Hadith of Shibli: Difference between revisions
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Shibli was a Sufi of the third and fourth centuries AH who, after withdrawing from the [[Abbasid court]], turned to asceticism and mysticism and became a student of Junayd al-Baghdadi. | Shibli was a Sufi of the third and fourth centuries AH who, after withdrawing from the [[Abbasid court]], turned to asceticism and mysticism and became a student of Junayd al-Baghdadi. | ||
The narration was first recorded in the twelfth century AH in ''al-Tuhfah al-Saniyyah''. Although it later became widely known, some scholars have questioned its authenticity and have traced its origins to earlier Sufi texts. | |||
== Shibli == | == Shibli == | ||
'''Shibli''' (Abu Bakr Dulaf ibn Jahdar)<ref>''History of Sufism: The Evolution of Islamic Mysticism from the Beginning to the Sixth Century AH'', Vol. 1, p. 116.</ref>, a renowned Sufi of the third and fourth centuries AH, was born in [[Samarra]] in 247 AH.<ref>''Tabaqat al-Sufiyya'', Vol. 3, p. 337.</ref> His father was from the village of Shibliyyah in Usrushana, Transoxiana, which is why he was called Shibli.<ref>''History of Baghdad'', Vol. 16, p. 564; ''Mu'jam al-Udaba'', Vol. 1, p. 245.</ref> Shibli initially served in the [[Abbasid]] court and was the governor of Damavand,<ref>''Wafayat al-A'yan'', Vol. 2, p. 273; ''Al-Muntazam'', Vol. 14, p. 51.</ref> but after repenting, he became a Sufi<ref>''Nafahat al-Uns'', p. 135; ''Kashf al-Mahjub'', Vol. 1, p. 221.</ref> and was one of the students of Junayd of Baghdad.<ref>''Research in Iranian Sufism'', p. 154.</ref> He studied under Junayd for about six years and subsequently became famous for his asceticism and mysticism.<ref>''Tadhkirat al-Awliya'', Vol. 1, pp. 515-516.</ref> There is | '''Shibli''' (Abu Bakr Dulaf ibn Jahdar al-Shibli)<ref>''History of Sufism: The Evolution of Islamic Mysticism from the Beginning to the Sixth Century AH'', Vol. 1, p. 116.</ref>, a renowned Sufi of the third and fourth centuries AH, was born in [[Samarra]] in 247 AH.<ref>''Tabaqat al-Sufiyya'', Vol. 3, p. 337.</ref> His father was from the village of Shibliyyah in Usrushana, Transoxiana, which is why he was called Shibli.<ref>''History of Baghdad'', Vol. 16, p. 564; ''Mu'jam al-Udaba'', Vol. 1, p. 245.</ref> Shibli initially served in the [[Abbasid]] court and was the governor of Damavand,<ref>''Wafayat al-A'yan'', Vol. 2, p. 273; ''Al-Muntazam'', Vol. 14, p. 51.</ref> but after repenting, he became a Sufi<ref>''Nafahat al-Uns'', p. 135; ''Kashf al-Mahjub'', Vol. 1, p. 221.</ref> and was one of the students of Junayd of Baghdad.<ref>''Research in Iranian Sufism'', p. 154.</ref> He studied under Junayd for about six years and subsequently became famous for his asceticism and mysticism.<ref>''Tadhkirat al-Awliya'', Vol. 1, pp. 515-516.</ref>There is disagreement regarding his religious affiliation: some sources regard him as a [[Maliki]],<ref>''History of Baghdad'', Vol. 16, p. 568; ''Tabaqat al-Sufiyya'', Vol. 1, p. 448.</ref> while others identify him as a [[Shia]].<ref>''Majalis al-Mu'minin'', Vol. 2, p. 32; ''Rawdat al-Jannat'', Vol. 2, p. 231; ''Rayhanat al-Adab'', Vol. 3, pp. 181-182.</ref> Shibli died in [[Baghdad]] in 334 or 335 AH.<ref>''Tabaqat al-Sufiyya'', Vol. 1, p. 338; ''History of Baghdad'', Vol. 16, p. 572; ''Wafayat al-A'yan'', Vol. 2, p. 276.</ref> | ||
== Hadith of Shibli == | == Hadith of Shibli == | ||
The Hadith of Shibli is a narration attributed to [[Imam Sajjad (AS)|Imam Zayn al-Abidin ( | The Hadith of Shibli is a narration attributed to [[Imam Sajjad (AS)|Imam Zayn al-Abidin (a)]], in which the Imam, in a conversation with Shibli, explains the [[secrets]] and inner meanings of the rites of [[Hajj]]. | ||
This narration was first recorded in the twelfth century AH in the book ''Al-Tuhfah al-Sunniyyah'' by Sayyid Abdullah Jazairi (d. 1173 AH), and Muhaddith Nuri included it in ''Mustadrak al-Wasa'il''; however, it has been stated that due to its absence in ancient sources and its status as a mursal report,{{ | This narration was first recorded in the twelfth century AH in the book ''Al-Tuhfah al-Sunniyyah'' by Sayyid Abdullah Jazairi (d. 1173 AH), and Muhaddith Nuri included it in ''Mustadrak al-Wasa'il''; however, it has been stated that due to its absence in ancient sources and its status as a mursal report,{{enote|A mursal hadith is a term in hadith studies meaning that the name of the narrator is omitted from the chain of transmission.}} its attribution to Imam Sajjad (a) has been questioned, and some scholars have suggested that it may have originated in Sufi mystical texts.<ref>''Hajj and Umrah in the Quran and Hadith'', p. 285; ''The Hadith of Shibli on the Secrets of Hajj: Shia Narration or Sufi Tale?'', p. 1.</ref> | ||
=== Validation === | === Validation === | ||
Some researchers, such as Sayyid Mohammad Reza Husseini Jalali, have accepted its attribution to Imam Sajjad ( | Some researchers, such as Sayyid Mohammad Reza Husseini Jalali, have accepted its attribution to Imam Sajjad (a).<ref>''Jihad al-Imam al-Sajjad'', p. 175.</ref> Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, despite doubts regarding the chain of transmission, has described the text of the narration as "strong and instructive".<ref>''Sahbay-e Safa'', p. 35.</ref> In contrast, Muhammadi Reyshahri has regarded its content as mystical and therefore not attributable to the Ahl al-Bayt, suggesting it is a Sufi discourse that was later attributed to [[Imam Sajjad (a)]].<ref>''Hajj and Umrah in the Quran and Hadith'', p. 285.</ref> | ||
Some researchers argue that the | Some researchers argue that the Shibli mentioned in this narration cannot have been Abu Bakr al-Shibli, the fourth-century Sufi of Baghdad, because he lived approximately two centuries after Imam Sajjad (a).<ref>''Sahbay-e Safa'', p. 344.</ref> Based on this, they have suggested that the name Shibli in this narration might be a corruption of another name (such as Shaybah ibn Nu'amah), who was a companion of Imam Sajjad (a).<ref>''Jihad al-Imam al-Sajjad'', p. 175.</ref> | ||
In ancient Sufi texts and the works of some Sunni authors, narrations with a structure similar to the "Hadith of Shibli" can be found, in which Abu Bakr Shibli discusses the secrets and meanings of Hajj. | In ancient Sufi texts and the works of some Sunni authors, narrations with a structure similar to the "Hadith of Shibli" can be found, in which Abu Bakr Shibli discusses the secrets and meanings of Hajj. Among the earliest examples are ''Tahdhib al-Asrar'' by Abu Sa'd Khargushi (d. 407 AH) and ''Haqa'iq al-Tafsir'' by Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami (d. 412 AH), Other sources<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, Ibn Arabi, Khwarazmi.</ref> have also recorded similar narrations.<ref>''The Hadith of Shibli on the Secrets of Hajj: Shia Narration or Sufi Tale?'', p. 9.</ref> Among Persian sources, the same theme can be found in ''Kashf al-Mahjub''<ref>''Kashf al-Mahjub'', p. 474.</ref> and the poems of Nasir Khusraw.<ref>''Divan of Nasir Khusraw'', p. 265.</ref> | ||
== Content of the Hadith == | == Content of the Hadith == | ||
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This hadith also addresses staying in Mina<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 126.</ref>, [[Arafat|staying in Arafat]]<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 130.</ref>, [[Mash'ar]]<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 155.</ref>, and the rites related to them, with each act accompanied by a moral or cognitive concept; such as exiting selfishness<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 126.</ref>, altruism<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 162.</ref>, and beginning a new movement on the path of servitude.<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 177.</ref> | This hadith also addresses staying in Mina<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 126.</ref>, [[Arafat|staying in Arafat]]<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 130.</ref>, [[Mash'ar]]<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 155.</ref>, and the rites related to them, with each act accompanied by a moral or cognitive concept; such as exiting selfishness<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 126.</ref>, altruism<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 162.</ref>, and beginning a new movement on the path of servitude.<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 177.</ref> | ||
Some believe that in this hadith, Imam Sajjad (AS) explains four stages of self-purification in Islamic ethics, known as *Murabata*.<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 35.</ref> These stages are: *Musharata* (making a | Some believe that in this hadith, Imam Sajjad (AS) explains four stages of self-purification in Islamic ethics, known as *Murabata*.<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 35.</ref> These stages are: *Musharata* (making a covenant with oneself)<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 40.</ref>, *Muraqaba* (self-monitoring)<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 35.</ref>, *Muhasaba* (evaluating actions)<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 38.</ref>, and *Mu'ataba* (reproaching and correcting the self).<ref>''A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations'', p. 41.</ref> | ||
== Text of the Hadith of Shibli == | == Text of the Hadith of Shibli == | ||