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| Masjid al-Bay'ah (Mecca)
| | The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina |
| Masjid al-Bay'ah (Bay'ah Mosque) is an ancient mosque in the city of Mecca, dating back to the 2nd century AH. This mosque is located near Jamarat al-Aqaba and outside the legal boundary of Mina. It is the place where the people of Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet (PBUH).
| | Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. |
| | This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. |
| | The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. |
| | Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). |
| | ==Boundaries== |
| | The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. |
| | This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. |
| | And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10. |
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| According to an inscription on the western wall of Masjid al-Bay'ah, the mosque was built in 144 AH by the order of Mansur Abbasi and was later renovated several times.
| | In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| | | ==Why it became a Haram== |
| Reason for Naming
| | Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). |
| When the people of Yathrib (Medina) became acquainted with Islam, during the days of Hajj, at the Jamrat al-Aqabah, they pledged allegiance to the Messenger of God (PBUH) for the first time. After that, Islam spread in Medina. At the site of this event, which is known as the First Pledge of Aqabah, a mosque was built that became famous as "Masjid al-Bay'ah" (Mosque of the Pledge).(1) Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 169.
| | Some of them are as follows: |
| In sources, other mosques are also referred to by the name Masjid al-Bay'ah:
| | • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. |
| Masjid al-Ghanam, a mosque in Mecca, which was the place where the people of Mecca pledged allegiance to the Prophet (PBUH).(2) Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 2, p. 201 /271. , Qāʾidān, '' Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 106.
| | • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); |
| Masjid al-Jinn, a mosque in Mecca, which is the place where the jinn pledged allegiance to the Prophet (PBUH).(3) Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 2, p. 201. , Ibn Ḍiyāʾ Ḥanafī , ''Tārīkh Makkah al-Mukarrama wa al-Masjid al-Ḥarām wa al-Madīna al-Sharīfa wa al-Qabr al-Sharīf'', p. 181.
| | • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; |
| Location
| | • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; |
| Masjid al-Bay'ah is in Mecca, near the Jamrat al-Aqabah [outside the legal boundary of Mina from the Mecca side], on the southern slope of Mount Thubayr. This area is known as Sha'b al-Ansar and Sha'b al-Bay'ah.(4) ) Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 1, p. 303. , Ḥārithī , ''Al-Muʿjam al-Āthārī li-Manṭiqat Makkah al-Mukarrama'', p. 177. , Bakr, ''Ashhar al-Masājid fī al-Islām'', p. 168.
| | • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118. |
| ... and it is on the left side of someone who is traveling from Mecca towards Mina. The distance from Masjid al-Bay'ah to Jamrat al-Aqabah is more than three hundred meters.(5) Ibn Ḍiyāʾ Ḥanafī , ''Tārīkh Makkah al-Mukarrama wa al-Masjid al-Ḥarām wa al-Madīna al-Sharīfa wa al-Qabr al-Sharīf'', p. 181. , ibn Fahd, '' Ithāf al-Warā bi-ʾAkhbār Umm al-Qurā'', vol. 2, p. 180.
| | ==Etiquettes and Rules== |
| Nowadays, with the development of Mina, the area around Masjid al-Bay'ah, which was previously within the valley and enclosed by mountains, has been cleared. Currently, the mosque is located at the end of the exit path of the second level of the Jamarat towards Mecca, and an iron fence has been placed around the mosque.(6) , Bakr, ''Ashhar al-Masājid fī al-Islām'', p. 169-171. , Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 169.
| | Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries |
| The area of Masjid al-Bay'ah is 500 square meters. The mosque is rectangular in shape, with a length of 27.90 meters and a width of 17 meters. It is constructed of stone and brick and has no roof.(7) al-Barakātī, '' Dirāsah Tārīkhiyya li-Masājid al-Mashāʿir al-Muqaddasah: Masjid al-Khayf - Masjid al-Bayʿah bi-Minā'', p. 232.
| | According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). |
| | | Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. |
| History of the Mosque's Construction
| | In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. |
| According to an inscription from the year 144 AH, which is still preserved and installed on the western wall of the mosque, the construction of this mosque was commissioned by Abu Ja'far al-Mansur Abbasid (reign: 136-158 AH).(8) Al-Ḥārithī ,'' Al-ʾĀthār al-Islāmiyya fī Makkah al-Mukarrama'', p. 217-218.
| | And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| Additionally, an inscription from the year 629 AH is also installed on the southern wall of the mosque, which reports the restoration of the mosque during the time of al-Mustansir Abbasid (reign: 623-640 AH).(9)Kurdī, '' Al-Tārīkh al-Qawīm li-Makkah wa Bayt Allāh al- Karīm'', vol. 6, p. 28.
| | They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| Other sources also mention Masjid al-Bay'ah throughout various centuries; for instance, Ibn Jubayr referred to it during his journey to Mecca in the year 578 AH.(10) ibn Jubayr, '' Al-Tadhkira bi-l-ʾAkhbār ʿan Ittifāqāt al-Asfār'', p. 123.
| | Related topics |
| Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH) also mentioned the existence of the mosque.(11) Ibn Taymiyya, '' Iqtiḍāʾ al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm li-Mukhālafat Aṣḥāb al-Jaḥīm '', p. 426.
| | •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) |
| Al-Fasi (d. 832 AH), the historian of Mecca, described the mosque. According to him, the mosque had two porticoes, each with three domes resting on four archways. Behind these porticoes, there was also an open area.(12) Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'',vol. 1, p. 348.
| | •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki) |
| The mosque was also destroyed at various times throughout history; for instance, a report from the 11th century mentions the destruction of the mosque.(13)*
| | ==Notes== |
| However, during the Ottoman era, the mosque was rebuilt during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909 CE).(14) Gāzī,'' Ifādat al-anām'',vol. 2, p. 49.
| | {{Notes}} |
| There is also a report of repairs to parts of the mosque during the reign of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.(15) al-Barakātī, '' Dirāsah Tārīkhiyya li-Masājid al-Mashāʿir al-Muqaddasah: Masjid al-Khayf - Masjid al-Bayʿah bi-Minā'', p. 232.
| | ==Reference== |
| Gallery
| | {{ref}} |
| "the plan of the Bay'ah Mosque.
| | .Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH. |
| "the inscription of the Bay'ah Mosque.
| | .Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH. |
| "the inscription of the Bay'ah Mosque.
| | .Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH. |
| "the mihrab of the Bay'ah Mosque.
| | .Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d. |
| "references,"
| | .al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH. |
| .. Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh.
| | .al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH. |
| . Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''. Edited by Rushdī Ṣāliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH.
| | .Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāz. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH. |
| . Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. '' Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
| | .Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH. |
| . Ibn Ḍiyāʾ Ḥanafī Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Tārīkh Makkah al-Mukarrama wa al-Masjid al-Ḥarām wa al-Madīna al-Sharīfa wa al-Qabr al-Sharīf**: (d. 854 AH), edited by ʿAlāʾ Ibrāhīm al-Azharī and others, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1418 AH. | | .Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH. |
| | | .al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH. |
| . Ḥārithī Nāṣir ibn ʿAlī :Al-Muʿjam al-Āthārī li-Manṭiqat Makkah al-Mukarrama**:, Ṭāʾif, Fahrasat Maktabat al-Malik Fahd al-Waṭaniyya, 1423 AH. | | .Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH. |
| . Bakr Sayyid ʿAbd al-Majīd, Ashhar al-Masājid fī al-Islām, n.p., Dār al-Qibla, 1404 AH. | | .Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d. |
| . ʿUmār ibn Fahd, '' Ithāf al-Warā bi-ʾAkhbār Umm al-Qurā'' **: (d. 885 AH), edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shalṭūt, Makkah, Jāmiʿat Umm al-Qurā, 1403 AH. | | .Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH. |
| . Nāṣir ʿAbd Allāh al-Barakātī; Dirāsah Tārīkhiyya li-Masājid al-Mashāʿir al-Muqaddasah: Masjid al-Khayf - Masjid al-Bayʿah bi-Minā**: Muḥammad Nīsān Sulaymān Mannāʿ, Dār al-Madīnī liṭ-Ṭibāʿa wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st edition, 1408 AH / 1988 CE. | | .Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH. |
| | | .al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr. |
| . Al-Ḥārithī , '' Al-ʾĀthār al-Islāmiyya fī Makkah al-Mukarrama '' **: 1430 AH. | | .al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH. |
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| . Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh. | |
| • Gāzī, ʿAbdullāh b. Muḥammad '' al-. Ifādat al-anām''. Mecca: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1430 AH.
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| . Fākiḥī Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq, ʾAkhbār Makkah fī Qadīm al-Dahr wa Ḥadīthih**: (d. 275 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Dahīsh, Beirut, Dār Khudr, 1414 AH.
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| . Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1375 Sh.
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