|
|
| (155 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| "Columns of the Mosque of the Prophet."
| | The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina |
| The Mosque of the Prophet has a large number of columns, some of which, like the Column of Repentance, Tahajjud, Guard, and Compassion, existed in the original structure of the mosque during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), and for this reason, they are of great significance to Muslims. Although the Mosque of the Prophet has been rebuilt several times, the placement of these columns has not changed in the mosque's reconstructions. These columns were last rebuilt and distinguished from the other columns of the mosque during the reign of Abdulmajid I, the Ottoman Sultan, with a change in color.
| | Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. |
| ==The history of the columns== | | This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. |
| Initially, six columns made from the trunks of date palms supported the roof of the Mosque of the Prophet, which was constructed from palm branches and leaves.<ref>Qarachānlū, ''Ḥaramayn-I sharīfayn'', p. 129; Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 1, p. 267; Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'' , vol. 1, p. 246.</ref>
| | The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. |
| In the second reconstruction, the number of columns increased, forming two or three rows, with six columns in each row.<ref>Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'' , vol. 2, p. 346.</ref>
| | Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). |
| In the seventh reconstruction, the mosque expanded, and the number of columns increased. The columns in each row increased from six to nine.<ref>Anṣārī, '' al-. ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 54.</ref>
| | ==Boundaries== |
| In subsequent expansions, the columns of the mosque continued to increase. In recent developments, the columns of this mosque have reached 2104 columns.<ref>Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'' , vol. 2, p. 353.</ref>
| | The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. |
| ===The reconstruction of the columns===
| | This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. |
| In the mosque's expansions, the principle was to ensure that the location of the columns did not change despite changing the material of the columns.<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'' , p. 169. , Qarachānlū, ''Ḥaramayn-I sharīfayn'', p. 131.</ref>
| | And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10. |
| Since the reign of Malik Zaher, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, some of the columns were placed inside the Prophet's Chamber or amidst the latticed walls of the Chamber.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 1, p. 268.</ref>
| |
| The last time these columns were reconstructed was during the reign of Sultan Abdulmajid I of the Ottoman Empire. Since then, until today, along with other components of the southern section of the mosque, they have remained unchanged.<ref>Anṣārī, '' al-. ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 68.</ref>
| |
| ==The blessed and sacred columns of the Mosque of the Prophet==
| |
| There are several old columns whose count varies, and among Muslims, they hold a distinguished position due to an event or memory from the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Praying beside each of these columns is considered highly virtuous.
| |
| ===The column of Imam Ali (Guard)===
| |
| "This column, also known as the 'Guard' or 'Muharras' column, is now located within the wall of the Prophet's Chamber. It originally stood in front of Aisha's house. It is named 'Guard' because Imam Ali (peace be upon him) used to sit beside this column and stand guard over the Prophet (peace be upon him) at night. It is also reported that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) used to perform his prayers at this location.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 179; Anṣārī, '' al-. ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 70; ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'' , p. 182.</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| ===The Column of Repentance===
| | In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| The fourth column from the pulpit and the second column from the grave, the third column from the qibla, relates to the incident of Abu Lubabah's repentance during the Battle of Banu Qurayzah. Hence, it is named the Column of Repentance or the Column of Abu Lubabah.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 179; Anṣārī, ''ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 70.</ref>
| | ==Why it became a Haram== |
| | | Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). |
| According to a narration, the Prophet used to perform most of his voluntary prayers beside this column.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref>
| | Some of them are as follows: |
| It is recommended for a pilgrim to observe fasting from Thursday to Friday in Medina, and on Thursday, to perform their prayers beside the Column of Repentance.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Al-Sarāʾir'', vol. 1, p. 652.</ref>
| | • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. |
| Also, prayers<ref>Shahīd al-Awwal, ''Al-Mazār'', p. 65.</ref>(15)
| | • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); |
| Worship and supplication<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 572.</ref>
| | • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; |
| And seeking blessings beside this column is recommended.<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
| | • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; |
| ===The Column of Delegations===
| | • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118. |
| This column was located behind the Guard column, from the northern side.<ref>Anṣārī, ''ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 72; Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 185.</ref>
| | ==Etiquettes and Rules== |
| It was the place where the Messenger of God (peace be upon him) used to meet with the representatives of tribes.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 185.</ref>
| | Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries |
| ===The Column of the Bed=== | | According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). |
| The Column of the Bed is located in the wall of the Prophet's Chamber, positioned east of the Column of Repentance, and connected to the window overlooking the Noble Rawdah.<ref>Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 71; Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 188.</ref>
| | Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. |
| This column was the place where the Messenger of God (peace be upon him) spent his days during seclusion.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 184; Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 71.</ref>
| | In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. |
| According to some narrations, seeking blessings from this column is recommended.<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
| | And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| ===The Column of Drawing Lots (Aisha, the Emigrants)===
| | They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| The Column of Drawing Lots is the third column from the pulpit, the third column from the grave, and also the third column from the qibla.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 176; Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 69.</ref>
| | Related topics |
| | | •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) |
| And it is located in the middle of the Noble Rawdah.<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'' , p. 173.</ref>
| | •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki) |
| A narration from the Prophet through Aisha has been reported, indicating the virtue of the location of this column.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 176; Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 70.</ref>
| |
| This column is also called the 'Column of the Emigrants' due to the gathering of the Emigrants beside it.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 176; Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 70.</ref>
| |
| According to some accounts, prayers are answered near this pillar<ref>Najjār, ''Al-Durra al-thamīna fī akhbār al-madina'', p. 29. , Maṭarī, '' Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra'', p. 91.</ref>
| |
| It is said that some companions used to perform prayers beside it<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
| |
| Some caliphs, as well as Ibn Zubayr and his son Amir, also prayed beside it<ref>Ibn Zabāla. ''Akhbār al-madina'', p. 101; Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 176.</ref>
| |
| ===The square column of the grave (the Station of Gabriel)===
| |
| This column is in a place where the west wall turns north, in the row of columns of delegations.<ref>Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 72.</ref>
| |
| And a guard is stationed there.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 186.</ref>
| |
| It is called the square of the grave for this reason, which is located inside the wall surrounding the Prophet's tomb, and for this reason, it is not possible to visit it.<ref>Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 72.</ref>
| |
| They have considered this place as the descent of Gabriel to the Prophet and call it the column of Gabriel's station.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 186.</ref>
| |
| Praying in this place is recommended.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 187; Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
| |
| ===The column of Tahajjud===
| |
| The column of Tahajjud is located behind the house of Fatimah Zahra (peace be upon her).<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'' , p. 198.</ref>
| |
| It was a place where the Prophet used to stay awake at night and perform night prayers.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 188.</ref>
| |
| There are narrations and hadiths, including one from Muhammad ibn Hanafiyyah, about the virtue of praying beside this column.<ref>Najjār, ''Al-Durra al-thamīna fī akhbār al-madina'', p. 257; Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh'', p. 73.</ref>
| |
| ===The column of Hananah=== | |
| The column which was the place of the Prophet's speeches in the Prophet's Mosque.<ref>Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa'', vol. 2, p. 564-563. , Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ''Uyūn al-athar fī funūn al-magghāzī wa al-shamāʾil wa al-sīyar'', vol. 1, p. 278. Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya'', vol. 2, p. 366.</ref>
| |
| This column is one of the columns of the holy shrine, and after the column of repentance, the second column is towards the shrine and between the pulpit and the prayer niche.<ref>Shurrāb,'' Al-Ma ʿālim al-athīra '', p. 44.</ref>
| |
| Praying beside it<ref> Nūrī. Mustadrak al-wasāʾil '', vol. 3, p. 426. , Muʿizī Malāyirī, Ismāʿīl. 'Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa '', vol. 4, p. 515.</ref>
| |
| And blessing has been recommended with it<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
| |
| ===The created column===
| |
| "Kholoq" means perfume, and "mokhalleqeh" means scented. This column was a place where they used to place oud (a type of incense) on it to scent the atmosphere of the mosque.<ref>Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 229.</ref>
| |
| This column is also called the Column of the Messenger of Allah.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 174.</ref>
| |
| One of the places where prayers are answered is known to be beside the created column.<ref> Ṣāliḥī, '' Subul al-huda wa al-rishād'', vol. 3, p. 322.</ref>
| |
| Based on a report, some of the companions endeavored to perform their prayers beside this column in an effort to follow the Prophet's (peace be upon him) example.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 174.</ref>
| |
| According to Shia narrations, Imam Reza (peace be upon him) came to the Prophet's grave during his pilgrimage and performed six or eight units of prayer beside the created column.<ref>Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 5, p. 161. , vol. 14, p. 359.</ref>
| |
| Seeking blessings from this column is considered recommended.<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.
| |
| </ref>
| |
| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| {{Notes}} | | {{Notes}} |
| ==References== | | ==Reference== |
| {{References}} | | {{ref}} |
| • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh.
| | .Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH. |
| • Ibn Zabāla. Akhbār al-madina. Medina: Markaz Buḥūth wa Darāsāt al-Madina al-Munawwara, 1424 AH.
| | .Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH. |
| • ʿAṭṭār, Sayyid Ḍīyāʾ b. Muḥammad b. Maqbūl.Al-Taʿrīf bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf. Jeddah: Kunūz al-maʿrifa, 1432 AH.
| | .Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH. |
| .Maṭarī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra. Riyadh: Dār al-malik ʿAbdu-l ʿAzīz, 2005 | | .Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d. |
| • Muʿizī Malāyirī, Ismāʿīl. 'Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa. Qom: Al-Maṭbaʿat al-Ilmīyya, 1399 AH.
| | .al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH. |
| • Qarachānlū, Ḥusayn. Ḥaramayn-I sharīfayn. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1362 Sh.
| | .al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH. |
| • Najjār, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al- .Al-Durra al-thamīna fī akhbār al-madina. Medina: Markaz Buḥūth wa Darāsāt al-Madina al-Munawwara, 1427 AH.
| | .Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāz. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH. |
| | | .Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH. |
| Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī al-Qalʿajī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1405 AH.
| | .Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH. |
| | | .al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH. |
| Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya''. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Khalīlī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1400 AH
| | .Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH. |
| • Ṣāliḥī, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf al-. Subul al-huda wa al-rishād. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad and ʿAlī Muḥammad. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1414 AH.
| | .Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d. |
| • Anṣārī, Nājī Muḥammad Ḥasan ʿabdu l-qādir al-. ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar tārīkh. [n.p], Nādī al-madīna al-munawwara al-adabī, 1996.
| | .Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH. |
| .Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. ''ʿUyūn al-athar fī funūn al-magghāzī wa al-shamāʾil wa al-sīyar''. Edited by Ibrāhīm Muḥammad Ramaḍān. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1414 AH. | | .Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH. |
| | | .al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr. |
| .Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1387 AH. | | .al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH. |
| • Shurrāb, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Ḥasan. Al-Ma ʿālim al-athīra. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1383 sh.
| | .Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH. |
| • Nūrī. Mustadrak al-wasāʾil. Beirut: Āl al-Bayt, 1408 AH.
| | .Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE. |
| .Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH. | |
| • Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara. London: Muʾssisa al-furqān, 1429 AH.
| |
| • Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2006..
| |
| | |
| .Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Tehran: Nashr-i Ṣadūq, 1367 Sh. | |
| .Shahīd al-Awwal, Muḥammad b. Makkī. ''Al-Mazār''. Qom: Muʾassisa Imām Hādī, 1410 AH.
| |
| .Ḥillī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Sarāʾir''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1410 AH.
| |
The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings.
This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr.
The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary.
Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Boundaries
The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz.
This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113.
And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.
In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
Why it became a Haram
Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram).
Some of them are as follows:
• Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216.
• Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him);
• The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area;
• The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area;
• The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.
Etiquettes and Rules
Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries
According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him).
Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257.
In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301.
And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
Related topics
•The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn)
•The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)
Notes
Reference
.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
.Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
.Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
.Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
.al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
.al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
.Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāz. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH.
.Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH.
.Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH.
.al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH.
.Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH.
.Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d.
.Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
.Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
.al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
.al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
.Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.
