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Pourghorbani

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{{Building
Fakh is an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]], about four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]].
| title = Muzdalifa
According to Shia jurists, this place is the location where children enter into ihram. The cemetery of the martyrs of Fakh is also located here.
| image = مزدلفه.jpg
This cemetery is the burial site of Husayn ibn Ali (known as Sahib al-Fakh) and a number of Hasanid nobles who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at Fakh.
| image size = 500px
According to historians, the graves of some companions of the Prophet — including Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab — were also located in this area but were demolished during the Saudi period.
| image link =
According to some narrations, the Prophet prayed in this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his descendants, and wept in mourning for him.
| image description =
==Location==
| other names = [[Jamʿ]], [[Quzah]] and [[Mashʿar al-Haram]]
Fakh, or Wādī Zāhir (Zahir Valley),<ref>Fāsī, '' Shifāʾ al-Gharām '', vol. 1, p. 472.
| place = [[Mecca]], Between [[Mina]] and [['Arafat]], at a distance of 6 kilometers from Arafat, and 8 kilometers southeast of [[Masjid al-Haram]]
</ref>
| usage = Pilgrim's staying place on the 10th night [[Dhu al-Hijja]]
It is the name of an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]].
| religious affiliation =
This place is located 4 kilometers from al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Sacred Mosque).
| beliefs =
Today, this place is referred to as “Ḥayyu al-Shuhadā’” (the Neighborhood of the Martyrs).
| rituals =
 
| rulings =
The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh
| pilgrims =
In the Fakh area, there is a mountain at the foot of which lies a cemetery known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
| visitors =
The martyrs of Fakh were a group of Sādāt Ḥasanī (descendants of Imam Hasan) who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at this pl According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. ace.(3) Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'' vol. 5,p. 148.
| time of construction =
According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. Part of it is about two meters above street level, and the main section is enclosed by a courtyard wall with a gate that is always closed. It is said that the grave of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (the martyr of Fakh) is located within this walled enclosure.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
| founder =
 
| events =
According to some reports from the year 1391 SH (2012-2013 CE), the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh was destroyed and turned into a garbage dump.(4) ISNA, news code: 91090602351.
| reconstructions =
 
| time of reconstruction =
The Martyr of Fakh
| reconstructors =
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan al-Muthallath ibn Ḥasan al-Muthannā, son of Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), known as Ṣāḥib al-Fakh(5) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 364.
| missing parts =
He was the leader of a revolt against the Abbasid government, which is referred to as the Incident of Fakh or the Uprising of Fakh(6) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
| historical features =
 
| trustee =
Ṣāḥib al-Fakh was martyred on the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 169 AH (Yawm al-Tarwiyah) in the Fakh region during the battle against the army of Hādī al-‘Abbāsī (reigned 169–170 AH), along with most of his soldiers, including about 100 of the Hasanid descendants(7) ʿ Amīn Āmīlī,, '' A‘yān al-Shīʿa'',vol. 6, p. 97.
| Area = 9.63 square kilometers
According to al-Ḥamawī, a 7th-century AH historian, the bodies of the martyrs, after remaining on the ground for three days and being preyed upon by wild animals, were buried in the place now known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(8) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
| space =
The Martyr of Fakh, or Ṣāḥib al-Fakh, began his uprising from Medina.(9) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 372.
| length =
After taking control of the city, due to the approaching Hajj season, he moved toward Mecca with 300 of his companions and close followers.
| width =
But upon reaching the Fakh region, he confronted the Abbasid army, commanded by ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad (a descendant of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbbās), and in this battle all of his army were martyred, with only a few captured. Some of his relatives, including his uncle Idrīs ibn ʿAbdullāh, managed to escape Idrīs fled to the Maghreb and established the Idrisid dynasty there.(10) Various Authors, ''Tārīkh al-Tashayyūʿ''. Vol. 1, p. 263.
| height =
Other Graves
| status = Active
It is said that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb(11) Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā'',vol. 4, p. 142.
| capacity =
And a number of the ṣaḥābah (companions of the Prophet) are also buried in the Fakh region(12) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
| facilities =
There is also a report of the burial of ʿAbdullāh ibn Zubayr in Fakh(13) Jaʿfarīān, '',Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah '', p. 200.
| parts =
Virtue / Merit
| architect =
 
| style =
According to a narration, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), while traveling from Medina to Mecca, performed ghusl (ritual purification) at Fakh, which was six miles from Mecca [and is now part of the city of Mecca], before entering Mecca.(14) Ḥumayrī, '' al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār fī Khabar al-Aqṭār'', p. 436.
| properties =
 
| domes =
According to another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood in ṣalāh (prayer) at this place and wept during the prayer The Prophet explained that he wept because one of his descendants would be martyred at this place.(15) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
| minarets =
 
| doors =
 
| porticos =
Also, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), while passing through this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his Ahl al-Bayt at this location.(16) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 367. , Muḥaddith Qumī, ''Muntahā al-Āmāl'', vol. 1, p. 261.
| courts =
 
| verandas =
| affiliated entity =
| maintaining entity =
| administrator =
| imam of prayer =
| subsidiary entities =
| registered in =
| registration no. =
| registration date =
| website =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map description =
}}
'''Muzdalifa''' (means: approaching) is the name of a place near [[Mecca]] where pilgrims must have [[Wuquf at al-Mash'ar|wuquf]] after the night journey from [['Arafat|Arafat]]. The reason for this name is that people enter this area at night. Another name of this place is "Jamʿ"(means: gathering). Because pilgrims gather there. This point is the same [[Mashʿar al-Haram]] mentioned in the Qur'an.


Muzdalifa, with an area of about 9.63 square kilometers, is located between [[Mina]] and [['Arafat]], which is limited to [[Wadi al-Maʾzamayn]] and [[al-Hiyaz]]. Standing in Muzdalifa on [[the 10th night of Dhu l-Hijja]] is one of the [[obligations of Hajj]].
Sheikh Tusi, in his book Rijāl, considered Ṣāḥib al-Fakh to be among the companions of Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him(17) Ṭūsī, '' Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', p. 489.
==Meaning==
Muzdalifa is the active noun from "Izdilaf(ازدلاف)" which means to approach;  The arabic phrase "Izdalaf Al-Qawm(ازدلف القوم)"; That is, when he made the people close. "Izdilaf(ازدلاف)" also means gathering, because people gather there.<ref>Ṭurayḥī, ''Majmaʿ al-baḥrayn'', vol. 5, p. 68.</ref>


Among the other names of Muzdalifa are [[Jamʿ]](means: gathering)<ref>Ṭurayḥī, ''Majmaʿ al-baḥrayn'', vol. 2, p. 186.</ref>, [[Quzah]]<ref>Niʿmatī, ''Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn al-sharīfayn'', p. 86.</ref> and [[Mashʿar al-Haram]]<ref>Niʿmatī, ''Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn al-sharīfayn'', p. 204.</ref>. It has been said that applying the name of Mashʿar to Muzdalifa is virtual, which means that Muzdalifa is actually a part of the land of Mashʿar and within its boundaries; But it is also called Mashʿar.<ref>Al-Jawāhirī, [https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/127756/%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b2%d8%af%d9%84%d9%81%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%86%db%8c حدود عرفات، مزدلفة، منی]The boundaries of ʿArafat, Muzdalifa, Mina, p. 157-158.</ref>
It is narrated that Imam Musa al-Kāẓim (peace be upon him) honored the Martyr of Fakh(18) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 380.
==Location==
 
Muzdalifa is located between [[Mina]] and [['Arafat]], and [[Wadi al-Mohassir]](Arabc: وادی محَسِّر) is located between Mina and Muzdalifa.<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Qāmūs al-ḥaj wa al-ʿUmra'', p. 204.</ref> The distance between Muzdalifa and 'Arafat is 6 km, and its distance from the southeast of [[Masjid al-haram|Masjid al-Haram]] is 8 km. The area of this region is about 9.63 square kilometers.
Miqāt for Children
 
According to Shia jurists, based on narrations, Fakh is considered the miqāt (designated station for entering ihrām) for children.(19) Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
In a narration, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), in response to the question of where the sewn garments of children could be removed [and where they could be made to enter ihrām], said: “My father, Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (peace be upon him), would remove the children’s garments at Fakh and make them enter ihrām.”(20) Kulaynī, '' al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 303. , Shaykh Ṣadūq, '' Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh'' , vol. 2, p. 433.
Some jurists believe that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the five designated miqāts on their behalf—by intending on their behalf and reciting the Talbiyah—but the act of removing the child’s garments and putting on the ihrām can be delayed until reaching Fakh.(21) Anṣārī, '' Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn ''  ,vol. 1, p. 230. , Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
 
Most Shia jurists believe that the actual ihrām for children can be performed from Fakh, serving as their designated miqāt.(22) Anṣārī, '' Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatuhā'' , vol. 5, p. 282.
Of course, this applies to cases other than Ḥajj al-Tamattu


This area is limited on one side to "[[Maʾzamayn]](مأزَمَین)" valley and on the other side to "wadi al-Muhassir" and "Hiyyad". By passing through Wadi Maʾzamayn, Haji reaches Muzdalifa or the land of [[Mashʿar al-Haram]].<ref>Murwārīd, ''Yanābīʿ al-fighīyya'', vol. 7, p. 198.</ref>
Some contemporary jurists, such as Muhammad-Taqi Bahjat, hold that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the well-known miqāts and may delay the removal of the sewn garments and putting on the ihrām until reaching Fakh.(23) Iftikhārī Golpāygānī, ''  Ārāʾ al-Marājiʿ fī al-Ḥajj ʿalā Ḍawʾ Fatāwā al-Imām al-Khomeynī. '', vol. 1, p. 34.
[[file:تابلوی شروع محدوده مزدلفه.jpg|300 px|تابلوی شروع محدوده مزدلفه|left]]
Sunni jurists are either opposed to this or remain silent on the matter. However, some of them say that there is no problem in delaying the ihrām of a child until reaching the Ḥaram (the Sacred Mosque) or near it(24) Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī, '' al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah '',vol. 1, p. 411.


==Rulings==
"references"
{{main|Wuquf at al-Mash'ar}}
. Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makkah wa Madīnah. By Rasūl Jaʿfariyān. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1390 SH.
Waqf (means:standing) in Muzdalifa is obligatory on the [[10th night of Dhu-l Hijja]] and one of basic principles of [[Hajj]] according to all Islamic schools of thought; But there is a difference of opinion in the amount and the time of Wuquf(standing).<ref>Qāḍī ʿAskar, Ḥajj dar andīsha-yi islāmī, p. 288; Fallāḥzāda, ''Darsnāma-yi manāsik-i Ḥajj'', p. 62; ʿAṭṭār, ''Qāmūs al-ḥaj wa al-ʿUmra'', p. 252.</ref>
. ʾĀrāʾ al-marājiʿ fī al-ḥajj ʿalā ḍawʾ fatāwā al-Imām al-Khumaynī. By ʿAlī Iftikhārī-yi Gulpāyigānī. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1428 AH.
===Shia's view===
. Aʿyān al-shīʿah. By Sayyid Muḥsin Amīn al-ʿĀmilī. Edited by Ḥasan Amīn. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, 1403 AH.
The Shia jurists are mostly of the opinion that the Hajji reached Masha'ar at any hour from the 10th of the night, until dawn with the intention of obeying God and staying there, then from dawn to sunrise with the pure intention of hypocrisy and showing off, he should make a [[Wuquf at al-Mash'ar|wuquf]] and It is recommended to move towards [[Mina]] a little before sunrise, but don't cross [[Wadi Muhassir]] until the sun rises.<ref>Fallāḥzāda, ''Darsnāma-yi manāsik-i Ḥajj'', p. 62.</ref>
Biḥār al-anwār. By Muḥammad Bāqir al-ʿAllāmah al-Majlisī. Tehran: Islāmīyah, n.d.
===Sunni's view===
. Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn. By Ibn Khaldūn. Translated by Āyatī. Tehran: Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Farhangī, 1363 SH.
Abu Hanifah mentions the time of wuquf from dawn to sunrise, and Malik believes that it is sufficient for a pilgrim to make a wuquf any time during the night of [[Eid al-Adha]] and before dawn. According to Shafi'i, standing at any moment after midnight of Eid al-Adha is sufficient.<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Qāmūs al-ḥaj wa al-ʿUmra'', p. 252.</ref>
. Tārīkh-i Tashayyuʿ. A group of researchers, under the supervision of Dr. Sayyid Aḥmad Riḍā Khazarī. Qom: Pizhūhishgāh-i Ḥawzah wa Dānishgāh, 1388 SH.
==boundaries==
. Rijāl al-Ṭūsī. By Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī Iṣfahānī. Qom: Muʾassasah-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, 1427 AH.
The length of Muzdalifa is 3,812 meters from the beginning of Mazamin (gorge between Muzdalifa and [[ʿArafa]]) to the beginning of Wadi Muhassir.<ref>Ṣabrī Pāshā, ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 341.</ref> It is 20,507 cubits from the wall of the [[Bani Shayba Gate]] next to [[Al-Masjid al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] to the border of Muzdalifa from the Mina side.<ref>Fāsī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām'', vol. 1, p. 505, 507.</ref>
. Al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār. By Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-Ḥimyarī (d. 900 AH). Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut: Maktabat Lubnān Nāshirūn, 1984 CE.
The boundaries of Muzdalifa are marked with large signs, and with the words "the beginning of Muzdalifa(Arabic: بداية مزدلفه)" or "the end of Muzdalifa(Arabic: نهاية مزدلفه)", you can know its limits.
. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi-akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām. By Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Fāsī. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfah al-Dīniyyah, 1428 AH.
==Notes==
. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. By Ibn Saʿd. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1410 AH.
{{Notes}}
. Farhang-i Aʿlām-i Jughrāfiyāʾī. By Muḥammad Muḥammad Ḥasan Sharāb. Translated by Ḥamīd Riḍā Shaykhī. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1383 SH.
==References==
. Al-Kāfī. By Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH). Tehran: Islāmīyah, 1362 SH.
{{References}}
. Al-Kāfī fī fiqh ahl al-Madīnah. By Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī (d. 463 AH). Edited by Muḥammad Muḥammad Aḥīd. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Riyāḍ al-Jadīdah, 1400 AH.
*Al-Jawāhirī, Ḥasan Muḥammad Taqī. [https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/127756/%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b2%d8%af%d9%84%d9%81%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%86%db%8c ''حدود عرفات، مزدلفة، منی''] (Translation: The boundaries of ʿArafat, Muzdalifa, Mina). Miqāt al-ḥajj magazine, 1415 AH.
. Al-Murtaqī ilā al-fiqh al-arqā. By Muḥammad Rūḥānī (d. 1418 AH). Tehran: Dār al-Jallī (Muʾassasat al-Jalīl li-l-Taḥqīqāt al-Thaqāfiyyah), 1419 AH.
*ʿAṭṭār, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Qafūr. ''Qāmūs al-ḥaj wa al-ʿUmra''. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyyīn, 1979.
. Maʿālim al-dīn fī fiqh Āl Yāsīn. By Muḥammad b. Shujāʿ al-Anṣārī (Ibn Qaṭṭān, d. 832 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1424 AH.
*Fallāḥzāda, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. ''Darsnāma-yi manāsik-i Ḥajj''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1389 sh.
. Muʿjam al-buldan. By Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī (d. 626 AH). Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995 CE.
*Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
. Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn. By ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī (d. 356 AH). Edited by Aḥmad Ṣaqr. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī, 1419 AH.
*Murwārīd,ʿAlī Aṣghar. ''Yanābīʿ al-fighīyya''. Beirut:[n.p], 1410 AH.
. Muntahā al-ʾĀmāl. By Muḥaddith Qummī (d. 1359 AH). Tehran: Kitābfurūshī-yi Islāmīyah, 1379 SH.
*Niʿmatī, Muḥammad Riḍā.''Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn al-sharīfayn''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1418 AH.
. Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh. By Shaykh al-Ṣadūq (d. 386 AH). Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1404 AH.
*Qāḍīʿskar, ʿAlī. Ḥajj dar andīshi-yi islāmī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1384 sh.
. Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatihā. By Qudrat Allāh Anṣārī. Qom: Markaz-i Fiqhī-yi Aʾimmat al-Aṭhār (ʿa), 1429 AH.
*Ṣabrī Pāshā, Ayyūb. ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn''. Translated by ʿAbd al-Rasūl Munshī. Tehran: Markaz-i Pazhūhishī Mīrāth-i Maktūb, 1382 sh.
*Ṭurayḥī, Fakhr al-Dīn b. Muḥammad al-. ''Majmaʿ al-baḥrayn''. Edited by Sayyid Aḥmad Ḥusaynī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Murtaḍawīyya, 1375 Sh.
{{end}}
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