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'''Balad al-Amin''' (The Secure City) is one of the Quranic names for [[Mecca]], which God swears by in [[Surah al-Tin]]. According to some Quranic verses, [[Abraham (a)|Prophet Ibrahim (a)]] prayed to God to make [[Mecca]] a secure city. Some narrations attribute the security of Mecca to his supplication, while others consider it to have been secure since the beginning of creation.
The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings.
This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr.
The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary.
Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
==Boundaries==
The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz.
This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113.
And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.  


Scholars differ in interpreting the meaning of the security of the Haram. Some consider it to be a **creational security**, meaning protection from natural disasters and safety from killing and hostility. Others view the **security of the Haram** as **legislative**, referring to the sanctity and inviolability of Mecca through specific rulings, such as the prohibition of harming pilgrims, animals, cutting trees, and other acts, which ensure the safety of plants, animals, and humans. Some Shia narrations also interpret "Balad al-Amīn" as referring to the [[Prophet (s)]] and the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], as faith in them ensures safety from misguidance. 
In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
 
==Why it became a Haram==
==Etymology==
Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram).
 
Some of them are as follows:
In most interpretive and historical sources of Muslims, the term "Balad al-Amīn" is considered one of the names and characteristics of the city of Mecca.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 2, p. 281; Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 1, p. 387; al-ʿIqd al-Thamīn, vol. 1, p. 35.</ref> "Balad al-Amīn" is a combination of two words: "Balad" and "Amīn." "Balad" refers to a city or land.<ref>Al-Taḥqīq, vol. 1, p. 328, under "Balad."</ref> "Amīn" is derived from the root "Amn," which means safety and tranquility,<ref>Al-ʿAyn, vol. 8, p. 388; Mufradāt, vol. 1, p. 90; Al-Taḥqīq, vol. 1, p. 150, under "Amn."</ref> or "Āmin," meaning a place of security.<ref>Al-Tibyān, vol. 10, p. 376; Taḥṣīl al-Marām, p. 562; Al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr, vol. 1, p. 695.</ref> Thus, "Balad al-Amīn" means a city of security, tranquility, and freedom from fear and terror.<ref>Al-Taḥqīq, vol. 1, pp. 150–151.</ref> 
• Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118  ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī ,  " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216.
 
• Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him);
==Balad al-Amin in the Quran==
• The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area;
 
• The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area;
The first reference to the term "Balad al-Amīn" comes from verse 3 of [[Surah al-Tin]], which was revealed in the early years of the Prophet’s mission:<ref>See: Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 10, pp. 612–613; An Introduction to the Dating of the Quran, pp. 303–307.</ref> 
• The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.
 
==Etiquettes and Rules==
{{Verse|وَ هَـٰذَا ٱلْبَلَدِ ٱلْأَمِينِ|And [by] this secure city [Mecca].}} 
Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries
 
According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him).
In this verse, God swears by "Balad al-Amīn," which some interpret as a reference to the special sanctity of Mecca and the emergence of Islam there.<ref>Al-Baḥr al-Muḥīṭ, vol. 10, p. 503; Al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr, vol. 30, p. 373.</ref> 
Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257.
 
In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301.
===The Supplication of Ibrahim===
And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
 
They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
In other Quranic verses, it is mentioned that [[Ibrahim (a)]] prayed to God to make Mecca a secure city. Two verses, with slight differences in wording, refer to this supplication. Some narrations attribute the security of Mecca to this prayer,<ref>Tafsīr Ibn Abī Ḥātim, vol. 1, p. 229; Tafsīr Ibn Kathīr, vol. 1, pp. 297–299; Al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 1, p. 121.</ref> while others consider its security to have existed since the creation of the heavens and the earth:<ref>Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, vol. 5, p. 98; Al-Kāfī, vol. 4, pp. 225–226; Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 4, p. 49.</ref> 
Related topics
 
•The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn)
* {{verse|وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَذَا الْبَلَدَ آمِنًا وَاجْنُبْنِي وَبَنِيَّ أَنْ نَعْبُدَ الْأَصْنَامَ|And [remember] when Ibrāhīm said, “My Lord, make this city [Mecca] secure and keep me and my sons away from worshipping idols.”}} (Surah Ibrāhīm, 14:35) 
•The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)
 
* {{verse|وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَذَا بَلَدًا آمِنًا وَارْزُقْ أَهْلَهُ مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ مَنْ آمَنَ مِنْهُمْ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ قَالَ وَمَنْ كَفَرَ فَأُمَتِّعُهُ قَلِيلًا ثُمَّ أَضْطَرُّهُ إِلَى عَذَابِ النَّارِ وَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ|And [remember] when Ibrāhīm said, “My Lord, make this city secure and provide its people with fruits—those among them who believe in God and the Last Day.” He [God] said, “And whoever disbelieves, I will grant him enjoyment for a little while, then I will force him to the punishment of the Fire, and wretched is the destination.”}} (Surah al-Baqarah, 2:126)
 
==Related Concepts in the Quran==
 
Other verses in the Quran also refer to concepts similar to "Balad al-Amin." For example, verses that mention the "Secure Haram," which, according to commentators, refers to Mecca and its surroundings:<ref>Al-Mīzān, vol. 16, p. 150.</ref> 
 
* {{verse|...وَلَمْ نُمَكِّنْ لَهُمْ حَرَمًا آمِنًا يُجْبَى إِلَيْهِ ثَمَرَاتُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ رِزْقًا مِنْ لَدُنَّا وَلَكِنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ|...And We did not make for them a secure Haram to which the fruits of everything are brought as provision from Us? But most of them do not know.}} (Surah al-Qaṣaṣ, 28:57)
 
* {{verse|أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّا جَعَلْنَا حَرَمًا آمِنًا وَيُتَخَطَّفُ النَّاسُ مِنْ حَوْلِهِمْ|Have they not seen that We made [Mecca] a secure Haram, while people are snatched away from around them?}} (Surah al-ʿAnkabūt, 29:67) 
 
==Safety for Those Entering Mecca==
 
Another verse in the Quran, after mentioning the concept of the [[House of God]], states that whoever enters Mecca will be secure:<ref>Al-Mīzān, vol. 3, p. 351.</ref> 
 
{{Verse|فِيهِ آيَاتٌ بَيِّنَاتٌ مَقَامُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَمَنْ دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى النَّاسِ حِجُّ الْبَيْتِ مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلًا وَمَنْ كَفَرَ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَنِيٌّ عَنِ الْعَالَمِينَ|In it are clear signs [such as] the standing place of Ibrāhīm. And whoever enters it will be secure. And [due] to God from the people is a pilgrimage to the House—for whoever is able to find thereto a way. But whoever disbelieves—then indeed, God is free from need of the worlds.}} (Surah Āl ʿImrān, 3:97)
 
==The Meaning of Security==
 
Scholars differ regarding the meaning and implications of the security mentioned in the Quranic concept of the "Secure City." Some consider it to be **creational**, while others view it as **legislative**: 
 
==Creational Security==
 
Regarding creational security, three aspects are mentioned: 
 
* Protection from earthquakes and destruction.
* Protection from famine. 
* Safety from killing and hostility.<ref>Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 1, p. 388; Zād al-Masīr, vol. 1, p. 111; Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 4, p. 49.</ref> 
 
Some proponents of the theory of creational security attribute the occurrence of diseases and natural disasters in Mecca throughout history to the sins of its people.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 2, p. 268; Ithāf al-Warā, vol. 2, pp. 569–570; See: Ṣahbāʾ al-Ḥajj, p. 155.</ref> Some researchers also argue that the creational security of Mecca is not absolute but relative.<ref>See: Tasnīm, vol. 6, pp. 597–598.</ref> 
 
==Legislative Security==
 
Other commentators consider the **security of the Haram** to be **legislative**, meaning that the sanctity and inviolability of Mecca are maintained through specific rulings and regulations that make it a secure area. According to Islamic rulings, certain actions, such as cutting trees, harming animals (except harmful ones),<ref>Al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 226; Al-Majmūʿ, vol. 7, p. 441; Jawāhir al-Kalām, vol. 18, pp. 414–415.</ref> harming pilgrims,<ref>Surah al-Māʾidah, 5:2.</ref> and carrying out punishments or retribution against criminals who seek refuge there until they leave the [[Masjid al-Ḥarām]], are prohibited.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 3, p. 360; Al-Muḥallā, vol. 7, p. 262; Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 32, p. 212.</ref> 
 
==Interpretation of Mecca’s Security as Safety from Punishment==
 
Some interpret the security of Mecca for those who enter it: {{verse|وَمَنْ دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا|And whoever enters it will be secure}}<ref>Surah Āl ʿImrān, 3:97</ref> as safety from the punishment of Hell and entry into Paradise.<ref>Faḍāʾil Makka, pp. 23–24; See: Al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 2, p. 55.</ref> Some narrations state that those who die in [[Mecca]] are safe from the punishment of the Hereafter.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 3, pp. 68–69; Al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 1, p. 133.</ref> 
 
==Interpretation of Balad al-Amīn as the Prophet and Ahl al-Bayt==
 
In some Shia narrations, "Balad al-Amīn" is interpreted as referring to the [[Prophet (s)]]<ref>Al-Burhān, vol. 5, p. 693; Kanz al-Daqāʾiq, vol. 14, p. 341; Bayān al-Saʿāda, vol. 4, p. 264.</ref> and the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]],<ref>Tafsīr al-Qummī, vol. 2, p. 430; Biḥār al-Anwār, vol. 24, pp. 105–108.</ref> as faith in them ensures safety from misguidance in this world and punishment in the Hereafter.<ref>Biḥār al-Anwār, vol. 24, p. 107.</ref> Some narrations also state that entering Mecca with recognition of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) ensures safety in this world and the Hereafter.<ref>Al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 545.</ref> 
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
 
==Reference==
==References==
{{ref}}
{{References}}
.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
 
.Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
*Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-.**Akḥbār Makka*. Edited by ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Duhaysh. Beirut: Dār Khidr, 1414 AH.   
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Latest revision as of 15:01, 13 December 2025

The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

Boundaries

The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.

In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.

Why it became a Haram

Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). Some of them are as follows: • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.

Etiquettes and Rules

Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. Related topics •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)

Notes

Reference

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