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| '''The Hannana pillar''' (the weeping pillar) was the trunk of a date palm tree that was present in [[Masjid al-Nabī|the Prophet's Mosque]] during the life of the Prophet (s). The Prophet used to lean on it while delivering sermons to the worshippers.
| | The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina |
| It is narrated that after a pulpit was made for the prophet(s), a sound similar to crying and lamenting came from the trunk of the palm tree. For this reason, it was called the Hannana pillar. According to some reports, people thought the Hannana pillar was one of the pillars of [[Masjid al-Nabī|the Prophet's Mosque]]; however, this has been refuted by some historians.
| | Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. |
| It is said that the trunk of that tree was buried in the Prophet's Mosque somewhere next to the pulpit of the prophet and the [[Mukhallaqa pillar]].
| | This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. |
| ==History== | | The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. |
| [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|The Prophet of Islam (s)]] used to lean against the trunk of a date palm tree and speak before a pulpit was made. After the pulpit was made in the sixth or seventh year)1)<ref>Majlisī,''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 21, p. 47.</ref>
| | Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). |
| or the eighth year of Hijra<ref>Khwārazmī, "Ithāra al-targhīb wa al-tashwīq", vol. 2, p. 383. </ref>
| | ==Boundaries== |
| the first time he used the pulpit for a speech and sermon, a moaning sound came from that tree trunk, similar to the moaning of a female camel separated from its baby or like the sound of a cow<ref>Bayhaqī , ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwah'', vol. 2, p. 563-564 , Ibn Sayyid al-Nās ,''ʿUyūn al-athar'', vol. 1, p. 278. , Ḥalabī ,''Al-Sīrah al-Ḥalabīya'', vol. 2, p. 366.</ref>was heard. At this moment, Prophet Muhammad (s) descended from the pulpit and embraced the tree trunk or placed his hand on it until its moaning stopped.<ref>Khargūshī,''Sharaf al-nabī'', p. 430. , Saʿīd ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Qaṭb al-Rāwand, '' Al-Kharāʾij wa al-Jarāʾiḥ'', vol. 1, p. 165-166.</ref> | | The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. |
| According to the book "Muntaha al-Amal," this incident was one of the miracles of the Prophet of Islam (s). According to a narration, the Prophet said that if he had not embraced the tree trunk, it would have continued moaning until the Day of Judgment.(5) Qummī, ''Muntahā al-āmāl'', vol. 1, p. 84.
| | This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. |
| ===name===
| | And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10. |
| They named this tree trunk "Hannana." Hannana is derived from the root "Ḥannā," which means a melodious or sorrowful sound.<ref>Ibn Fāris ,''Muʿjam maqāyīs al-lugha'', vol. 2, p. 24.</ref>
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| Additionally, in Arabic hadith and geographical sources, it is known as "al-Jidh‘," which means the tree trunk.<ref>Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 106.</ref>
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| ===The fate of the tree trunk===
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| Most reports indicate that this tree trunk was buried in the mosque, near the pulpit of the Prophet, at that very time.<ref>Marāghī, ''Taḥqīq al-Naṣrah bi-Talakhῑṣ Maʿālim Dār al-Hijrah'', p. 237.</ref>
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| Some have said it was buried beneath the pulpit, some have said at the bottom left of the pulpit, and others have said it was buried to the east of the pulpit.<ref>Marāghī, ''Taḥqīq al-Naṣrah bi-Talakhῑṣ Maʿālim Dār al-Hijrah'', p. 237.</ref>
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| According to one narration, the Prophet spoke to the tree trunk and asked if it wished to be a fruit-bearing tree in Paradise, from which the friends of God would eat its fruits, or if it preferred to be returned to the garden it once belonged to. It chose Paradise and eternal life.<ref>Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 108.</ref>
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| According to reports, the location where the trunk of Hannana was placed was near the [[Mukhallaqa pillar]].<ref>Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 114.</ref>
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| ===Common beliefs===
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| Reports from certain historical periods suggest that people believed one of [[The Pillars of Masjid al-Nabi|the pillars of the Prophet's Mosque]] was the same pillar as Hannana. Ibn Jubayr (who traveled to [[Medina]] between 578-588 AH/1182-3) reports that people would touch and kiss a piece of wood protruding from under the column's covering for blessing.<ref>Muḥammad b. Aḥmad,''Riḥlat Ibn Jubayr'', p. 149-150.</ref>
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| Ibn Battuta also mentions this report in his travelogue.<ref>Muḥammad b. Aḥmad,''Riḥlat Ibn Jubayr'', p. 149-150. , Ibn Baṭṭūṭah,''Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah'', vol. 1, p. 153.</ref>
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| Matari, an eighth-century historian, also reported a similar account and emphasized the inaccuracy of this belief<ref>Maṭarī, ''Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra'', p. 93.</ref>
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| Maraghi mentions in "Tahqiq al-Nasra" that, by the order of the judge of Medina in 755 AH/1373-4, this part of the wood was covered.<ref>Marāghī, ''Taḥqīq al-Naṣrah bi-Talakhῑṣ Maʿālim Dār al-Hijrah'', p. 241.</ref>
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| ==The virtues of the Hannana pillar==
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| According to some Shia narrations, praying beside Hannana<ref>Nūrī, '' Mustadrak al-wasāʾil '', vol. 3, p. 426. , Muʿizī Malāyirī, '' Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa'', vol. 4, p. 515.</ref>
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| has been recommended. It is said that in these narrations, Hannana likely refers to its location in [[Masjid al-nabi|the Prophet's Mosque]].<ref>[https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details?id=8090 Jahān-i islām encyclopedia, entry: حنانه]</ref>
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| ==In mystical literature==
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| The story of the tree trunk weeping in the absence of the Prophet of Islam has been a focal point in the mystical literature of Muslims.<ref>[https://ensani.ir/fa/article/12596/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87- An analysis of seven narratives of "Stan Hananeh"]</ref>
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| It has been narrated from Hasan al-Basri that when he was narrating the Hadith of the Trunk, he would cry and say, "A piece of wood weeps out of longing for the Messenger of Allah. O servants of God, your longing should be even greater.<ref>Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 108.</ref>
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| | In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| | ==Why it became a Haram== |
| | Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). |
| | Some of them are as follows: |
| | • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. |
| | • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); |
| | • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; |
| | • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; |
| | • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118. |
| | ==Etiquettes and Rules== |
| | Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries |
| | According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). |
| | Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. |
| | In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. |
| | And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| | They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| | Related topics |
| | •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) |
| | •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki) |
| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| {{Notes}} | | {{Notes}} |
| ==References== | | ==Reference== |
| {{References}} | | {{ref}} |
| *Amīnī. ''Al-Ghadīr''. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1387 AH.
| | .Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH. |
| *Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwah''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyyah, 1405 AH.
| | .Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH. |
| *Ḥalabī ''Al-Sīrah al-Ḥalabīyah''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1400 AH.
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| *Ibn Baṭṭūṭah. ''Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah''. Translated by Muḥammad ʿAlī Muwahhid. Tehran: ʿIlmī wa-Farhangī, 1376 SH.
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| *Ibn Sayyid al-Nās. ''ʿUyūn al-athar''. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1414 AH.
| | .al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH. |
| *Khargūshī, Abū Saʿīd Wāʿiẓ. ''Sharaf al-nabī''. Edited by Roshan. Tehran: Bābak, 1361 SH.
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| *Khwārizmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-."Ithārah al-targhīb wa al-tashwīq". edited by Muṣṭafā Muḥammad Ḥusayn Dhahabī. Mecca: Maktabat Nizār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1418 AH.
| | .Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH. |
| *Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
| | .Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH. |
| *Malāyerī, Ismāʿīl Maʿzī, ''Jāmeʿ-i Aḥādīth al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Al-Maṭbaʿah al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1399 AH.
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| | .Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH. |
| *Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥlat Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār Maktabat al-Hilāl, 1986 CE.
| | .Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d. |
| *Najjār, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al-. ''Al-Durrah al-Thamīnah fī Akhbār al-Madīnah''. Edited by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. Riyadh: Markaz Baḥth wa Dirāsāt al-Madīnah, 1427 AH.
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| *Shurāb, Muḥammad Muḥammad Ḥasan . ''Al-Maʿālim al-athīrah''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1383 SH.
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