece of firewood), suggesting that Prophet Adam (peace be upon him) took fire from this mountain<ref> Fāsī al-Makkī,  ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 50.</ref>
The names Abu Qabus and Sheikh al-Jabal have also been attributed to Abu Qubays.<ref> Fāsī al-Makkī,  ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 50.</ref>
==Historical and Religious Significance==


Abu Qubais has been revered as a sacred mountain both before and after Islam, and in Islamic narratives, it is associated with some historical events related to the prophets. It has also been considered a place where prayers are answered.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 524.</ref>
It is usually said that Mustajār is at the back of the [[Ka'ba]] on the western side, encompassing the distance from the [[the Rukn al-Yamani]] to the sealed door of the Kaaba, and Multazam is on the eastern side, encompassing the distance from [[the Hajar al-Aswad]] to the current door of the Ka'ba.<ref>Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, " Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh", p. 99_101.</ref>
However, the narrations related to Multazam and Mustajar have been mixed together, and sometimes Mustajar and Multazam are considered two names for the same place. It is sometimes said that Shia Muslims consider [[al-Multazam]] and al-Mustajar to be the same, whereas Sunni Muslims consider them to be different, with Multazam being the area between [[the Hajar al-Aswad]] and the door of the Ka'ba.<ref>Qāʾidān, " Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna", p. 71.</ref>
Some Shia scholars, based on the collections of narrations from [[the Ahl al-Bayt]] regarding the acts performed at Multazam and Mustajār, have concluded that these two are names for the same place, which is Mustajār.<ref>majlisī, ''Mirāʾat al-ʿUqūl'', vol. 9, p. 106.</ref>
In Sunni sources, there are also numerous narrations and reports that consider Multazam to be at the back of the Ka'ba (the same place as Mustajar).<ref>Naʿmatī, "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam" p. 84.</ref>
Despite all this, in most geographical sources on Mecca, Multazam and Mustajar are distinguished from each other.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'',vol. 1, p. 196; Mālikī, " Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 200_203; Sanjārī, "Manāʾih al-Karam", vol. 1, p. 307; Ibn Zahīra,''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf'', p. 47. </ref>
==Al_Mustajār and the Crack of the Ka'ba==


Some of the narrations of Abu Qubays first<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 32.</ref>And the best<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī,  ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 525.</ref> They have called it the mountain of the earth.
Some consider Al_Mustajār to be the part of the wall of the [[Ka'ba]] that was split open to allow [[Fatimah bint Asad]], the mother of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), to enter the Kaaba for the birth of her son.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, "Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah", p. 178; Jaʿfariyān,''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 97.</ref>
===The ancient prophets===
They have said that the graves of [[Adam]], Sheeth son of Adam, and Hawa, the wife of Adam, are located in the cave of this mountain called [[Kenz Cave]].<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī,  ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 519-520.</ref> They have mentioned that when the Black Stone descended from Paradise, it was placed as a trust in this mountain. Then Prophet Abraham (peace be upon him) used it in the construction of the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 26-27.</ref>
During the flood of Noah, the [[Black Stone]] was also entrusted in this mountain. Because of this, during the pre-Islamic era, people used to call this mountain "Al-Amin" (the trustworthy).<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 266; Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 1, p. 80.</ref>
They say that Abu Qubays is one of the six mountains from which the stones of the Ka'ba have been provided.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 179.</ref>
[[Abraham (a)|Ibrahim(a)]] used to stand on this mountain and call people to perform the [[Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'|rituals of Hajj]].<ref> Ibn Isḥāq, ''Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 72; Azraqī,  ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 203; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 91.</ref>
===The Prophet of Islam===


Based on a report, in one of the years before the Hijra, the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet(a)]] split the moon into two halves with his miracle; one half was over Mount Qaiqan and the other half was over Mount Abu Qubays.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 116-117.</ref>
==The Supplication of Mustajār==
The nobility of this mountain made it possible for them to address the people of [[Mecca]] from its summit to inform them. One such instance was the call of a man named Zubayd who called out from the hills of the Halif al-Fudul.(20)( Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. ''Al-Munammaq fī akhbār Quraysh.p52,,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf.p179,,,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.v0l2.p291)
In the rituals of [[Tawaf]], it is mentioned that: It is recommended for the pilgrim, in the last round of their [[Tawaf]], to place their face and hands on the wall, press their stomach and front against the wall of the [[Ka'ba]], and say:
It is also reported that the Prophet publicly invited the [[Quraysh]] to accept Islam from the summit of this very mountain.<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 3, p. 219; Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād'', vol. 2, p. 343.</ref> 
*أللَّهُمَّ الْبَيْتُ بَيْتُكَ وَالْعَبْدُ عَبْدُكَ وَهذا مَكانُ الْعائِذِ بِكَ مِنَ النَّار. "O Allah, this house is Your house, and this servant is Your servant, and this is the place of one who seeks refuge with You from the Fire."
==The structures on the mountain==
Then, they should confess their sins and seek forgiveness, and afterwards say:
===The Mosque of Ibrahim===
*أللَّهُمَّ مِنْ قِبَلِكَ الرَّوْحُ وَالْفَرَجُ وَالْعافِيَةُ. أللَّهُمَّ إنَّ عَمَلِي ضَعيْفٌ فَضاعِفْهُ لِي وَاغْفِرْ لي مَا اطَّلَعْتَ عَلَيْهِ مِنِّي وَخَفِيَ عَلى‏ خَلْقِكَ أسْتَجِيرُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ النَّار."O Allah, from You comes the spirit, relief, and well-being. O Allah, my deeds are weak, so multiply them for me and forgive me for what You have seen of me that is hidden from Your creation. I seek refuge with Allah from the Fire.
During the early centuries of Islam, on the summit of this mountain, the Mosque of Ibrahim was constructed.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 202.</ref>
 
which later gained fame as the [[Mosque of Bilal]].<ref>Naʿīmī, ''Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn'', p. 205.</ref>
Then, after that, the person should make any supplications they wish, touch the Yemeni Corner (Rukn Yamani), come to [[the Hajar al-Aswad]], complete their Tawaf, and say:
This mosque is attributed to either [[Abraham (a)|Ibrahim(a)]] or [[Ibrahim Qubaysi]].<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 202.</ref> Or to an Indian merchant who built it in the year 1275 AH/1858-9.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 1, p. 502-503.</ref>
*أللَّهُمَّ قَنِّعْنِي بِما رَزَقْتَني وَبارِكْ لِي فِيما آتَيْتَني‏ "O Allah, make me content with what You have provided me and bless me in what You have granted me.<ref>Khomeinī, "Manāsk Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd", p. 436.</ref>  
===Other structures===
Among the other structures on the summit of this mountain, mention can be made of the Shagh al-Qamar Mosque and the caravanserai of Mulla Mohammad Yazdi.<ref> Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'', vol. 1, p. 551.</ref>
A minaret is also mentioned, which was built by Abdullah ibn Malik Khaza'i during the time of [[Harun al-Abbasi]].<ref> Fākihī, ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 3, p. 87; Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'', vol. 1, p. 551.</ref>
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
*Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka''. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d].
*Fāsī, Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad. ''Shifāʾ al-Gharām bi-Aḵbār al-Balad al-Ḥarām''. Edited by a committee of prominent scholars and literati. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
*Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.
*Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. ''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf''. Edited by ʿAlī ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1423 AH.
*Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
*Jafarīān, Rasūl. *Āthār Islāmī Makkah wa Madīnah*. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1389 AH.
*Furqānī, Muḥammad. ''Sarzamīn yādhā wa nishānihā''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1381 sh.
*Khomeinī, Rūḥ Allāh. ''Manāsk-i Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1409 AH.
*Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. ''Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ''. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1412 AH.
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Mir'āt al-'uqūl''. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1404 AH.
*Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. ''Al-Munammaq fī akhbār Quraysh''. Edited by Khurshīd Aḥmad Fārūq. Beirut: ʿĀlim al-Kutub, 1405 AH-1985.
*Mālikī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām''. Makkah: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1424 AH.
*Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
*Naʿmatī, Muḥammad Rezā. "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam". Majallah Mīqāt-i Ḥajj, no. 43, Farvardīn 1382 SH.
*Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad. ''Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī''. Edited by Suhayl Zakar. Beirut: 1398 AH.
*Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa Āthār Islāmī Makkah Mukarramah wa Madīnah Munawwarah''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1400 AH.
*Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH.
*Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, Niʿmat Allāh. ''Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh''. Qom: Markaz Jahanī ʿUlūm Islāmī, 1386 AH.
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
*Sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-Dīn. ''Manāʾih al-Karam''. Makkah: Jāmiʿah Umm al-Qurā, 1419 AH.
*Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH.
*Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Rezā. ''Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah''. Compiled by Rasūl Jafarīān. Qom: Nashr-i Mūrikh, 1386 AH.
*Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf''.Beirut:Dār al-Ṣaʿb,[n.d].
*Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-marām. Mecca: [n.p], 1424 AH.
*Naʿīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā al-. ''Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn''.Tehran: Mashʿar, 1418 AH.
*Nāṣir Khusraw. ''Safarnāma''. Edited by Muḥammad Dabīr Siyāqī. Tehran: 1356 Sh.
*Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
*Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād''. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. 1st edition. Beirut: 1414 AH/1993.
*Suhaylī, ʾAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Al-Rawḍ al-anf fī tafsīr al-sīra al-nabawīyya li ibn Hushām''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1412 AH.
*Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara''. London: Muʾssisa al-furqān, 1429 AH.
*Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
*Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.
*Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh''. Cairo: Dār al-Fadhīla, 1319 AH.
{{end}}
{{end}}
[[fa:کوه ابوقبیس]]

Latest revision as of 11:30, 7 August 2024

Al_Mustajār (Arabic: المستجار) is a part of the western wall of the Ka'ba, approximately 2 meters in length, located between the Rukn al-Yamani and the second door of the Ka'ba, which was sealed during the time of Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi. This section is at the back of the Ka'ba, directly opposite the current door of the Ka'ba.

The meaning of the word Mustajār is 'refuge' or 'sanctuary.' This place is known for the acceptance of repentance and is recommended for supplication and prayer.

Al- Mustajar and Al-Multazam

Two places on the wall of the Ka'ba are introduced as places for the acceptance of supplications and repentance, and there are narrations about them:Al_Mustajar and Al_Multazam.

It is usually said that Mustajār is at the back of the Ka'ba on the western side, encompassing the distance from the the Rukn al-Yamani to the sealed door of the Kaaba, and Multazam is on the eastern side, encompassing the distance from the Hajar al-Aswad to the current door of the Ka'ba.[1] However, the narrations related to Multazam and Mustajar have been mixed together, and sometimes Mustajar and Multazam are considered two names for the same place. It is sometimes said that Shia Muslims consider al-Multazam and al-Mustajar to be the same, whereas Sunni Muslims consider them to be different, with Multazam being the area between the Hajar al-Aswad and the door of the Ka'ba.[2] Some Shia scholars, based on the collections of narrations from the Ahl al-Bayt regarding the acts performed at Multazam and Mustajār, have concluded that these two are names for the same place, which is Mustajār.[3] In Sunni sources, there are also numerous narrations and reports that consider Multazam to be at the back of the Ka'ba (the same place as Mustajar).[4] Despite all this, in most geographical sources on Mecca, Multazam and Mustajar are distinguished from each other.[5]

Al_Mustajār and the Crack of the Ka'ba

Some consider Al_Mustajār to be the part of the wall of the Ka'ba that was split open to allow Fatimah bint Asad, the mother of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), to enter the Kaaba for the birth of her son.[6]

The Supplication of Mustajār

In the rituals of Tawaf, it is mentioned that: It is recommended for the pilgrim, in the last round of their Tawaf, to place their face and hands on the wall, press their stomach and front against the wall of the Ka'ba, and say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ الْبَيْتُ بَيْتُكَ وَالْعَبْدُ عَبْدُكَ وَهذا مَكانُ الْعائِذِ بِكَ مِنَ النَّار. "O Allah, this house is Your house, and this servant is Your servant, and this is the place of one who seeks refuge with You from the Fire."

Then, they should confess their sins and seek forgiveness, and afterwards say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ مِنْ قِبَلِكَ الرَّوْحُ وَالْفَرَجُ وَالْعافِيَةُ. أللَّهُمَّ إنَّ عَمَلِي ضَعيْفٌ فَضاعِفْهُ لِي وَاغْفِرْ لي مَا اطَّلَعْتَ عَلَيْهِ مِنِّي وَخَفِيَ عَلى‏ خَلْقِكَ أسْتَجِيرُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ النَّار."O Allah, from You comes the spirit, relief, and well-being. O Allah, my deeds are weak, so multiply them for me and forgive me for what You have seen of me that is hidden from Your creation. I seek refuge with Allah from the Fire.

Then, after that, the person should make any supplications they wish, touch the Yemeni Corner (Rukn Yamani), come to the Hajar al-Aswad, complete their Tawaf, and say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ قَنِّعْنِي بِما رَزَقْتَني وَبارِكْ لِي فِيما آتَيْتَني‏ "O Allah, make me content with what You have provided me and bless me in what You have granted me.[7]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, " Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh", p. 99_101.
  2. ↑ Qāʾidān, " Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna", p. 71.
  3. ↑ majlisī, Mirāʾat al-ʿUqūl, vol. 9, p. 106.
  4. ↑ Naʿmatī, "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam" p. 84.
  5. ↑ Fāsī al-Makkī, Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām,vol. 1, p. 196; Mālikī, " Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 200_203; Sanjārī, "Manāʾih al-Karam", vol. 1, p. 307; Ibn Zahīra,Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf, p. 47.
  6. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, "Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah", p. 178; Jaʿfariyān,Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 97.
  7. ↑ Khomeinī, "Manāsk Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd", p. 436.

References

  • Fāsī, Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad. Shifāʾ al-Gharām bi-Aḵbār al-Balad al-Ḥarām. Edited by a committee of prominent scholars and literati. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
  • Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf. Edited by ʿAlī ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1423 AH.
  • Jafarīān, Rasūl. *Āthār Islāmī Makkah wa Madīnah*. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1389 AH.
  • Khomeinī, Rūḥ Allāh. Manāsk-i Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1409 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Mir'āt al-'uqūl. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1404 AH.
  • Mālikī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām. Makkah: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1424 AH.
  • Naʿmatī, Muḥammad Rezā. "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam". Majallah Mīqāt-i Ḥajj, no. 43, Farvardīn 1382 SH.
  • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa Āthār Islāmī Makkah Mukarramah wa Madīnah Munawwarah. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1400 AH.
  • Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, Niʿmat Allāh. Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh. Qom: Markaz Jahanī ʿUlūm Islāmī, 1386 AH.
  • Sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-Dīn. Manāʾih al-Karam. Makkah: Jāmiʿah Umm al-Qurā, 1419 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Rezā. Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah. Compiled by Rasūl Jafarīān. Qom: Nashr-i Mūrikh, 1386 AH.
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