Dahw al-Ard: Difference between revisions

From WikiHaj
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m (Engineer moved page Dahw al-Ardh to Dahw al-Ard)
 
(6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Dahw al-Ardh''' (Arabic: دحو الأرض), The spreading of the earth has the meaning of the expansion of the land, with some interpreting it as the emergence of dry land from under the water, and others understanding it as the positional and translational movement of the earth. In verses 27 to 33 of Surah Al-Nazi'at, the expansion of the earth after the creation of the heavens is mentioned (وَ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذَٰلِكَ دَحَاهَا). According to some Islamic narrations, the earth has expanded from [[Mecca]] or beneath the [[Ka'ba]].
'''Daḥw al-Arḍ''' (Arabic: {{ia|دحو الأرض}}), means the expansion or spreading out of the earth. Interpretations vary, with some suggesting the emergence of land from water and others proposing the earth's physical movement.


According to some narrations, "Dahw al-Ardh" coincides with the [[25th of Dhu al-Qa'da]], and performing ablution and fasting on this day is recommended, carrying numerous rewards.
Surah An-Nazi'at (79), verses 27-33, reference the earth's expansion following the creation of the heavens ({{ia|وَ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذَٰلِكَ دَحَاهَا}}). Some Islamic narrations pinpoint the starting point of this expansion to Mecca or specifically beneath the Ka'ba.  
==Ontology==
"Dahw al-Ardh" is a compound word consisting of two terms: "(دحو)Dahw," meaning to spread or expand.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān'', p. 308; Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 14, p. 251; Dehkhodā, ''Lughatnāma'', vol. 6, p. 9210, word, (دحو). </ref>
And "(أرض)'Ardh" means the land or earth, in contrast to the sky or heavens.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān'', p. 73; Dehkhodā, ''Lughatnāma'', vol. 6, p. 1571, word, (أرض); Ṭabībīyān, ''Farhang-I farzān'', p. 507, word, (زمین)</ref>
Some have also mentioned that in this combination, "Ardh" signifies dry land in contrast to the sea and mountains, not referring to the entire globe of the Earth.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 17, 253; Ḥasanzāda Āmulī, ''Durūs hayʾat'', vol. 1, p. 232.</ref>
"Dahw al-Ard" is a term that means the spreading or expansion of the land from beneath the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Shahīd al-Thānī,  ''Masālik al-ifhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 2, P. 77, Sabziwārī, ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād'', vol. 1, P. 519; Mūsawī ʿĀmilī,  ''Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 6, P. 265.</ref>


Others have considered it to mean the spread of dry land, in a way that the surface of the earth was initially filled with water during the early creation, gradually flowing into valleys and lowlands until dry lands became apparent.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 17; Makārim Shīrāzī,  ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 26, P. 110; vol. 27, P. 43; Ḥasanī, ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha'', p. 51-53.</ref>
Some narrations associate Dahw al-Ard with the [[25th of Dhu l-Qa'da]], a day recommended for ablution and fasting due to its reported spiritual rewards.
A contemporary Shia scholar from a city has interpreted the meaning of "Dahw al-Ardh" as the positional and translational movement of the earth. He considers the expansion and spreading derived from the term "Dahw" as an erroneous interpretation.<ref>Shahristānī, ''Islām wa hayʾat'', p. 141-161;  Ḥasanī, ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha'', p. 55.</ref>
 
Another possible interpretation of "Dahw al-Ardh," suggested by some scholars, is the preparation of the earth for life. This involves bringing out the inner waters, allowing the growth of plants, and removing obstacles through the stability of mountains.<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 31, P. 48;  Ibn Kathīr, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', vol. 1, p. 123.</ref>  
==Terminology==
In this possibility, considering the spherical nature of the Earth, the material expansion is rejected.<ref>Nasfī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl'', vol. 4, p. 315; Marāghī, ''Tafsīr al-Marāghī'', vol. 30, p. 31-32.</ref>
Dahw al-Ard is a compound Arabic term composed of "dahw," meaning to spread or expand, and "al-ard," signifying land or earth, in contrast to the sky or heavens.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān'', p. 73; Dihkhudā, ''Lughatnāma'', vol. 6, p. 1571, word, (أرض); Ṭabībīyān, ''Farhang-i farzān'', p. 507, word, (زمین)</ref> Some interpretations specify "ard" as dry land in contrast to water and mountains, rather than the entire globe.<ref>Shaʿrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 17, 253; Ḥasanzāda Āmulī, ''Durūs hayʾat'', vol. 1, p. 232.</ref> The phrase generally denotes the expansion of the land, specifically originating from beneath the Ka'ba, as described in Islamic narrations.<ref>Shahīd al-Thānī,  ''Masālik al-afhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 2, P. 77, Sabziwārī, ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād'', vol. 1, P. 519; Mūsawī ʿĀmilī,  ''Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 6, P. 265.</ref>
Some have also understand the expansion of the earth to mean the widening of land areas under the feet of people, rather than referring to the entire globe of the Earth.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 253.</ref>
 
==The day of "Dahw al-Ardh" and its practices==
Alternatively, some scholars propose that Dahw al-Ard signifies the emergence of dry land from an initially water-covered earth. According to this view, water gradually receded, forming valleys and lowlands, ultimately revealing the earth's surface.<ref>Shaʿrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 17; Makārim Shīrāzī,  ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 26, P. 110; vol. 27, P. 43; Ashraf Ḥasanī, ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar Qurʾān wa Nahj al-balāgha'', p. 51-53.</ref>
According to some narrations, "Dahw al-Ardh" coincides with the [[25th of Dhu al-Qa'dah]].<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs,  ''Iqbāl al-aʿmāl'',vol. 2, p. 24-38; Nawawī, ''Rawdhat al-ṭālibīn'', p. 351.</ref>
 
doing ghusl and fasting are among the customs and practices recommended on this day,<ref>Khāwnsārī,  ''Mashāriq al-shumūs'', vol. 2, p. 451; Mūsawī Iṣfahānī, ''Mikyāl al-makārim'', vol. 2, p. 35.</ref>
Contemporary Shia scholar, Shahristani offers an alternative interpretation of "Dahw al-Ard." Unlike traditional views of expansion or spreading, he posits that the term refers to the earth's positional and translational movement. Shahristani considers the notion of physical expansion derived from "dahw" to be a misinterpretation.<ref>Shahristānī, ''Islām wa hayʾat'', p. 141-161;  Ashraf Ḥasanī, ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar Qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha'', p. 55.</ref>
and they are considered recommended (mustahabb), carrying numerous rewards.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 149;  Kafʿamī, ''Al-Miṣbāḥ'', p. 514;  Baḥrānī, ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira'', vol. 4; p. 235.</ref>
 
==In the heavenly books==
A further interpretation of Dahw al-Ard suggests the earth's preparation for life. This process, according to these scholars, entailed the emergence of subterranean waters, enabling plant growth and establishing stable mountain ranges to overcome environmental challenges.<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 31, P. 48;  Ibn Kathīr, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', vol. 1, p. 123.</ref>
"Dahw al-Ardh" has been mentioned in In the heavenly books such as the Quran and the Torah.
 
Given the earth's spherical shape, the concept of material expansion related to Dahw al-Ard is often rejected.<ref>Nasafī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl'', vol. 4, p. 315; Marāghī, ''Tafsīr al-Marāghī'', vol. 30, p. 31-32.</ref> Some scholars instead interpret this term as the enlargement of habitable land areas, as perceived by humans, rather than a global expansion.<ref>Shaʿrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 253.</ref>
 
==Day of Dahw al-Ard and Its Practices==
Some accounts link Dahw al-Ard to the [[25th day of Dhu al-Qa'da]]. Religious practices associated with this date include performing ablution (ghusl) and fasting.<ref>Khwānsārī,  ''Mashāriq al-shumūs'', vol. 2, p. 451; Mūsawī Iṣfahānī, ''Mikyāl al-makārim'', vol. 2, p. 35.</ref> These actions are considered highly recommended (mustahabb) and are believed to carry significant spiritual rewards.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 149;  Kafʿamī, ''al-Miṣbāḥ'', p. 514;  Baḥrānī, ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira'', vol. 4; p. 235.</ref>
 
== In the Divine Books ==
Dahw al-Ard is mentioned in In the divine books such as the Quran and the Torah.


===In the Torah===
===In the Torah===
In the Torah, there is a reference to "Dahw al-Ardh": "And God said, 'Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear.' And it was so. God called the dry land Earth, and the waters that were gathered together He called Seas. And God saw that it was good. And God said, 'Let the earth sprout vegetation.'"<ref>Genesis: 1: 9-11; Hawkes, ''Persian Bible Dictionary'', p. 84.</ref>
In the Torah, there is a reference to Dahw al-Ard: '<sup>9</sup> And God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry ground appear.” And it was so. <sup>10</sup> God called the dry ground “land,” and the gathered waters he called “seas.” And God saw that it was good. <sup>11</sup> Then God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants and trees on the land that bear fruit with seed in it, according to their various kinds.” And it was so.'<ref>Genesis: 1: 9-11</ref>
===In the Quran===
===In the Quran===
In the Quran, there is a reference to the expansion of the earth (Dahw al-Ardh دحو الأرض). <ref>Ṭabarī,  ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 30, p. 29; Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 260; Thaʿlabī, ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 127.</ref>
In the Quran, there is a reference to the expansion of the earth (Dahw al-Ard دحو الأرض). <ref>Ṭabarī,  ''Jāmiʿ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 30, p. 29; Ṭūsī, ''al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 260; Thaʿlabī, ''al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 127.</ref>
 
The Quranic verses 27-33 in Sura al-Nazi'at (79) describe the expansion of the earth following the creation of the heavens. Verse 30 specifically employs the phrase "{{Ia|والارض بعد ذلک دحاها
}}" (and thereafter He spread the earth) to illustrate this concept.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 660; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-Samarqandī'', vol. 3, p. 522;  Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 4, p. 444.</ref>
 
Surah Al-Shams (91), verse 6, includes an oath by "the earth and its expander," using the phrase "{{Ia|وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا طَحَاهَا}}." Some scholars propose that the root of "taha" is "daha," with a linguistic transformation from "dal" to "ta." They interpret "taha" in this context as meaning "expanding," "spreading," or "extending."<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 358; Fakhr al-Rāzī,''al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 31, p. 192; Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 15, p. 4; word «طحا».</ref>
 
==Expansion of the Earth from Beneath the Ka'ba==
Certain interpretations, referencing Quranic verse 96 of Sura Al Imran (3) which describes the [[Ka'ba]] as the first house built on Earth, propose that the earth's expansion originated beneath the Ka'ba. These scholars equate this notion with the concept of "Dahw al-Ard."
 
 
Some interpreters, relying on verse 96 of Sura Al Imran, where the [[Ka'ba]] is described as the first house established on earth, argue that the expansion of the earth has originated from beneath the Ka'ba. They interpret the verse as a reference to Dahw al-Ard.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 2, p. 797; Abū Ḥayyān al-Andalusī,''al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī l-tafsīr'', vol. 4, p. 583.</ref>
Some narrations posit that the Ka'ba's creation predates the earth's expansion by 2000 years.<ref> Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 241; Ṣadūq, ''Al-Amālī'', p. 715.</ref> A prevailing perspective suggests that the "Dahw al-Ard," or the earth's expansion, originated from Mecca, specifically beneath the Ka'ba.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 8, p. 412; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 10, p. 449-451; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 54, p. 64; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 189; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 241.</ref>


Verses 27-33 of Surah Al-Nazi'at in the Quran mention the expansion of the earth after the creation of the heavens. In verse 30, the expression "«والارض بعد ذلک دحاها»" (and the earth after that He spread) is used for explanation.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 660; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī'', vol. 3, p. 522;  Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 4, p. 444.</ref>
In verse 6 of Surah Ash-Shams, there is an oath by the earth and its expander, with the expression "wal-arda wama tahaha" (by the earth and its expanse). According to some scholars, the word "طحا" (taha) in its origin is "دحو" (daha), where "دال" (dal) has transformed into "طا" (ta) and carries the meaning of expanding, spreading, or in here; extending.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 358; Fakhr al-Rāzī,''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 31, p. 192; Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 15, p. 4; word «طحا».</ref>
==The expansion of the earth from beneath the Ka'ba==
. Some interpreters, relying on verse 96 of Sura Al Imran, where the [[Ka'ba]] is described as the first house established on earth, argue that the expansion of the earth has originated from beneath the Ka'ba. They interpret the verse as a reference to "dahw al-ardh" (the spreading of the earth).<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 2, p. 797; Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī,''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr'', vol. 4, p. 583.</ref>
In some narrations, it is also mentioned that God created the Ka'ba 2000 years before the spreading of the earth.<ref> Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 241; Ṣadūq, ''Al-Amālī'', p. 715.</ref>
According to numerous narrations, the spreading of the earth (dahw al-ardh) has originated from [[Mecca]] and beneath the house of the Ka'ba.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 8, p. 412; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 10, p. 449-451; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 54, p. 64; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 189; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 241.</ref>
===Umm al-Qura===
===Umm al-Qura===
In verses 92 of Surah Al-An'am and 7 of Surah Al-Shura, there is an interpretation of "Umm al-Qura" (Mother of Cities) referring to [[Mecca]]. Some commentators have suggested that in the beginning, water covered all the land, and only the place of the Kaaba on a dry hill remained. This dryness gradually emerged from around the Ka'ba until it expanded to its current size.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 4, p. 201; Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 1, p. 115; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm'',  vol. 1, p. 486.</ref>
Quranic verses 92 of Sura al-An'am (6) and 7 of Surah Al-Shura (42) refer to [[Mecca]] as "Umm al-Qura" (Mother of Cities). Some interpretations suggest that in the beginning, Mecca stood as a solitary dry land amidst a water-covered world. This dry expanse gradually expanded, forming the land as we know it today.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 4, p. 201; Baghāwī, ''Tafsir al-Baghāwī'', vol. 1, p. 115; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-Samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm'',  vol. 1, p. 486.</ref> In a narration from Imam Ali, the same concept is mentioned.<ref>''Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī'' vol. 7, p. 145;  Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 54, p. 88.</ref>  
In a narration from Imam Ali, the same concept is mentioned.<ref>''Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī'' vol. 7, p. 145;  Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 54, p. 88.</ref>  
In a narration from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the reason for naming Mecca as Umm al-Qura has been understood to be the spreading of the earth (Dahw al-Ard) from Mecca.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 131; Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 3, p. 29.</ref>
In a narration from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the reason for naming Mecca as Umm al-Qura has been understood to be the spreading of the earth (dahw al-ardh) from Mecca.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 131; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 3, p. 29.</ref>
 
If the Ka'ba is the first part of the earth that emerged from water, it should be the highest point on Earth, but it is not. In response, it is explained that the spreading of the earth occurred millions of years ago, and during this time, the Earth has undergone transformations. Mountains have turned into ocean floors, and ocean floors have become mountains.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 5, p. 345.</ref>
A potential contradiction arises from the notion of the Ka'ba as the initial point of land emergence, suggesting it should be the highest point on Earth. To reconcile this, some explain that the Earth's dramatic transformation over millions of years, including the conversion of mountains into ocean floors and vice versa, has altered the planet's topography.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 5, p. 345.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 42: Line 50:
==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
*Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr''. Edited by Ṣidqī Muḥammad Jamīl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1420 AH.
*Abū Ḥayyān al-Andalusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf al-. ''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī l-tafsīr''. Edited by Ṣidqī Muḥammad Jamīl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1420 AH.
*''Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī''. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir Abṭaḥī. Qom: 1409 AH.
*''Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī''. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir Abṭaḥī. Qom: 1409 AH.
*Baghawī, Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-. ''Tafsir al-Baghawī''. Edited by Khālid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
*Baghāwī, Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-. ''Tafsir al-Baghāwī''. Edited by Khālid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
*Baḥrānī, Yūsuf al-. ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira''. Edited by Muḥammad Taqī Irawānī and Sayyid ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Muqarram. Qom: Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1405 AH.
*Baḥrānī, Yūsuf al-. ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira''. Edited by Muḥammad Taqī Īrawānī and Sayyid ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Muqarram. Qom: Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1405 AH.
*Dehkhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. ''Lughatnāma''. Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 1377 Sh.
*Dihkhudā, ʿAlī Akbar. ''Lughatnāma''. Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 1377 Sh.
*Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr''.  Qom: Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1413AH.
*Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr''.  Qom: Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1413 AH.
*Ḥasanī, ʿĀlī Ashraf. ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha''. Tehran: Amīrī, 1380 sh.
* Ashraf Ḥasanī, Amīr ʿAlī. ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar Qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha''. Tehran: Amīrī, 1380 Sh.
*Ḥasanzāda Āmulī, Ḥasan. ''Durūs hayʾat wa dīgar rishtihā-yi rīyādhī''. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1375 sh.
*Ḥasanzāda Āmulī, Ḥasan. ''Durūs hayʾat wa dīgar rishtihā-yi rīyāḍī''. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1375 Sh.
*Hawkes, James W. ''Persian Bible Dictionary''. Tehran: Asāṭīr, 1377 sh.
*Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.
*Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.
*Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. 1st edition. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1419 AH.
*Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1419 AH.
*Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. ''Lisān al-ʿArab''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1414 AH
*Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. ''Lisān al-ʿArab''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1414 AH
*Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. ''Iqbāl al-aʿmāl''. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī. Qom: Markaz al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.
*Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. ''Iqbāl al-aʿmāl''. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī. Qom: Markaz al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.
*Kafʿamī, Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Miṣbāḥ''. Beirut:  Aʿlamī, 1403 AH.
*Kafʿamī, Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Miṣbāḥ''. Beirut:  Aʿlamī, 1403 AH.
*Khāwnsārī, Ḥusayn b.Jamāl al-Dīn al-. Mashāriq al-shumūs. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, [n.d].
*Khwānsārī, Ḥusayn b. Jamāl al-Dīn al-. ''Mashāriq al-shumūs''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, [n.d].
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
*Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh.
*Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1374 Sh.
*Muʾmin Sabziwārī, Muḥammad Bāqir b. Muḥammad. ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād''. Tehran: Lithography, 1273-1274.
*Muʾmin al-Sabziwārī, Muḥammad Bāqir b. Muḥammad al-. ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād''. Tehran: Lithography, 1273-1274 Sh.
*Marāghī, Aḥmad Muṣtafā. ''Tafsīr al-Marāghī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
*Marāghī, Aḥmad Muṣtafā al-. ''Tafsīr al-Marāghī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
*Mūsawī ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. ʿĀlī. ''Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām''.  Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt 1410 AH.
*Mūsawī al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām''.  Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt 1410 AH.
*Mūsawī Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Taqī al-. ''Mikyāl al-makārim''. Edited by Sayyid ʿAlī ʿĀshūr. Beirut:  Aʿlamī, 1421 AH.
*Mūsawī al-Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Taqī al-. ''Mikyāl al-makārim''. Edited by Sayyid ʿAlī ʿĀshūr. Beirut:  Aʿlamī, 1421 AH.
*Nasfī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl, al-musammā bi madārik al-tanzīl wa ḥaqāʾiq al-taʾwīl''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
*Nasafī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl, al-musammā bi madārik al-tanzīl wa ḥaqāʾiq al-taʾwīl''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
*Nawawī, Yaḥya b. Sharaf al-. ''Rawdhat al-ṭālibīn''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, [n.d].
*Nawawī, Yaḥya b. Sharaf al-. ''Rawdhat al-ṭālibīn''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, [n.d].
*Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān''. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1412 AH.
*Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān''. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1412 AH.
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1404 AH.
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1404 AH.
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Amālī''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha, 1417 AH.
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Amālī''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha, 1417 AH.
*Samarqandī, Naṣr b. Muḥammad al-. ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm''. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
*Samarqandī, Naṣr b. Muḥammad al-. ''Tafsīr al-Samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
*Shaʾrānī, Abu l-Ḥasan, Qarīb, Muḥammad. ''Nathr-i ṭūba''. Tehran: Islāmīyya, 1386 Sh.
*Shaʿrānī, Abu l-Ḥasan, Muḥammad. ''Nathr-i ṭūba''. Tehran: Islāmīyya, 1386 Sh.
*Shahristānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm. ''Tafsīr al-Shahristānī, al-musammā mafātīḥ al-asrār wa maṣābīḥ al-abrār''.Edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Āzarshab, Tehran: 1376 Sh.
*Shahristānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm. ''Tafsīr al-Shahristānī, al-musammā mafātīḥ al-asrār wa maṣābīḥ al-abrār''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Āzarshab, Tehran: 1376 Sh.
*Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī. ''Masālik al-ifhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām''. 1st edition. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1413 AH.
*Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī al-. ''Masālik al-afhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām''. 1st edition. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1413 AH.
*Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr''.Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1421AH.
*Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1421AH.
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʾrifa, 1412 AH.
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Jāmiʿ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1412 AH.
*Ṭabībīyān, sayyid Ḥamīd. ''Farhang-i farzān''. Tehran: farzān, 1378 sh.
*Ṭabībīyān, Sayyid Ḥamīd. ''Farhang-i farzān''. Tehran: Farzān, 1378 Sh.
*Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. 3rd edition. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372 Sh.
*Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. 3rd edition. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Nāṣir Khusruw, 1372 Sh.
*Thaʿlabī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH.
*Thaʿlabī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH.
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
{{end}}
{{end}}
[[Category:Ka'ba]]
[[ar:دحو الأرض]]
[[ar:دحو الأرض]]
[[fa:دحو الارض]]
[[fa:دحو الارض]]

Latest revision as of 12:36, 5 August 2024

Daḥw al-Arḍ (Arabic: دحو الأرض), means the expansion or spreading out of the earth. Interpretations vary, with some suggesting the emergence of land from water and others proposing the earth's physical movement.

Surah An-Nazi'at (79), verses 27-33, reference the earth's expansion following the creation of the heavens (وَ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذَٰلِكَ دَحَاهَا). Some Islamic narrations pinpoint the starting point of this expansion to Mecca or specifically beneath the Ka'ba.

Some narrations associate Dahw al-Ard with the 25th of Dhu l-Qa'da, a day recommended for ablution and fasting due to its reported spiritual rewards.

Terminology

Dahw al-Ard is a compound Arabic term composed of "dahw," meaning to spread or expand, and "al-ard," signifying land or earth, in contrast to the sky or heavens.[1] Some interpretations specify "ard" as dry land in contrast to water and mountains, rather than the entire globe.[2] The phrase generally denotes the expansion of the land, specifically originating from beneath the Ka'ba, as described in Islamic narrations.[3]

Alternatively, some scholars propose that Dahw al-Ard signifies the emergence of dry land from an initially water-covered earth. According to this view, water gradually receded, forming valleys and lowlands, ultimately revealing the earth's surface.[4]

Contemporary Shia scholar, Shahristani offers an alternative interpretation of "Dahw al-Ard." Unlike traditional views of expansion or spreading, he posits that the term refers to the earth's positional and translational movement. Shahristani considers the notion of physical expansion derived from "dahw" to be a misinterpretation.[5]

A further interpretation of Dahw al-Ard suggests the earth's preparation for life. This process, according to these scholars, entailed the emergence of subterranean waters, enabling plant growth and establishing stable mountain ranges to overcome environmental challenges.[6]

Given the earth's spherical shape, the concept of material expansion related to Dahw al-Ard is often rejected.[7] Some scholars instead interpret this term as the enlargement of habitable land areas, as perceived by humans, rather than a global expansion.[8]

Day of Dahw al-Ard and Its Practices

Some accounts link Dahw al-Ard to the 25th day of Dhu al-Qa'da. Religious practices associated with this date include performing ablution (ghusl) and fasting.[9] These actions are considered highly recommended (mustahabb) and are believed to carry significant spiritual rewards.[10]

In the Divine Books

Dahw al-Ard is mentioned in In the divine books such as the Quran and the Torah.

In the Torah

In the Torah, there is a reference to Dahw al-Ard: '9 And God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry ground appear.” And it was so. 10 God called the dry ground “land,” and the gathered waters he called “seas.” And God saw that it was good. 11 Then God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants and trees on the land that bear fruit with seed in it, according to their various kinds.” And it was so.'[11]

In the Quran

In the Quran, there is a reference to the expansion of the earth (Dahw al-Ard دحو الأرض). [12]

The Quranic verses 27-33 in Sura al-Nazi'at (79) describe the expansion of the earth following the creation of the heavens. Verse 30 specifically employs the phrase "والارض بعد ذلک دحاها " (and thereafter He spread the earth) to illustrate this concept.[13]

Surah Al-Shams (91), verse 6, includes an oath by "the earth and its expander," using the phrase "وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا طَحَاهَا." Some scholars propose that the root of "taha" is "daha," with a linguistic transformation from "dal" to "ta." They interpret "taha" in this context as meaning "expanding," "spreading," or "extending."[14]

Expansion of the Earth from Beneath the Ka'ba

Certain interpretations, referencing Quranic verse 96 of Sura Al Imran (3) which describes the Ka'ba as the first house built on Earth, propose that the earth's expansion originated beneath the Ka'ba. These scholars equate this notion with the concept of "Dahw al-Ard."


Some interpreters, relying on verse 96 of Sura Al Imran, where the Ka'ba is described as the first house established on earth, argue that the expansion of the earth has originated from beneath the Ka'ba. They interpret the verse as a reference to Dahw al-Ard.[15] Some narrations posit that the Ka'ba's creation predates the earth's expansion by 2000 years.[16] A prevailing perspective suggests that the "Dahw al-Ard," or the earth's expansion, originated from Mecca, specifically beneath the Ka'ba.[17]

Umm al-Qura

Quranic verses 92 of Sura al-An'am (6) and 7 of Surah Al-Shura (42) refer to Mecca as "Umm al-Qura" (Mother of Cities). Some interpretations suggest that in the beginning, Mecca stood as a solitary dry land amidst a water-covered world. This dry expanse gradually expanded, forming the land as we know it today.[18] In a narration from Imam Ali, the same concept is mentioned.[19] In a narration from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the reason for naming Mecca as Umm al-Qura has been understood to be the spreading of the earth (Dahw al-Ard) from Mecca.[20]

A potential contradiction arises from the notion of the Ka'ba as the initial point of land emergence, suggesting it should be the highest point on Earth. To reconcile this, some explain that the Earth's dramatic transformation over millions of years, including the conversion of mountains into ocean floors and vice versa, has altered the planet's topography.[21]

Notes

  1. ↑ Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān, p. 73; Dihkhudā, Lughatnāma, vol. 6, p. 1571, word, (أرض); Ṭabībīyān, Farhang-i farzān, p. 507, word, (زمین)
  2. ↑ Shaʿrānī, Nathr-i ṭūba, vol. 1, p. 17, 253; Ḥasanzāda Āmulī, Durūs hayʾat, vol. 1, p. 232.
  3. ↑ Shahīd al-Thānī, Masālik al-afhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām, vol. 2, P. 77, Sabziwārī, Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād, vol. 1, P. 519; Mūsawī ʿĀmilī, Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, vol. 6, P. 265.
  4. ↑ Shaʿrānī, Nathr-i ṭūba, vol. 1, p. 17; Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 26, P. 110; vol. 27, P. 43; Ashraf Ḥasanī, Zamīn wa āsimān dar Qurʾān wa Nahj al-balāgha, p. 51-53.
  5. ↑ Shahristānī, Islām wa hayʾat, p. 141-161; Ashraf Ḥasanī, Zamīn wa āsimān dar Qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha, p. 55.
  6. ↑ Fakhr al-Rāzī, Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 31, P. 48; Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm, vol. 1, p. 123.
  7. ↑ Nasafī, Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl, vol. 4, p. 315; Marāghī, Tafsīr al-Marāghī, vol. 30, p. 31-32.
  8. ↑ Shaʿrānī, Nathr-i ṭūba, vol. 1, p. 253.
  9. ↑ Khwānsārī, Mashāriq al-shumūs, vol. 2, p. 451; Mūsawī Iṣfahānī, Mikyāl al-makārim, vol. 2, p. 35.
  10. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 149; Kafʿamī, al-Miṣbāḥ, p. 514; Baḥrānī, Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira, vol. 4; p. 235.
  11. ↑ Genesis: 1: 9-11
  12. ↑ Ṭabarī, Jāmiʿ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 30, p. 29; Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 10, p. 260; Thaʿlabī, al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 10, p. 127.
  13. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 10, p. 660; Samarqandī, Tafsīr al-Samarqandī, vol. 3, p. 522; Baghawī, Tafsir al-Baghawī, vol. 4, p. 444.
  14. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 10, p. 358; Fakhr al-Rāzī,al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 31, p. 192; Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-ʿArab, vol. 15, p. 4; word «طحا».
  15. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 2, p. 797; Abū Ḥayyān al-Andalusī,al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī l-tafsīr, vol. 4, p. 583.
  16. ↑ Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 190; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 241; Ṣadūq, Al-Amālī, p. 715.
  17. ↑ Suyūṭī, al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr, vol. 8, p. 412; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 10, p. 449-451; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 54, p. 64; Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 189; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 241.
  18. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 4, p. 201; Baghāwī, Tafsir al-Baghāwī, vol. 1, p. 115; Samarqandī, Tafsīr al-Samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm, vol. 1, p. 486.
  19. ↑ Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī vol. 7, p. 145; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 54, p. 88.
  20. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, vol. 1, p. 131; Suyūṭī, al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr, vol. 3, p. 29.
  21. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 5, p. 345.

References

  • Abū Ḥayyān al-Andalusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf al-. Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī l-tafsīr. Edited by Ṣidqī Muḥammad Jamīl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1420 AH.
  • Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir Abṭaḥī. Qom: 1409 AH.
  • Baghāwī, Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-. Tafsir al-Baghāwī. Edited by Khālid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
  • Baḥrānī, Yūsuf al-. Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira. Edited by Muḥammad Taqī Īrawānī and Sayyid ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Muqarram. Qom: Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1405 AH.
  • Dihkhudā, ʿAlī Akbar. Lughatnāma. Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 1377 Sh.
  • Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr. Qom: Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1413 AH.
  • Ashraf Ḥasanī, Amīr ʿAlī. Zamīn wa āsimān dar Qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha. Tehran: Amīrī, 1380 Sh.
  • Ḥasanzāda Āmulī, Ḥasan. Durūs hayʾat wa dīgar rishtihā-yi rīyāḍī. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1375 Sh.
  • Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.
  • Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1419 AH.
  • Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1414 AH
  • Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. Iqbāl al-aʿmāl. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī. Qom: Markaz al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.
  • Kafʿamī, Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī al-. Al-Miṣbāḥ. Beirut: Aʿlamī, 1403 AH.
  • Khwānsārī, Ḥusayn b. Jamāl al-Dīn al-. Mashāriq al-shumūs. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, [n.d].
  • Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1374 Sh.
  • Muʾmin al-Sabziwārī, Muḥammad Bāqir b. Muḥammad al-. Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād. Tehran: Lithography, 1273-1274 Sh.
  • Marāghī, Aḥmad Muṣtafā al-. Tafsīr al-Marāghī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
  • Mūsawī al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt 1410 AH.
  • Mūsawī al-Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Taqī al-. Mikyāl al-makārim. Edited by Sayyid ʿAlī ʿĀshūr. Beirut: Aʿlamī, 1421 AH.
  • Nasafī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl, al-musammā bi madārik al-tanzīl wa ḥaqāʾiq al-taʾwīl. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
  • Nawawī, Yaḥya b. Sharaf al-. Rawdhat al-ṭālibīn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, [n.d].
  • Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1412 AH.
  • Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1404 AH.
  • Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Al-Amālī. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha, 1417 AH.
  • Samarqandī, Naṣr b. Muḥammad al-. Tafsīr al-Samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
  • Shaʿrānī, Abu l-Ḥasan, Muḥammad. Nathr-i ṭūba. Tehran: Islāmīyya, 1386 Sh.
  • Shahristānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm. Tafsīr al-Shahristānī, al-musammā mafātīḥ al-asrār wa maṣābīḥ al-abrār. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Āzarshab, Tehran: 1376 Sh.
  • Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī al-. Masālik al-afhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām. 1st edition. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1413 AH.
  • Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1421AH.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Jāmiʿ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1412 AH.
  • Ṭabībīyān, Sayyid Ḥamīd. Farhang-i farzān. Tehran: Farzān, 1378 Sh.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. 3rd edition. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Nāṣir Khusruw, 1372 Sh.
  • Thaʿlabī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
Retrieved from "https://en.wikihaj.com/index.php?title=Dahw_al-Ard&oldid=3012"