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'''Abū Bakr b. Abī Quḥāfa''' was one of the early Muslims, a migrant, a famous companion, the father-in-law, and the first caliph of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet Muhammad(s)]]. He accompanied the Prophet during his migration from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] and participated in all the expeditions alongside him. In the ninth year of the Hijra, during the first [[Hajj]] pilgrimage of the Muslims from Medina, Abu Bakr was appointed as the leader of the pilgrimage. According to reports, in the 11th year after Hijra/632-3, during his caliphate, Abu Bakr also supervised the Hajj pilgrims.
The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings.
This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr.
The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary.
Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
==Boundaries==
The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz.
This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113.
And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.  


==The name and lineage==
In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
 
==Why it became a Haram==
Abu Bakr Abdullah b. Abi Quhafa belonged to the Banu Taym clan of the [[Quraysh tribe]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 142; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 51.</ref>
Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram).
And his mother was Umm al-Khair Salma bint Sakhr, the cousin of Abu Quhafa.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 100.</ref> According to reports, he was born three years before [[the Year of the Elephant]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 151.</ref> It is said that Abu Bakr, at the time of his death, in 13AH/ 634, was 63 years old.
Some of them are as follows:
His name before Islam was Abdul Ka'ba, which the Prophet changed to Abdullah.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref> He was famously known as Abu Bakr and It has been called with nicknames such as Sadiq<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 3, p. 207.</ref> and Atiq.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba'', vol. 4, p. 146-147; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 126-128; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref>
• Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118  ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī ,   " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216.
===Wives and Children===
• Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him);
His wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 101.</ref> His daughters were [[Asma]], the daughter of Umais Khathami, and Habiba, the daughter of Kharija ibn Zaid Khazraji.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 126.</ref> Abu Bakr's wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair. His sons were Abdullah, Abdul-Rahman, and Muhammad, and his daughters were Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum. [[Aisha]] became the wife of the Prophet Muhammad(s), while Asma married Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and became the mother of [[Abdullah b. Zubayr]].<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 167; Mufīd, ''Kitāb al-amālī'', p. 79.</ref>
• The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area;
 
• The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area;
==The conversion to Islam==
• The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.
 
==Etiquettes and Rules==
The conversion of Abu Bakr to Islam is remembered to have occurred after [[Imam Ali(a)]].<ref> Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 266; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 128; Kūfī, ''Al-Muṣannaf'', vol. 7, p. 498; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 316; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 100.</ref>
Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries
After embracing Islam, Abu Bakr bought and freed a number of tortured Muslim slaves from the [[Quraysh]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Maʿārif'', p. 177.</ref>
According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him).
During the Prophet's invitations to the tribes during the [[Hajj]] and in the final years of his presence in [[Mecca]], Abu Bakr, due to his familiarity with Arab genealogies, accompanied the Prophet.<ref>Ṭabarānī, ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr'', vol. 6, p. 62; Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 382-386.</ref> With the Prophet's migration to [[Medina]], Abu Bakr also accompanied him.<ref> Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 100</ref>
Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257.
==After the migration to Medina==
In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301.
[[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet Muhammad(s)]]stood between Abu Bakr and Salim, the freed slave of Hudhaifah.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Maʿārif'', p. 273.</ref> Or Harithah ibn Zaid.<ref>Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'', p. 73.</ref> A brotherhood pact was established. Earlier in [[Mecca]], a brotherhood pact had been made between him and [[Umar]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 206.</ref> Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 318.</ref> Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad(s). Based on a report, in [[the Battle of Bani Mustaliq]] in 5 AH/626-7, the flagbearer was from the Emigrants.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 407.</ref>
And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
 
They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
===Emirate of Hajj in the 9AH===
Related topics
Abu Bakr, in the ninth year, as the Emir of Hajj, led the first pilgrimage of the Muslims.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 132.</ref>
•The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn)
And according to a report, for the proclamation of Sura Bara'at (Al-Tawbah) by the prophet(s), he set out from Medina to Mecca with 300 people.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 188.</ref> In this journey, he had five sacrificial camels with him and was instructed to perform the standing ([[Wuquf at 'Arafat|wuquf]]) on [[the Day of Arafa]] in Arafat, not in Muzdalifa, contrary to the polytheists. He would leave [['Arafat|Arafat]] after sunset and depart from [[Muzdalifa]] after sunrise.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077.</ref> After becoming [[muhrim]] in [[Dhul-Hulayfa]], he met Ali (a) at [[Arj]]. At first, he thought that he had been relieved of the [[emirate of Hajj]].<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077.</ref>
•The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)
But with the words of Ali, he realized that [[Ali(a)]] had been solely tasked with conveying the initial verses of [[Sura Al-Tawba]] (Bara'at).<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077; Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 190.</ref> Based on this, Abu Bakr went to [[Mecca]] alongside Ali and during the pilgrimage, he delivered sermons in [[Mina]] on the afternoon of the seventh day, the Day of Arafa, and the afternoon of [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1078.</ref>
According to reports, including a narration from [[Ibn Abbas]], Abu Bakr was relieved of the emirate of Hajj and returned to [[Medina]].<ref>Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'', vol. 1, p. 3; Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 65.</ref>
==Caliphate==
After the passing of the Prophet (a) and before his burial, a group of [[Ansar]] gathered at the [[Saqifa of Bani Sa'ida]] and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the successor to the Prophet (a).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 459; Mufīd, ''Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra'', p. 119.</ref>
Although before that on 18 Dhul Hijja of year 10 Hijri/ 16 March 632, the Prophet had raised the hand of Ali bin Abi Talib (a.s.) in the farewell Hajj (Ghadir incident) and introduced him to the people as the master and guardian after him.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 27; Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 136.</ref>
 
===Supervision of Pilgrims During the Caliphate===
In the 11th AH/ 632-3, Abu Bakr appointed [[Umar b. Khattab]] as the head of the pilgrims, and he performed[[Umra]] in the month of Rajab of the 12th AH/ 633-4, and in the season of the same year, he became the head of the pilgrims.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 139.</ref>
Some reports suggest that during his caliphate, Abu Bakr did not perform Hajj, and Umar or Attab b. Usaid, the agent of the Prophet (a) in Mecca, carried out the pilgrimage.<ref>Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'', p. 12.</ref> Or he appointed [[Abdul-Rahman b. Awf]] to the emirate of Hajj.<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh-i damishq'', vol. 30, p. 217.</ref>
 
==Death==
Abu Bakr passed away due to illness on the seventh of Jumada al-thani in the year 13 AH/ August 8, 634, after two years, three months, and 26 days of caliphate, at the age of 63.<ref> Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 150-151.</ref> And upon his death, he left behind a date palm grove from the spoils of [[Banu Nadir]], as well as lands in [[Bahrain]], [[Ghaba]], and [[Khaybar]].<ref>Ṣanʿānī, ''Al-Muṣannaf'', vol. 9, p. 101-102.</ref>
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==Reference==
{{References}}
{{ref}}
 
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Latest revision as of 15:01, 13 December 2025

The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

Boundaries

The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.

In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.

Why it became a Haram

Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). Some of them are as follows: • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.

Etiquettes and Rules

Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. Related topics •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)

Notes

Reference

.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
.Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
.Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
.Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
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.al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
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.al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH.
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.Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d.
.Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
.Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
.al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
.al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
.Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.
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