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'''The Ka'ba's curtain''', also known as Kiswa, is a black fabric that covers the walls of the [[Ka'ba]]. Covering the Ka'ba with a curtain is considered a sign of respect. The tradition of draping the Ka'ba with fabrics of various colors and materials dates back to ancient times, predating the advent of Islam. Historical sources record events related to the preparation and installation of the Ka'ba's curtain. Additionally, the Ka'ba's curtain is the subject of certain legal rulings in Islamic jurisprudence.
The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings.
This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr.
The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary.
Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
==Boundaries==
The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz.
This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113.
And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.  


Today, the curtain is woven in a dedicated workshop in [[Mecca]] and consists of five pieces, each covering one of the Ka'ba's walls, with an additional piece allocated for the Ka'ba's door.
In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
 
==Why it became a Haram==
==Word and Concept Semantics==
Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram).
The Arabic phrase "كسوة الكعبة" means the Ka'ba's curtain or garment. This black covering adorns the structure of the Ka'ba, constituting part of the [[Black Stone section]].<ref>Ibn Fāris. ''Muʿjam maqāyīs al-lugha'', vol. 3, p. 132; Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 122.</ref>
Some of them are as follows:
The Ka'ba's curtain is a symbol of respect.<ref>Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, ''Al-Tuḥfat al-kirām'', p. 159-160.</ref> And it holds the value and prestige of the house of God, constituting a part of the history of the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Nāblusī, ''Kashf al-nūr'', p. 14; Subḥānī, ''Al- Tawḥīd wa al-shirk'', p. 210.</ref> There has also been a specific position for the custodian of the curtain's affairs, known for its veil management or curtain-keeping, from the past until now.
• Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118  ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī ,  " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216.
 
• Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him);
Additionally, the Ka'ba's curtain is the subject of certain legal rulings, with the most significant being the permission to cover the Ka'ba with silk.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya ʿalā madhhab al-imāmiyya'', vol. 4, p. 363; Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 140; Bahūtī, ''Kashf al-qināʿ'', vol. 3, p. 180.</ref>The impermissibility of tearing, cutting, buying, and selling the Ka'ba's curtain is contrary to the viewpoint of some Shia Muslims and also some followers of the Shafi'i school, diverging from the common perspective among Sunni Muslims.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol. 7, p. 380; Rāfiʿī, ''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol. 7, p. 513.</ref>
• The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area;
The permissibility or impermissibility of adorning it with gold and silver,<ref>Shirwānī, ''Al-Ḥawāshī'', vol. 1, p. 121; Ḥalabī, ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya'', vol. 1, p. 280.</ref>The permission to enter behind the curtain for supplication.<ref>Damyāṭī, ''Iʿāna al-ṭālibīn'', vol. 2, p. 95.</ref>
• The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area;
 
• The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.
==The history of the Ka'ba's covering==
==Etiquettes and Rules==
There is a difference of opinion regarding who first covered the Kaaba. Some narratives attribute this action to Prophet Adam.(12)( Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh.vol2.p235,,, Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''..vol13.p208)
Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries
Some historical accounts suggest that one of the kings of Himyar in Yemen was the first to cover the Kaaba, around the year 190 or 220 BCE before the Prophetic mission.(13)( Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'' .vol3.p365-366 ,,, Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya''.vol 1.p280,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p291, ,, • Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih',  .vol5.p230-231)
According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him).
The weaving of new curtains for the Kaaba continued by the Quraysh, and after the advent of Islam, it was carried on by the Prophet and his successors. This practice experienced significant development during certain periods of the Abbasid era, with the Kaaba's garment being occasionally replaced three times a year.(14)( Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya'.vol1.p281,,, • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p211 ,,, Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. ''Kashf al-irtīyāb''. P360) Kings of other Islamic lands.
Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257.
(15)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol13.p26)
In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301.
  And some wealthy individuals would occasionally procure the Kaaba's curtain and send it to Mecca.(16)( Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn''.vol3.p513,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''.vol11.p65,,, • Nawīrī, Aḥmad al-. Nihāyat al-irb.vol23.p284)
And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
 
They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
The weaving of the Kaaba's curtain in Egypt
Related topics
After the extinction of the Abbasids (in 659 CE), providing the covering for the Kaaba became the exclusive responsibility of the rulers of Egypt from 661 CE onward.(17)( Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. ''Kashf al-irtīyāb''.P360)
•The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn)
  During the Ottoman Empire era, the weaving of the curtain also took place in Egypt.(18)( • Sakhāwī, shamsu l- dīn. Al-Dhaw ʾ al-lāmiʿ.vol4.p26,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p320)  
•The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)
In Egypt, since the Mamluk era, endowments and special workshops were allocated for the production of materials for fabric weaving.(19)( Sakhāwī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Al-Tuḥfat al-laṭīfa fī tārīkh al-Madīna al-sharīfa'.vol2.p107,,, • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p123,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p317)
==Notes==
(20)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq..p216,,, • Ḥamdī, Maḥmūd. Mawsū ʿa  al-mafāhīm.vol1.p553)
{{Notes}}
The curtain-weaving workshop in Mecca.
==Reference==
With the establishment of the Al Saud government, a workshop in Mecca was dedicated to the weaving of the curtain.(21)( • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān.p172 ,,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama..p347)  This practice continued until 1358 when the Egyptian government requested Abdulaziz to allow the transportation of another curtain from Egypt. Abdulaziz accepted this request, and the workshop was closed. The curtain was once again brought from Egypt. This continued until 1382 when, due to the disagreement between Egypt and Saudi Arabia, the sending of the Kaaba's covering from Egypt was halted. Since then, the weaving of the Kaaba's curtain in Mecca has continued in the remaining curtain workshop.(22)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p331-332,,, • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān..p175-178)
{{ref}}
 
.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
The size and weight of the Kaaba's curtain:
.Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
The Kaaba's curtain is composed of five main parts, each covering one side of the Kaaba. The fifth piece encompasses the Kaaba's door, known as the "Borqaa." In total, the Kaaba's garment consists of 54 pieces, with each piece measuring 14 meters in length and 95 centimeters in width. The total area of the curtain is 2650 square meters, and its weight reaches two tons.(23)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p474)
.Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
Many of the pieces, inscriptions, and patterns on the Kaaba's curtain are adorned with goldwork.(24) •( Sādiqī Ardistānī,  Aḥmad. Hajj az mīqāt tā mīʿād. Vol55.p133)
  .Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
The belt around the Kaaba's curtain
.al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
The "Hizam" refers to the belt or band around the Kaaba's curtain. The belt is made of black silk fabric and is adorned with patterns and Quranic verses in Thuluth script. The belt is composed of 16 pieces, with a circumference of 47 meters and a width of 95 centimeters. Quranic verses are inscribed on the belt, and at specified intervals, phrases such as "Ya Hayyu Ya Qayyum," "Ya Rahman Ya Rahim," and "Alhamdulillah Rabb al-Alamin" are embellished with golden letters.(23)( Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p474)
.al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
 
.Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāz. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH.
The curtain in the Kaaba
  .Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH.
The curtain of the Kaaba's door, known as the "Borqaa," is made of black silk fabric and is adorned with Quranic verses and Islamic decorations in gold and silver. Additionally, Surah Al-Fatiha is inscribed on it from three directions. The Borqaa is made of silk, with a height of 5.7 meters and a width of four meters.(25)( Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā''.vol4.p282,,, Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''.vol1.p258,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama..p358)
.Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH.
 
.al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH.
 
.Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH.
The verses inscribed on the Kaaba's curtain are as follows
.Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d.
 
.Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
The verses inscribed on the Kaaba's curtain and belt are as follows (from top to bottom on the curtain):
.Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
 
.al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
1. "قَدْ نَرَىٰ تَقَلُّبَ وَجْهِكَ فِي السَّمَاءِ فَلَنُوَلِّيَنَّكَ قِبْلَةً تَرْضَاهَا"
.al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
(Indeed, We see the turning of your face to the heaven, so We shall surely turn you to a Qiblah which you shall like.) - Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:144
.Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
 
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.
Additionally, other verses, chapters, and phrases are written on the curtain and belt.(26)( • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p311/352,,, • Muʾssisa Aʿmāl al- mawsū ʿa  li-l nashr.  . Mawsū ʿa  al-ʿarabīyya al-ʿālimīyya.vol19.p319,,, • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna.p89)
 
 
 
 
References
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.Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
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.Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn''. Edited by Khalīl Shaḥāda. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408AH-1988.
.Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965.
.Sakhāwī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Al-Tuḥfat al-laṭīfa fī tārīkh al-Madīna al-sharīfa''. Beirut: 1414 AH-1993.
.Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā''. Cairo: 1383 AH-1963.
 
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