Gabriel: Difference between revisions
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==Gabriel’s Role in the World== | ==Gabriel’s Role in the World== | ||
The Holy Quran, in numerous verses, refers to the role of angels in the affairs of the world | The Holy Quran, in numerous verses, refers to the role of angels in the affairs of the world<ref>Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79), verse, 1; Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79), verse 5; Sūrat al-Dhāriyāt (51), verse 4; al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān", vol. 30, p. 18–20; al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān",vol. 26, p. 116–117; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 18, p. 364–365; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 20, p. 180.</ref> | ||
al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān", vol. 30, p. 18–20 | |||
Considering the various attributes mentioned in the Holy Quran for Gabriel ( | Considering the various attributes mentioned in the Holy Quran for Gabriel(a), it can be understood that, in addition to his exalted status with God, this angel plays an important role in managing the affairs of existence, the most significant of which is the revelation of divine guidance.<ref>Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), verse 97; Sūrat al-Naḥl (16), verse, 102.</ref> and its instruction<ref>Sūrat al-Najm (53), verse 5; al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān ", vol. 27, p. 25. ,,, Ibn Kathīr, " Tafsīr Ibn Kathīr" , vol. 7, p. 412; Ibn al-Jawzī, " Zād al-Masīr", vol. 4, p. 184; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 19, p. 27.</ref>to the Prophet of Islam(s). | ||
Regarding Gabriel’s (a) role in cosmic affairs, for example, one can refer to the expansion of the earth (Dahw al-Ard). It is said that the spreading of the earth mentioned in the verseوَالاَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذَلِکَ دَحَاهَا﴾<ref>Al-Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79), verse, 30.</ref> | |||
It is mentioned that this was carried out by Gabriel (a) from beneath the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, " Rawḍ al-Jinān" , vol. 20, p. 140.</ref> | |||
It is mentioned that this was carried out by Gabriel ( | |||
==Teaching Hajj to Adam(a)== | ==Teaching Hajj to Adam(a)== | ||
According to Shia narrations, the descent of Adam and Eve from Paradise to the land of Mecca, and the placement of Adam (peace be upon him) on Mount Safa and Eve on Mount Marwah, was carried out by God’s command and through Gabriel ( | According to Shia narrations, the descent of Adam and Eve from Paradise to the land of Mecca, and the placement of Adam (peace be upon him) on Mount Safa and Eve on Mount Marwah, was carried out by God’s command and through Gabriel (a). | ||
Then Gabriel (a), by God’s command, erected one of the heavenly tents at the place where the Ka'ba was later built and placed [[Adam (Prophet)|Adam]] and Eve in it. | |||
The light of the tent’s pillar illuminated the mountains of [[Mecca]] and its surroundings, and God named the area reached by the pillar’s light as the Sacred Sanctuary (Haram). | |||
Then Gabriel (a), by God’s command, dismantled the tent and built the Ka'ba in its place.<ref>al-Kulaynī , "Al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 195–197; al-ʿAyāshī , "Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī ", vol. 1, p. 35–38.</ref> | |||
On the eighth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, Adam (a) was commanded to perform Ghusl (ritual purification) and enter Ihram, and then the rituals of Hajj, such as Talbiyah, standing at Mina and [[Arafat]], [[Taqsir or Halq|Halq]] (shaving the head), stoning the Jamrah, and [[Tawaf]], were taught to him.<ref>al-Qummī , "Tafsīr al-Qummī" , vol. 1, p. 44–45; al-Kulaynī , " al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 191–194.</ref> | |||
Gabriel ( | According to Sunni narrations, Gabriel (a) also accompanied Adam (a) in the plains of Arafat and [[Mina]]. | ||
he | In Arafat, he reminded Adam that the angels had performed Tawaf around the House of God fifty thousand years before his creation.<ref>al-Ḥalabī , "Al-Sīrah al-Ḥalabiyyah", vol. 1, p. 219; al-Ṣāliḥī , "Subul al-Hudā" ,vol. 1, p. 209; al-Suyūṭī , "al-Durr al-Manthūr", vol. 1, p. 315.</ref> When parting from Adam(a) in the land of Mina, he said: “Tamann” means: “Ask God for whatever you wish.<ref>al-ʿAynī ,"ʿUmdat al-Qārī", vol. 7, p. 118. </ref> | ||
According to a Shia narration, Gabriel(a) said these words to [[Abraham (a)|Abraham]].<ref>al-Ṣadūq," ʿUyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā, vol. 1, p. 98.</ref> | |||
Abraham and Ishmael | For this reason, this land was named Mina.<ref>al-Ṣadūq," ʿUyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā, vol. 1, p. 98.</ref>Teaching Abraham and Ishmael After Hagar and Ishmael settled in Mecca, causing the Zamzam water to flow beneath Ishmael’s feet was one of Gabriel’s (a) missions.<ref>al-Ṣadūq," Al-Khiṣāl, vol. 1, p. 455; Ibn Isḥāq , "Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq", p. 26; al-Kulaynī, " al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 202.</ref> | ||
For this reason, one of the names of Zamzam is Raqdat Jibril (the place where Gabriel stepped).<ref>al-Ṣadūq," Al-Khiṣāl", p. 455; al-ʿAynī ,"ʿUmdat al-Qārī", vol. 9, p. 277.</ref> | |||
When Abraham(a) was commanded by God to build the Ka'ba, Gabriel (a) showed him its location.<ref>Sūrat al-Ḥajj (22), verse, 26; | |||
Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī , "Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 2, p. 168; Kāshānī , "Manhaj al-Ṣādiqīn", vol. 6, p. 142.</ref> | |||
Then, upon reaching the location of the Black Stone, he sent Ishmael(a) to bring a stone for that place.* (37)** <ref>Al-Mustadrak, vol. 1, p. 629.</ref> | |||
Gabriel(a), who had hidden the Black Stone on Mount Abu Qubays during the flood of Noah(a),<ref>Ibn Isḥāq , "Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq", p. 96.</ref> he entrusted it to Ishmael (a) to give to his father.<ref>Al-Mustadrak, vol. 1, p. 629.</ref> *** | |||
After the construction of the Ka'ba, Gabriel (a) commanded Abraham(a) to call people to [[Hajj]].<ref>Ibn Abī Jumhūr, "ʿAwālī al-Luʾālī", vol. 4, p. 35–36.</ref> | |||
Abraham and Ishmael (a) asked God to teach them the rituals of Hajj.<ref>Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), verse, 128.</ref> | |||
Gabriel (a) came to the two of them and taught them the rituals of Hajj.<ref>al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī" ,vol. 4, p. 202–203; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī , " Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 2, p. 160/ 171; al-Qurṭubī, " Tafsīr al-Qurṭubī" , vol. 2, p. 128–129.</ref> | |||
In Islamic narrations, there are details of Gabriel’s accompaniment of Abraham in [[Muzdalifah]],<ref>al-Barqī , "Al-Maḥāsin", vol. 2, p. 336; al-Ṣadūq, " ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ", vol. 2, p. 436.</ref> | |||
Arafah,<ref>al-Ṣadūq, " ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ", vol. 2, p. 436; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, " Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 3, p. 123; al-Fakhr al-Rāzī, " al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr" , vol. 4, p. 55.</ref> and the Jamrat<ref>al-Ṣadūq, " ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ" , vol. 2, p. 437.</ref>have been reported. | |||
According to some Sunni narrations, Abraham, with Gabriel’s guidance, determined and marked the boundaries of the Sacred Sanctuary of Mecca.<ref>al-Fākhī, " Akhbār Makkah" , vol. 2, p. 259; al-Ṣanʿānī, " al-Muṣannaf " ,vol. 5, p. 25.</ref> | |||
==Teaching Moses== | ==Teaching Moses== | ||
According to a Shia narration, Gabriel ( | According to a Shia narration, Gabriel(a) was also present when Moses(a) performed Hajj, and in response to Moses’ question about the reward for one who performs Hajj sincerely, he conveyed God’s message that such a person would be placed in the highest realm of Paradise alongside the prophets, the truthful, the martyrs, and the righteous<ref>al-Ṣadūq, " Man lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh ", vol. 2, p. 235–236.</ref> | ||
==Gabriel During the Prophethood== | ==Gabriel During the Prophethood== | ||
The prophethood of the Prophet ( | The prophethood of the Prophet(a) began with the revelation of verses of the Quran to him by Gabriel(a) in the [[Cave of Hira]].<ref>al-Dhahabī , "Tārīkh al-Islām wa Wafayāt al-Mashāhīr " , vol. 1, p. 65.</ref> | ||
Praying in Mecca led by Gabriel | After that, Gabriel(a) continuously appeared to the Prophet(s) throughout the 23 years of his prophethood, whether in [[Mecca]] or [[Medina]], for the revelation of Quranic verses and to guide and assist him in specific situations.<ref>Al-Isrāʾ, Sūrat al-Isrāʾ (17), verse, 1; al-ʿAyāshī, " Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī" , vol. 2, p. 276–277; al-Thaʿlabī, "Tafsīr Thaʿlabī (al-Kashf wa al-Bayān " ,vol. 6, p. 55.</ref> Praying in Mecca led by Gabriel <ref>al-Azraqī, "Akhbār Makkah ",vol. 1, p. 178; al-Nawawī, " al-Majmūʿ" , vol. 3, p. 18.</ref> | ||
Accompanying the Prophet ( | Accompanying the Prophet(s) during the Mi’raj and informing him of the Quraysh’s plot to kill him,<ref> Sūrat Yā Sīn (36), verse, 9; al-Qummī, "Tafsīr al-Qummī" , vol. 1, p. 275–276; al-Majlisī , "Biḥār al-Anwār " ,vol. 19, p. 46; al-Majlisī , "Biḥār al-Anwār " ,vol. 19, pp. 50–51; al-Majlisī , "Biḥār al-Anwār " ,vol. 19, p. 54.</ref> are among these instances. | ||
are among these instances | |||
==Gabriel After the Migration of the Prophet of Islam== | ==Gabriel After the Migration of the Prophet of Islam== | ||
It is reported that in Medina, Gabriel ( | It is reported that in Medina, Gabriel(a) often appeared to the Prophet(a) in the form of “Dihyah al-Kalbi,” who was one of the companions of the Prophet and a handsome man.<ref>al-Ṭabarānī, "Al-Muʿjam al-Awsaṭ ", vol. 1, p. 7. al-Haythamī, " Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid ",vol. 8, p. 257.</ref> | ||
Whenever Gabriel(a) came to the Prophet(s), he would stop at a place near his house and seek permission to enter.<ref>Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī " vol. 4, p. 452_ p. 557.</ref> | |||
In another narration, it is reported that at the end of the Battle of the Trench, Gabriel(a) came to the Prophet(s) at this place and conveyed God’s message instructing him to prepare for the battle against the Jews of Banu Qurayza.<ref>al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ " ,vol. 1, p. 236–237.</ref> | |||
By God’s command, Gabriel(a) participated in certain battles, such as [[Badr]],<ref>al-Bukhārī, " Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" , vol. 5, p. 14; al-Qummī, " Tafsīr al-Qummī" , vol. 1, pp. 266–267; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, " Rawḍ al-Jinān ",vol. 9, p. 71.</ref> | |||
He also assisted the Muslims in the battles of Uhud,<ref>Muslim, " Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim", vol. 7, p. 72; Ibn Shahr Āshūb, "Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib", vol. 2, p. 78.</ref> Khaybar<ref>Maybudī , "Kashf al-Asrār " , vol. 9, p. 214; Ḥusaynī Shāh ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīmī, " Tafsīr Ithnāʿasharī", vol. 12, p. 160.</ref> and against the Jews of Banu Qurayza.<ref>Maybudī , " Kashf al-Asrār", vol. 8, p. 39; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī", Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 15, p. 396; al-Ṭabarasī , "Majmaʿ al-Bayān " ,vol. 8, p. 551–552.</ref> Narrations report Gabriel’s accompaniment during the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah<ref>al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān", vol. 30, p. 212; al-Suyūṭī , "al-Durr al-Manthūr", vol. 6, p. 403; Mudarrisī, "Min Hudā al-Qurʾān ", vol. 18, p. 395.</ref> and the Conquest of Mecca.<ref>al-Zamakhsharī , "Al-Kashshāf ", vol. 2, p. 689; al-Ṭabarasī, " Jawāmiʿ al-Jāmi", vol. 2, p. 342; al-Kāshānī, "Zubdat al-Tafāsīr" , vol. 4, p. 64.</ref> | |||
==Gate of Gabriel== | ==Gate of Gabriel== | ||