Ishmael (prophet): Difference between revisions
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'''Ishmael''' is one of God's prophets, the son of [[Abraham (a)|Abraham]] and Hagar. According to Shi'ites, he is Dhubihullah, the son whom Abraham was commanded to [[sacrifice]] to God. The Quran explicitly states his prophethood and praises him for qualities such as forbearance, keeping promises, and humility before divine verses. | '''Ishmael''' is one of God's prophets, the son of [[Abraham (a)|Abraham]] and Hagar. According to Shi'ites, he is Dhubihullah, the son whom Abraham was commanded to [[sacrifice]] to God. The Quran explicitly states his prophethood and praises him for qualities such as forbearance, keeping promises, and humility before divine verses. | ||
According to Muslim scholars, the water of Zamzam flowed from the ground when Ishmael rubbed his foot as an infant, leading to the prosperity of [[Mecca]]. He assisted his father Abraham in rebuilding and purifying the [[Ka'ba| | According to Muslim scholars, the water of Zamzam flowed from the ground when Ishmael rubbed his foot as an infant, leading to the prosperity of [[Mecca]]. He assisted his father Abraham in rebuilding and purifying the [[Ka'ba|kaaba]] and, in addition to being the custodian of the Ka'ba, performed the Hajj rituals every year. He is buried in [[Hijr Isma'il]] next to his mother [[Hagar]]'s tomb. | ||
== Birth and Life == | == Birth and Life == | ||
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== Ishmael's Role in the Origin and Development of Mecca == | == Ishmael's Role in the Origin and Development of Mecca == | ||
Historians<ref>Al-Kamil, vol. 1, pp. 103-105; Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, vol. 1, p. 350; Qisas al-Anbiya, Jazairi, p. 142.</ref> and most exegetes<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, vol. 13, pp. 300-302; Majma' al-Bayan, vol. 1, p. 389; Al-Mizan, vol. 1, p. 388.</ref> link the emergence of [[Zamzam]], the gathering of tribes around it, and the prosperity and development of Mecca to Hagar and Ishmael's settlement near the Kaaba, under verse 37 of Surah Ibrahim. According to Tabari, Hagar and Ishmael lived in [[Hijr Isma'il]].<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, vol. 1, p. 762.</ref> In a narration attributed to [[Imam Sadiq (A.S.)]], Hijr Isma'il is identified as their home.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 210; Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 12, p. 117.</ref> | Historians<ref>Al-Kamil, vol. 1, pp. 103-105; Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, vol. 1, p. 350; Qisas al-Anbiya, Jazairi, p. 142.</ref> and most exegetes<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, vol. 13, pp. 300-302; Majma' al-Bayan, vol. 1, p. 389; Al-Mizan, vol. 1, p. 388.</ref> link the emergence of [[Zamzam]], the gathering of tribes around it, and the prosperity and development of [[Mecca]] to Hagar and Ishmael's settlement near the Kaaba, under verse 37 of Surah Ibrahim. According to Tabari, Hagar and Ishmael lived in [[Hijr Isma'il]].<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, vol. 1, p. 762.</ref> In a narration attributed to [[Imam Sadiq (A.S.)]], Hijr Isma'il is identified as their home.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 210; Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 12, p. 117.</ref> | ||
According to Muslim scholars, the water of Zamzam flowed from the ground when Ishmael rubbed his foot, which is one of Ishmael's irhasat.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 202; Al-Tafsir al-Kabir, vol. 19, p. 136; Al-Khara'ij wa al-Jara'ih, vol. 2, p. 930.</ref> Irhas is a supernatural event that occurs before a prophet's prophethood and is connected to him.<ref>Ja'fari, Tafsir Kawthar, 1377 SH, vol. 3, p. 300.</ref> Based on this, Zamzam has also been called "Ishmael's Well."<ref>Tarikh Tabari, vol. 2, p. 255; Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, Ibn Hisham, vol. 1, p. 97.</ref> With the emergence of the Zamzam spring, caravans stopped there, and several tribes gathered around it.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 202.</ref> A number of scholars, referring to the geographical location and lack of water in that area,<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, vol. 13, p. 301; Majma' al-Bayan, vol. 6, p. 84.</ref> have attributed the pleasantness and abundance of Zamzam water to the gathering of the [[Jurhum tribe]] and the emergence of the city of Mecca.<ref>Mu'jam al-Buldan, vol. 3, p. 148.</ref> | According to Muslim scholars, the water of Zamzam flowed from the ground when Ishmael rubbed his foot, which is one of Ishmael's irhasat.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 202; Al-Tafsir al-Kabir, vol. 19, p. 136; Al-Khara'ij wa al-Jara'ih, vol. 2, p. 930.</ref> Irhas is a supernatural event that occurs before a prophet's prophethood and is connected to him.<ref>Ja'fari, Tafsir Kawthar, 1377 SH, vol. 3, p. 300.</ref> Based on this, Zamzam has also been called "Ishmael's Well."<ref>Tarikh Tabari, vol. 2, p. 255; Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, Ibn Hisham, vol. 1, p. 97.</ref> With the emergence of the Zamzam spring, caravans stopped there, and several tribes gathered around it.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 202.</ref> A number of scholars, referring to the geographical location and lack of water in that area,<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, vol. 13, p. 301; Majma' al-Bayan, vol. 6, p. 84.</ref> have attributed the pleasantness and abundance of Zamzam water to the gathering of the [[Jurhum tribe]] and the emergence of the city of Mecca.<ref>Mu'jam al-Buldan, vol. 3, p. 148.</ref> | ||
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After the building of the Kaaba, Abraham and Ishmael were commanded to purify the House of God for those who circumambulate, those who reside there, those who bow, and those who prostrate.<ref>Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 125.</ref> | After the building of the Kaaba, Abraham and Ishmael were commanded to purify the House of God for those who circumambulate, those who reside there, those who bow, and those who prostrate.<ref>Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 125.</ref> | ||
=== Ishmael and the Custodianship of the Kaaba === | === Ishmael and the Custodianship of the Kaaba === | ||
According to historical reports, Ishmael was responsible for the administration of the House of God until the end of his life. Based on a narration attributed to [[Imam Sadiq (A.S.)]], Ishmael was the first to cover the Kaaba with a curtain and to roof the Kaaba with wood and mud on wooden pillars. Also, the pilgrims, seeing the Kaaba being roofed, decided to help Ishmael. They brought [[sacrifice]]s with them, and Ishmael, with divine guidance, slaughtered the sacrifices and distributed them among the pilgrims.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, pp. 203-205; Ilal al-Shara'i, vol. 2, pp. 587-588; Wasa'il al-Shi'ah, vol. 13, pp. 210-212.</ref> | According to historical reports, Ishmael was responsible for the administration of the House of God until the end of his life. Based on a narration attributed to [[Imam Sadiq (A.S.)]], Ishmael was the first to cover the Kaaba with a curtain and to roof the Kaaba with wood and mud on wooden pillars. Also, the pilgrims, seeing the [[Ka'ba|Kaaba]] being roofed, decided to help Ishmael. They brought [[sacrifice]]s with them, and Ishmael, with divine guidance, slaughtered the sacrifices and distributed them among the pilgrims.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, pp. 203-205; Ilal al-Shara'i, vol. 2, pp. 587-588; Wasa'il al-Shi'ah, vol. 13, pp. 210-212.</ref> | ||
== Ishmael's Performance of Hajj == | == Ishmael's Performance of Hajj == | ||
Abraham and Ishmael, during the construction of the Kaaba, asked God to show them how to worship and perform their rituals.<ref>Surah Al-Baqarah: verse 128.</ref> Exegetes have interpreted "rituals" as [[Hajj rituals]] such as [[Tawaf]], [[Sa' | Abraham and Ishmael, during the construction of the Kaaba, asked God to show them how to worship and perform their rituals.<ref>Surah Al-Baqarah: verse 128.</ref> Exegetes have interpreted "rituals" as [[Rituals of tamattuʿ|Hajj rituals]] such as [[Tawaf]], [[Sa'y]], [[Wuquf at 'Arafat]], [[Ramy|Ramy al-Jamarat]], and similar acts, which God taught them.<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, vol. 1, p. 769; Al-Tibyan, vol. 1, pp. 464 and 465; Majma' al-Bayan, vol. 1, p. 392.</ref> | ||
The apparent meaning of some verses refers to Abraham and Ishmael performing the Hajj rituals.<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, vol. 1, p. 769; Al-Tibyan, vol. 1, p. 464.</ref> Based on some narrations, in the first Hajj, Gabriel accompanied Abraham and Ishmael from the beginning to the end of the rituals and taught them each act of Hajj.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 202; Ilal al-Shara'i, vol. 2, p. 587; Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 12, pp. 93 and 96.</ref> According to Shi'ite hadith scholars, Ishmael also performed Hajj in subsequent years.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, pp. 203 and 205; Ilal al-Shara'i, vol. 2, pp. 587 and 588; Wasa'il al-Shi'ah, vol. 13, pp. 210 and 212.</ref> | The apparent meaning of some verses refers to Abraham and Ishmael performing the Hajj rituals.<ref>Jami' al-Bayan, vol. 1, p. 769; Al-Tibyan, vol. 1, p. 464.</ref> Based on some narrations, in the first Hajj, Gabriel accompanied Abraham and Ishmael from the beginning to the end of the rituals and taught them each act of Hajj.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 202; Ilal al-Shara'i, vol. 2, p. 587; Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 12, pp. 93 and 96.</ref> According to Shi'ite hadith scholars, Ishmael also performed Hajj in subsequent years.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, pp. 203 and 205; Ilal al-Shara'i, vol. 2, pp. 587 and 588; Wasa'il al-Shi'ah, vol. 13, pp. 210 and 212.</ref> | ||
== Role of Ishmael's Descendants in the History of the Kaaba == | == Role of Ishmael's Descendants in the History of the Kaaba == | ||
Ishmael was responsible for the development and administration of the [[Kaaba]] and the [[Hajj rituals]] until the end of his life. After him, his son took over Ishmael's responsibilities. The administration of the Kaaba throughout many periods of history was always entrusted to Ishmael's descendants, who inherited it generation after generation.<ref>Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 1, pp. 221-223; Al-Kamil, vol. 2, p. 42; Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, Ibn Kathir, vol. 1, p. 57.</ref> In some periods, due to religious deviation and some conflicts, the custodianship was not in the hands of Ishmael's descendants.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 21; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 1, p. 241.</ref> The custodianship of the Kaaba was for a time in the hands of the [[Jurhum tribe]].<ref>Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, vol. 1, p. 111; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 1, p. 222; Tarikh Tabari, vol. 2, p. 37; Akhbar Makkah, Azraqi, vol. 1, pp. 81-82.</ref> These positions remained in the hands of the [[Quraysh tribe]], who were descendants of Ishmael, until the time of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)]].<ref>Futuh al-Sham, vol. 2, p. 141.</ref> | Ishmael was responsible for the development and administration of the [[Ka'ba|Kaaba]] and the [[Hajj rituals]] until the end of his life. After him, his son took over Ishmael's responsibilities. The administration of the Kaaba throughout many periods of history was always entrusted to Ishmael's descendants, who inherited it generation after generation.<ref>Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 1, pp. 221-223; Al-Kamil, vol. 2, p. 42; Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, Ibn Kathir, vol. 1, p. 57.</ref> In some periods, due to religious deviation and some conflicts, the custodianship was not in the hands of Ishmael's descendants.<ref>Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 21; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 1, p. 241.</ref> The custodianship of the Kaaba was for a time in the hands of the [[Jurhum tribe]].<ref>Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, vol. 1, p. 111; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 1, p. 222; Tarikh Tabari, vol. 2, p. 37; Akhbar Makkah, Azraqi, vol. 1, pp. 81-82.</ref> These positions remained in the hands of the [[Quraysh tribe]], who were descendants of Ishmael, until the time of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)]].<ref>Futuh al-Sham, vol. 2, p. 141.</ref> | ||
== Footnotes == | == Footnotes == | ||
{{Footnotes}} | {{Footnotes}} | ||