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'''Abū Bakr b. Abī Quḥāfa''' was one of the early Muslims, a migrant, a famous companion, the father-in-law, and the first caliph of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet Muhammad(s)]]. He accompanied the Prophet during his migration from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] and participated in all the expeditions alongside him. In the ninth year of the Hijra, during the first [[Hajj]] pilgrimage of the Muslims from Medina, Abu Bakr was appointed as the leader of the pilgrimage. According to reports, in the 11th year after Hijra/632-3, during his caliphate, Abu Bakr also supervised the Hajj pilgrims.
The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings.
This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr.
The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary.
Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
==Boundaries==
The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz.
This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113.
And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.  


==The name and lineage==
In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
 
==Why it became a Haram==
Abu Bakr Abdullah b. Abi Quhafa belonged to the Banu Taym clan of the [[Quraysh tribe]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 142; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 51.</ref>
Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram).
And his mother was Umm al-Khair Salma bint Sakhr, the cousin of Abu Quhafa.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 100.</ref> According to reports, he was born three years before [[the Year of the Elephant]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 151.</ref> It is said that Abu Bakr, at the time of his death, in 13AH/ 634, was 63 years old.
Some of them are as follows:
His name before Islam was Abdul Ka'ba, which the Prophet changed to Abdullah.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref> He was famously known as Abu Bakr and It has been called with nicknames such as Sadiq<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 3, p. 207.</ref> and Atiq.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba'', vol. 4, p. 146-147; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 126-128; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref>
• Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118  ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī ,   " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216.
===Wives and Children===
• Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him);
 
• The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area;
His wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair.(8)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p101)
• The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area;
His daughters were Asma, the daughter of Umais Khathami, and Habiba, the daughter of Kharija ibn Zaid Khazraji.(9)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā..vol3.p126)
• The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.
Abu Bakr's wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair. His sons were Abdullah, Abdul-Rahman, and Muhammad, and his daughters were Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum. Aisha became the wife of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), while Asma married Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and became the mother of Abdullah ibn Zubayr.(10)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf..vol3.p167,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Kitāb al-amālī..p79)
==Etiquettes and Rules==
 
Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries
The conversion to Islam
According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him).
 
Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257.
The conversion of Abu Bakr to Islam is remembered to have occurred after Ali (may Allah be pleased with him).(11)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'.vol1.p266,,, Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p128,,, Kūfī, Ibn Abī Shayba al-. ''Al-Muṣannaf'.vol7.p498)(12)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p316)(13)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p100)
In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301.
After embracing Islam, Abu Bakr bought and freed a number of tortured Muslim slaves from the Quraysh.(14)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif.p177)
And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
During the Prophet's invitations to the tribes during the Hajj and in the final years of his presence in Mecca, Abu Bakr, due to his familiarity with Arab genealogies, accompanied the Prophet (peace be upon him).(15)( Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr.vol6.p62,,, Maghribī, Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-. ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'.vol2.p382-386)
They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
With the Prophet's migration to Medina, Abu Bakr also accompanied him.(16)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p100)
Related topics
After the migration to Medina
•The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn)
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) stood between Abu Bakr and Salim, the freed slave of Hudhaifah.(17)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif.p273)
•The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)
Or Harithah ibn Zaid.(18)( Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'.p73)
==Notes==
A brotherhood pact was established. Earlier in Mecca, a brotherhood pact had been made between him and Umar(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol4.p206)
{{Notes}}
Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).(20)( Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba.vol3.p318)
==Reference==
Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
{{ref}}
Based on a report, in the Battle of Bani Mustaliq in the fifth year of the Hijri calendar, the flagbearer was from the Muhajirun (Emigrants). (21)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''.vol1.p407)
.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
 
.Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
Emirate of Hajj in the ninth year of Hijrah
.Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
Abu Bakr, in the ninth year, as the Emir of Hajj, led the first pilgrimage of the Muslims.(22)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077,,, Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p132)
.Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
And according to a report, for the proclamation of Surah Bara'at (Al-Tawbah) by the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), he set out from Medina to Mecca with 300 people.(23)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol4.p188)
.al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
 
.al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
In this journey, he had five sacrificial camels with him and was instructed to perform the standing (wuquf) on the Day of Arafah in Arafat, not in Muzdalifah, contrary to the polytheists. He would leave Arafat after sunset and depart from Muzdalifah after sunrise.(24)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077)
.Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāz. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH.
After becoming muhrim in Dhul-Hulayfah, he met Ali (peace be upon him) at Arj. At first, he thought that he had been relieved of the emirate of Hajj.(24)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077).
.Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH.
But with the words of Ali (peace be upon him), he realized that Ali (peace be upon him) had been solely tasked with conveying the initial verses of Surah Al-Tawbah (Bara'at).(24)( )( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077).(25)( ( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya..vol4.p190)
.Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH.
Based on this, Abu Bakr went to Mecca alongside Ali (peace be upon him) and during the pilgrimage, he delivered sermons in Mina on the afternoon of the seventh day, the Day of Arafah, and the afternoon of Eid al-Adha.(26)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī,vol3.1078)
.al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH.
According to reports, including a narration from Ibn Abbas, Abu Bakr was relieved of the emirate of Hajj and returned to Medina.(27)( Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'.vol1.p3,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād.vol1.p65)
.Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH.
Caliphate
.Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d.
 
.Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
After the passing of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and before his burial, a group of Ansar gathered at the Saqifah of Bani Sa'idah and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the successor to the Prophet (peace be upon him).(28)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p459,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra.p119)
.Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
Members of Banu Hashim and some companions refrained from pledging allegiance for a long time because they deemed Imam Ali (peace be upon him) more deserving of the caliphate.(29)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafā,,, Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''.vol2.p124,,, Jawharī Baṣrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ''Al-Saqīfa wa Fadak''.p49)
.al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
 
.al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
Supervision of Pilgrims During the Caliphate
.Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
In the eleventh year of the Hijri calendar, Abu Bakr appointed Umar ibn Khattab as the supervisor of the pilgrims, while he himself performed Umrah in the month of Rajab of the twelfth year of the Hijri calendar. During the pilgrimage season of that same year, he took charge of supervising the pilgrims.(30)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''..vol3.p139)
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.
Some reports suggest that during his caliphate, Abu Bakr did not perform Hajj, and Umar or Attab bin Usaid, the agent of the Prophet (peace be upon him) in Mecca, carried out the pilgrimage.(31)( Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'.p12)
Or he appointed Abdur Rahman bin Awf to the emirate of Hajj.(32)( Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol30.p217)
 
Death
Abu Bakr passed away due to illness on the seventh of Jumada al-Akhirah in the year 13 AH, after two years, three months, and 26 days of caliphate, at the age of 63.(33)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''.vol3.p150-151)
And upon his death, he left behind a date palm grove from the spoils of Banu Nadir, as well as lands in Bahrain, Ghabah, and Khaybar.(34)( Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. Humām. ''Al-Muṣannaf''.vol9.p101-102)
 
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Latest revision as of 15:01, 13 December 2025

The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

Boundaries

The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.

In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.

Why it became a Haram

Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). Some of them are as follows: • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.

Etiquettes and Rules

Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. Related topics •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)

Notes

Reference

.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
.Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
.Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
.Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
.al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
.al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
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.Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH.
.Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH.
.al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH.
.Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH.
.Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d.
.Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
.Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
.al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
.al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
.Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.
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