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'''Masjid ʿUtbān b. Mālik''' (The Mosque of ʿUtban b. Malik)
The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
Masjid ʿUtban b. Malik is located in [[Medina]], to the north of [[Masjid al-Jumuʿa]] (the Friday Mosque), in an open area facing it. ʿUtban b. Malik was one of the [[Ansar]] (Helpers) and companions of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], and he participated in the [[Battle of Badr]]. The Prophet (s) prayed in a corner of his house, and for this reason, ʿUtbān designated that area as his place of prayer.
Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings.
 
This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr.
During the development and urban renewal project in 2015 (1393 SH), the walls of Masjid ʿUtban were demolished, and the remains of the structure were preserved as a historical and tourist site.
The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary.
==ʿUtban b. Malik==
Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Utban b. Malik was one of the [[Ansar]] of the Prophet (s) from the Bani Salim tribe of the [[Khazraj]] tribe. He was a companion{{eNote|Companions and supporters present during the time of the Prophet (s)}} of the Prophet(s) and participated in the [[Battle of Badr]]. He passed away in the year 50 AH.<ref>Usd al-Ghāba, Ibn al-Athīr, vol. 3, pp. 359–360.</ref>
==Boundaries==
 
The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz.
==The Prophet’s Prayer in ʿUtbān’s House==
This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113.
Due to his inability to attend congregational prayers, ʿUtbān asked [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] to pray in a corner of his house so that he could designate it as his prayer place, and the Prophet (s) agreed.<ref>Usd al-Ghāba, Ibn al-Athīr, vol. 3, p. 360; [https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aتاریخ_مدینه_ابن_شبه.pdf&page=71 Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Munawwara, Ibn Shabba, p. 71.]</ref>
And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.  
 
==Structure of the Mosque==  
Masjid ʿUtbān ibn Mālik is located to the north of [[Masjid al-Jumuʿa]] in an open area facing it.<ref name=":0">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:مساجد_الاثریه.pdf&page=120 Masājid al-Athariyya, Ilyās ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 120.]</ref> Since around the 8th century AH, the location of this mosque has been identified within the fortress of Muzdalifa.<ref name=":1" /> Muzdalifa, during the time of al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), was a ruined fortress to the north of Masjid al-Jumuʿa,<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aوفاء_الوفاء_سمهودی_ج۳.pdf&page=249 Wafāʾ al-Wafā, al-Samhūdī, vol. 3, p. 249.]</ref> and al-ʿAbbāsī, a historian of the 10th century AH, confirms this information.<ref name=":2">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:عمده_الاخبار_فی_مدینه_المختار.pdf&page=182 ʿUmdat al-Akhbār fī Madīnat al-Mukhtār, al-ʿAbbāsī, p. 182.]</ref> Al-ʿAyyāshī, in his travelogue (1073 AH/1662 CE), also found the mosque in a ruined fortress to the north of Masjid al-Jumuʿa, describing it as a small, roofless mosque.<ref name=":3">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aالرحله_العياشيه،_ج_1.pdf&page=390 Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya, vol. 1, p. 390.]</ref>
 
==Reconstruction of the Structure== 
[[Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Mutri]] (d. 741 AH), a historian of Medina in the 8th century AH, described the structure as having walls that did not exceed half the height of a person.<ref name=":1">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aالتعریف_بما_انست_الهجرة.pdf&page=134 Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra, al-Muṭrī, p. 134.]</ref> According to [[al-Samhūdī]] (d. 911 AH), the structure mentioned by al-Muṭrī had disappeared by his time, and a group of non-Arabs had rebuilt and revived it in a new form. The roof of the new structure was repaired by Muḥammad ibn Qāwān after its collapse.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aوفاء_الوفاء_سمهودی_ج۳.pdf&page=169 Wafāʾ al-Wafā, al-Samhūdī, vol. 3, p. 169.]</ref> He was born in 820 AH and passed away in 889 AH, a scholar of ḥadīth and history who lived in Cairo and performed the Hajj multiple times.<ref>Al-Ḍawʾ al-Lāmiʿ li-Ahl al-Qarn al-Tāsiʿ, al-Sakhāwī, vol. 7, p. 54.</ref>
 
Aḥmad al-ʿAbbāsī, a researcher and historian of Medina, claimed that in the year 1036 AH, he discovered this mosque, which was unknown at the time, and carried out minor renovations.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:عمده_الاخبار_فی_مدینه_المختار.pdf&page=183 ʿUmdat al-Akhbār fī Madīnat al-Mukhtār, al-ʿAbbāsī, p. 183.]</ref> Al-ʿAyyāshī, in his travelogue (1073 AH/1662 CE), also found the mosque as a small, roofless structure.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده%3Aالرحله_العياشيه،_ج_1.pdf&page=390 Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya, vol. 1, p. 390.]</ref>
 
==Current Condition of the Mosque== 
According to Ilyās ʿAbd al-Ghanī, a researcher of Medina’s geography, Masjid ʿUtbān in the year 1417 AH (1996 CE) was an empty plot of land surrounded by a white wall.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:مساجد_الاثریه.pdf&page=120 Masājid al-Athariyya, p. 120.]</ref> 
 
Other reports indicate that in 1393 SH (2015 CE/1435 AH), the Saudi government demolished the walls of Masjid ʿUtbān as part of a development and urban renewal project;<ref>Al-Alam News Website, [https://fa.alalam.ir/news/1682500/خشم-مردم-عربستان-از-تخریب-مسجد-تاریخی-در-مدینه-منوره Persian Version] and [https://www.alalam.ir/news/1682430/غضب-بالسعودية-اثر-ازالة-مسجد-اثري-في-المدينة-المنورة Arabic Version of the Same News].</ref> however, the underlying remains of the structure were preserved as a historical and tourist site.<ref>[https://makkah-almadinah.com/almadinah-attractions/itban-bin-malik/ Makkah and Medina Shrines Website].</ref>
 
==Historical Images of the Mosque and Its Mihrab== 
<gallery>
File:عتبان 3.jpg|Aerial view near Masjid al-Jumuʿa
File:1403-05-28 18 03 13-Google Maps.png|Distant view of the mosque near ʿAbd al-Majīd Street
File:عتبان6.png|alt=
File:عتبان4.jpg|alt=
File:عتبان5.jpg|The only existing image of the mosque’s interior and its mihrab
File:عتبان بن مالک.jpg|alt=
File:عتبان.jpg|alt=
</gallery>
 
==Images After the Saudi Development Project in 2015 CE== 
 
===Initial Images After Demolition=== 
<gallery>
File:1403-05-28 17 44 47-Mosque of Atban Bin Malik - Google Maps.png|alt=
File:Alalam 635611550987617648 25f 4x3.jpg|alt=
File:عتبان2.jpg|Aerial view of the remaining structure of Masjid ʿUtbān to the north of Masjid al-Jumuʿa
</gallery>
 
===Current Condition of the Mosque===
<gallery>
File:Itban-bin-malik-2-1024x768.jpg|alt=
File:1403-05-28 17 45 25-Mosque of Atban Bin Malik - Google Maps.png|alt=
File:Itban-bin-malik-1-1024x768.jpg|alt=
File:1403-05-28 17 45 35-Mosque of Atban Bin Malik - Google Maps.png|alt=
File:Itban-bin-malik-3-1024x768.jpg|alt=
</gallery>


In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
==Why it became a Haram==
Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram).
Some of them are as follows:
• Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118  ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī ,  " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216.
• Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him);
• The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area;
• The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area;
• The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.
==Etiquettes and Rules==
Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries
According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him).
Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257.
In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301.
And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
Related topics
•The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn)
•The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==Reference==
{{References}}
{{ref}}
 
.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
1. **Usd al-Ghāba fī Maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba**, Ibn al-Athīr, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Jazarī, Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, Beirut, Lebanon.   
  .Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
2. **Masājid al-Athariyya**, Muḥammad Ilyās ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Maṭābiʿ al-Rashīd, Medina, 2nd edition, 1419 AH.   
  .Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
3. **Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra**, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muṭrī, edited by Sulaymān al-Raḥīlī, Riyadh: Dārat al-Malik ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, 1426 AH.   
.Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
4. **Wafāʾ al-Wafā bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā**, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī, edited by Qāsim al-Sāmarrāʾī, London: Muʾassasat al-Furqān lil-Turāth al-Islāmī, 2001 CE.   
.al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
5. **Al-Ḍawʾ al-Lāmiʿ li-Ahl al-Qarn al-Tāsiʿ**, Shams al-Dīn al-Sakhāwī, Dār al-Jīl, Beirut, 1412 AH.   
  .al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
6. **ʿUmdat al-Akhbār fī Madīnat al-Mukhtār**, Aḥmad al-ʿAbbāsī, edited by Muḥammad al-Ṭayyib al-Anṣārī, published by Asʿad Ṭarābuzūnī, n.d.   
.Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāz. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH.
7. **Tārīkh Madīnat Munawwara**, ʿUmar ibn Shabba al-Numayrī, n.d., n.p.   
.Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH.
8. **Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya**, ʿAyyāshī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad, 2006 CE, edited by Saʿīd al-Fāḍilī and Sulaymān al-Qarshī, Abu Dhabi: Dār al-Suwaydī, 1st edition.   
  .Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH.
9. **Al-Alam News Website**.
.al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH.
10. **Makkah and Medina Shrines Website.
  .Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH.
.Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d.
  .Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
.Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
.al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
  .al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
  .Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.

Latest revision as of 15:01, 13 December 2025

The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

Boundaries

The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.

In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.

Why it became a Haram

Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). Some of them are as follows: • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.

Etiquettes and Rules

Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. Related topics •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)

Notes

Reference

.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
.Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
.Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
.Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
.al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
.al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
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