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Adam (AS) is the first human and the first prophet. According to some Islamic narrations, after being expelled from [[paradise]], Adam settled in [[Mecca]]. His repentance was accepted in Mecca, and he was the one who built the Kaaba. He was also the first to learn the [[Rites of Hajj|rituals of Hajj]] from the [[Gabriel]] and performed the pilgrimage many times.
==Lexicology==
The name "Adam" is used in the Quran and the two Testaments to refer to the first human, and with slight variations, it is used in other Semitic languages such as Phoenician, Hebrew, Syriac, and Mandean. In addition to being a proper noun, it is also used as a generic term equivalent to the word "human."<ref>Jeffrey, ''Wāzhihāy-i dakhī dar Qurā-i Majīd'', p. 106-107.</ref>
==Creation==
Abrahamic religions, as well as other religions and beliefs of Semitic people, narrate a relatively similar story of the creation and establishment of the first human. In the Quran (for example, Surah Al-Baqarah, verses 30-38; Surah Al-A'raf, verses 19-25) and the Old Testament,(Genesis: 1:26-30; 2:7.) the story of Prophet Adam, including the creation from clay, the formation of the body, and the infusion of the soul, is detailed. Different perspectives on each of these stages and various aspects, especially the concept of instantaneous or gradual creation, are discussed in various interpretations.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān'', vol. 4, p. 143; vol. 16, p. 255.</ref>Some, based on scientific findings and certain narratives, argue that humans existed before Adam.<ref>Sharīʿatī and others, [https://ensani.ir/fa/article/497657/%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9 Feasibility study of the proofs of the theory that Adam, peace be upon him, is the father of mankind, emphasizing verse 1 of Nisa], p. 164.</ref>


==Descent to Mecca==
'''Al_Mustajār''' (Arabic: المستجار) is a part of the western wall of the Ka'ba, approximately 2 meters in length, located between [[the Rukn al-Yamani]] and the second door of the [[Ka'ba]], which was sealed during the time of [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]]. This section is at the back of the Ka'ba, directly opposite the current door of the Ka'ba.
After Adam (AS) and his wife Hawwa (Eve) ate the forbidden fruit, they descended from paradise to Earth, accompanied by Satan. Various interpretations have been proposed regarding the type of paradise, the manner of descent, and the philosophy behind eating the forbidden fruit.<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 3, p. 2-28; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān'', vol. 1, p. 126-154.</ref>


In the Quran and the Torah, the exact location of the descent is not specified. In Islamic traditions, several perspectives on this matter have been presented. According to a narration attributed to Imam Ali (AS), Adam descended in the Sarandib region of India, and Hawwa descended in [[Jeddah]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', vol. 2, p. 595; Maybudī, ''Kashf al-asrār, vol. 1, p. 151; Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 3, p. 27; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 11, p. 111; vol. 61, p. 274.</ref> Another report suggests that Adam descended on Mount Safa and Hawwa on Mount Marwah, with the naming of Safa commemorating Adam's title "Safi Allah" and the naming of Marwah related to the descent of this woman.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān'', vol. 1, p. 139. </ref> The more well-known account in traditions is that Adam and Hawwa descended in the land of [[Mecca]].<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 1, p. 36-39; Ibn Abī l-Ḥātam, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', vol. 1, p. 88; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190.</ref> Some also reconcile between these narratives, considering the descent to have occurred in two stages: first in Sarandib and then in Mecca.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān'', vol. 1, p. 150.</ref>
The meaning of the word Mustajār is 'refuge' or 'sanctuary.' This place is known for the acceptance of repentance and is recommended for supplication and prayer.
===Descent of the Black Stone(حجر الأسود)===
==Al- Mustajar and Al-Multazam==
In some narratives, the descent of the Black Stone from paradise is mentioned along with the descent of Adam (AS).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', p. 294, 298; ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-salām,  ''Tafsīr al-ʿIzz al-Dīn'', vol. 3, p. 289.</ref> Other accounts specifically attribute the descent of the Black Stone(حجر الأسود) to Adam(AS).<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 185; Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', vol. 2, p. 318.</ref>
Two places on the wall of the Ka'ba are introduced as places for the acceptance of supplications and repentance, and there are narrations about them:Al_Mustajar and [[Al_Multazam]].


===Repentance of Adam in Mecca===
It is usually said that Mustajār is at the back of the [[Ka'ba]] on the western side, encompassing the distance from the [[the Rukn al-Yamani]] to the sealed door of the Kaaba, and Multazam is on the eastern side, encompassing the distance from [[the Hajar al-Aswad]] to the current door of the Ka'ba.<ref>Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, " Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh", p. 99_101.</ref>
Regarding the acceptance of Adam's repentance, it is mentioned that after the descent of [[Gabriel]] to the [[ka'ba]], his light covered the entire sacred precinct. Then, Adam was instructed to perform the ritual bath on the Day of [[Tarwiyah]], wear the [[ihram]], and perform the [[Tawaf|circumambulation]] (tawaf) in [[Mina]]. Finally, in [['Arafat|Arafat]], he received words from Gabriel, uttering which his repentance was accepted, and from then on, he proceeded to perform the rest of the [[Rituals of tamattuʿ|Hajj rituals]].<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 44-45.</ref>
However, the narrations related to Multazam and Mustajar have been mixed together, and sometimes Mustajar and Multazam are considered two names for the same place. It is sometimes said that Shia Muslims consider [[al-Multazam]] and al-Mustajar to be the same, whereas Sunni Muslims consider them to be different, with Multazam being the area between [[the Hajar al-Aswad]] and the door of the Ka'ba.<ref>Qāʾidān, " Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna", p. 71.</ref>
==The Role of Adam in the Construction of the Ka'ba==
Some Shia scholars, based on the collections of narrations from [[the Ahl al-Bayt]] regarding the acts performed at Multazam and Mustajār, have concluded that these two are names for the same place, which is Mustajār.<ref>majlisī, ''Mirāʾat al-ʿUqūl'', vol. 9, p. 106.</ref>
In Sunni sources, there are also numerous narrations and reports that consider Multazam to be at the back of the Ka'ba (the same place as Mustajar).<ref>Naʿmatī, "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam" p. 84.</ref>
Despite all this, in most geographical sources on Mecca, Multazam and Mustajar are distinguished from each other.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'',vol. 1, p. 196; Mālikī, " Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 200_203; Sanjārī, "Manāʾih al-Karam", vol. 1, p. 307; Ibn Zahīra,''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf'', p. 47. </ref>
==Al_Mustajār and the Crack of the Ka'ba==


The role of Prophet Adam (AS) in the construction of the Ka'ba depends on different views about the time of the Kaaba's origin, leading to variations in opinions. In some Shia and Sunni narrations, the existence of the Kaaba before Adam (AS) is mentioned,<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''Musnad al-Shāfiʿī'', p. 116; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 250.</ref> and reports of angels performing the pilgrimage before Adam support this idea.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 194; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 230; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 1, p. 130.</ref> In some reports, the history of the Kaaba dates back more than 2000 years before the (دَحْو الارض)Earth's creation.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 198; Bayhaqī, ''Sunan al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 177.</ref>
Some consider Al_Mustajār to be the part of the wall of the [[Ka'ba]] that was split open to allow [[Fatimah bint Asad]], the mother of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), to enter the Kaaba for the birth of her son.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, "Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah", p. 178; Jaʿfariyān,''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 97.</ref>


Commentators often discuss these narratives in light of the verse {إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَیتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِی بِبَکةَ مُبَارَکا...} (Quran:3:96) and consider this verse as supporting those narratives.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān'', vol. 1, p. 762.</ref> In another category of narratives, Adam is considered the first founder of the [[Ka'ba]], and also [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 188; Aynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī'', vol. 15, p. 262; Suyūṭī, ''Sharḥ al-sunan al-nisāʾī'', vol. 2, p. 33.</ref> In a narration by ''Wahb b. Munabbih'', Seth, the son of Adam, is introduced as the builder of the Ka'ba.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istidhkār'', vol. 4, p. 185; Qurṭubī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī'', vol. 2, p. 122; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Fatḥ al-bārī'', vol. 6, p. 285.</ref>
==The Supplication of Mustajār==
In the rituals of [[Tawaf]], it is mentioned that: It is recommended for the pilgrim, in the last round of their [[Tawaf]], to place their face and hands on the wall, press their stomach and front against the wall of the [[Ka'ba]], and say:
*أللَّهُمَّ الْبَيْتُ بَيْتُكَ وَالْعَبْدُ عَبْدُكَ وَهذا مَكانُ الْعائِذِ بِكَ مِنَ النَّار. "O Allah, this house is Your house, and this servant is Your servant, and this is the place of one who seeks refuge with You from the Fire."
Then, they should confess their sins and seek forgiveness, and afterwards say:
*أللَّهُمَّ مِنْ قِبَلِكَ الرَّوْحُ وَالْفَرَجُ وَالْعافِيَةُ. أللَّهُمَّ إنَّ عَمَلِي ضَعيْفٌ فَضاعِفْهُ لِي وَاغْفِرْ لي مَا اطَّلَعْتَ عَلَيْهِ مِنِّي وَخَفِيَ عَلى‏ خَلْقِكَ أسْتَجِيرُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ النَّار."O Allah, from You comes the spirit, relief, and well-being. O Allah, my deeds are weak, so multiply them for me and forgive me for what You have seen of me that is hidden from Your creation. I seek refuge with Allah from the Fire.


Many scholars and interpreters, based on certain narrations, consider Prophet Abraham (AS) as the first founder of the Ka'ba,<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 4, p. 116; Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān'', vol. 1, p. 763; Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', vol. 3, p. 226.</ref> not attributing any role to Adam in this regard. Some, considering the explicit mention in the Quran regarding Abraham's role in building the Ka'ba, do not find the narrations about Adam's role and his pilgrimage credible.<ref>Rashīd Riḍā, ''al-manār'', vol. 1, p. 383.</ref> Some gather narratives about the construction of the Kaaba, suggesting that angels built it before Adam's descent, and later, Adam, then Seth, and finally, Abraham revived and reconstructed it.<ref>Ālūsī, ''Rūḥ al-maʿānī'', vol. 4, p. 5.</ref>
Then, after that, the person should make any supplications they wish, touch the Yemeni Corner (Rukn Yamani), come to [[the Hajar al-Aswad]], complete their Tawaf, and say:
==Hajj of Adam==
*أللَّهُمَّ قَنِّعْنِي بِما رَزَقْتَني وَبارِكْ لِي فِيما آتَيْتَني‏ "O Allah, make me content with what You have provided me and bless me in what You have granted me.<ref>Khomeinī, "Manāsk Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd", p. 436.</ref>  
 
In the book al-Kafi, which is one of the primary sources of Shia hadith, there is a dedicated section on the Hajj of Adam, and detailed explanations of his pilgrimage are mentioned in several narrations.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190-197.</ref> According to these narrations, the angel Gabriel taught Adam the rituals of Hajj step by step as follows:
 
1. Gabriel first took Adam to [['Arafat]] and instructed him to seek forgiveness during the evening.
2. Then, they went to Baitul Muqaddas (Jerusalem), where Gabriel recommended seeking forgiveness during sunrise.
3. Afterward, they went to Mina and performed the sacrifice, stoning the pillars, and performing the acts of Halq (shaving) and Taqsir (trimming).
4. Finally, the rituals of Tawaf, including the seven rounds of Tawaf and Tawaf of the Women, were taught to Adam.
Gabriel (AS) assisted Adam in performing the acts of Halq, sacrifice, and other [[Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'|Hajj rituals]].<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 196-197.</ref>
 
===The number of Hajj rituals of Adam===
There are differences regarding the number of Hajj rituals performed by Adam, including 30,<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', vol. 2, p. 594.</ref> 40,<ref>Thaʿālibī, ''Tafsīr al-thaʿālibī'', vol. 1, p. 274; Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 1, p. 115; Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 1, p. 38.</ref> 70,<ref></ref> 700, or 1000. These numbers are typically mentioned in narrations from non-infallible sources or transmitted traditions.
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
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*Jafarīān, Rasūl. *Āthār Islāmī Makkah wa Madīnah*. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1389 AH.
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*Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī(Al-Jamiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān)''. Fifth edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1431 AH.
*Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Rezā. ''Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah''. Compiled by Rasūl Jafarīān. Qom: Nashr-i Mūrikh, 1386 AH.
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
{{end}}
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*Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
*Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, 1401 AH.
*Rashīd Riḍā, Muḥammad. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ḥakīm al-mushtahir bi ʾism tafsīr al-manār''. Cairo: Dār al-Manār, 1373 AH.
*Ālūsī, Maḥmūd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Rūḥ al-maʿānī fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
*Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965.

Latest revision as of 11:30, 7 August 2024

Al_Mustajār (Arabic: المستجار) is a part of the western wall of the Ka'ba, approximately 2 meters in length, located between the Rukn al-Yamani and the second door of the Ka'ba, which was sealed during the time of Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi. This section is at the back of the Ka'ba, directly opposite the current door of the Ka'ba.

The meaning of the word Mustajār is 'refuge' or 'sanctuary.' This place is known for the acceptance of repentance and is recommended for supplication and prayer.

Al- Mustajar and Al-Multazam

Two places on the wall of the Ka'ba are introduced as places for the acceptance of supplications and repentance, and there are narrations about them:Al_Mustajar and Al_Multazam.

It is usually said that Mustajār is at the back of the Ka'ba on the western side, encompassing the distance from the the Rukn al-Yamani to the sealed door of the Kaaba, and Multazam is on the eastern side, encompassing the distance from the Hajar al-Aswad to the current door of the Ka'ba.[1] However, the narrations related to Multazam and Mustajar have been mixed together, and sometimes Mustajar and Multazam are considered two names for the same place. It is sometimes said that Shia Muslims consider al-Multazam and al-Mustajar to be the same, whereas Sunni Muslims consider them to be different, with Multazam being the area between the Hajar al-Aswad and the door of the Ka'ba.[2] Some Shia scholars, based on the collections of narrations from the Ahl al-Bayt regarding the acts performed at Multazam and Mustajār, have concluded that these two are names for the same place, which is Mustajār.[3] In Sunni sources, there are also numerous narrations and reports that consider Multazam to be at the back of the Ka'ba (the same place as Mustajar).[4] Despite all this, in most geographical sources on Mecca, Multazam and Mustajar are distinguished from each other.[5]

Al_Mustajār and the Crack of the Ka'ba

Some consider Al_Mustajār to be the part of the wall of the Ka'ba that was split open to allow Fatimah bint Asad, the mother of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), to enter the Kaaba for the birth of her son.[6]

The Supplication of Mustajār

In the rituals of Tawaf, it is mentioned that: It is recommended for the pilgrim, in the last round of their Tawaf, to place their face and hands on the wall, press their stomach and front against the wall of the Ka'ba, and say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ الْبَيْتُ بَيْتُكَ وَالْعَبْدُ عَبْدُكَ وَهذا مَكانُ الْعائِذِ بِكَ مِنَ النَّار. "O Allah, this house is Your house, and this servant is Your servant, and this is the place of one who seeks refuge with You from the Fire."

Then, they should confess their sins and seek forgiveness, and afterwards say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ مِنْ قِبَلِكَ الرَّوْحُ وَالْفَرَجُ وَالْعافِيَةُ. أللَّهُمَّ إنَّ عَمَلِي ضَعيْفٌ فَضاعِفْهُ لِي وَاغْفِرْ لي مَا اطَّلَعْتَ عَلَيْهِ مِنِّي وَخَفِيَ عَلى‏ خَلْقِكَ أسْتَجِيرُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ النَّار."O Allah, from You comes the spirit, relief, and well-being. O Allah, my deeds are weak, so multiply them for me and forgive me for what You have seen of me that is hidden from Your creation. I seek refuge with Allah from the Fire.

Then, after that, the person should make any supplications they wish, touch the Yemeni Corner (Rukn Yamani), come to the Hajar al-Aswad, complete their Tawaf, and say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ قَنِّعْنِي بِما رَزَقْتَني وَبارِكْ لِي فِيما آتَيْتَني‏ "O Allah, make me content with what You have provided me and bless me in what You have granted me.[7]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, " Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh", p. 99_101.
  2. ↑ Qāʾidān, " Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna", p. 71.
  3. ↑ majlisī, Mirāʾat al-ʿUqūl, vol. 9, p. 106.
  4. ↑ Naʿmatī, "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam" p. 84.
  5. ↑ Fāsī al-Makkī, Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām,vol. 1, p. 196; Mālikī, " Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 200_203; Sanjārī, "Manāʾih al-Karam", vol. 1, p. 307; Ibn Zahīra,Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf, p. 47.
  6. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, "Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah", p. 178; Jaʿfariyān,Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 97.
  7. ↑ Khomeinī, "Manāsk Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd", p. 436.

References

  • Fāsī, Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad. Shifāʾ al-Gharām bi-Aḵbār al-Balad al-Ḥarām. Edited by a committee of prominent scholars and literati. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
  • Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf. Edited by ʿAlī ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1423 AH.
  • Jafarīān, Rasūl. *Āthār Islāmī Makkah wa Madīnah*. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1389 AH.
  • Khomeinī, Rūḥ Allāh. Manāsk-i Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1409 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Mir'āt al-'uqūl. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1404 AH.
  • Mālikī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām. Makkah: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1424 AH.
  • Naʿmatī, Muḥammad Rezā. "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam". Majallah Mīqāt-i Ḥajj, no. 43, Farvardīn 1382 SH.
  • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa Āthār Islāmī Makkah Mukarramah wa Madīnah Munawwarah. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1400 AH.
  • Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, Niʿmat Allāh. Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh. Qom: Markaz Jahanī ʿUlūm Islāmī, 1386 AH.
  • Sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-Dīn. Manāʾih al-Karam. Makkah: Jāmiʿah Umm al-Qurā, 1419 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Rezā. Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah. Compiled by Rasūl Jafarīān. Qom: Nashr-i Mūrikh, 1386 AH.
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