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| The tomb of Khadija <small>(S)</small>, the resting place of Khadija, the daughter of Khuwaylid and the wife of Prophet Muhammad <small>(PBUH)</small>, is located in the [[cemetery of Abu Talib]] ([[Jannat al-Mu'lla]] or Hajun) in [[Mecca]]. | | The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina |
| | Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. |
| | This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. |
| | The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. |
| | Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). |
| | ==Boundaries== |
| | The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. |
| | This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. |
| | And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10. |
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| Historical sources mention the burial of Khadija <small>(A.S)</small> in Hajun, but the exact location of her grave was not known until the first half of the eighth century of Hijra/629. From the mid-8th century of Hijra, a location in the Mu'lla cemetery in Mecca was identified as the burial place of Hazrat Khadijah, and a tombstone was erected for her. Later, a tall dome was constructed over the shrine in the later centuries. The shrine was demolished in 1218/1803-4 by the Wahhabis but was later reconstructed. However, it was demolished again in 1343/1924-5 with the establishment of the Saudi government.
| | In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| ==Lady Khadija <small>(S)</small>==
| | ==Why it became a Haram== |
| Lady Khadija <small>(S)</small>, the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad, was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad <small>(PBUH)</small>.<ref>Ibn Isḥāq, ''Sīra Ibn Isḥāq: al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya li Ibn Isḥāq'', p. 245; Ibn Maghāzīlī, ''Manāqib ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib'', vol 1, p. 149; Shahīdī, ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām'', p. 39-40.</ref> )
| | Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). |
| Prophet married Khadija at the age of 25.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām'', p. 39-40.</ref>
| | Some of them are as follows: |
| From this marriage, six children were born: two sons named Qasim and Abdullah, and four daughters named Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and [[Fatima]] <small>(S)</small>.<ref>Ziriklī, ''Al-Aʿlām'', vol. 2, p. 302.</ref>
| | • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. |
| In a narration, Prophet Muhammad <small>(PBUH)</small> identifies Khadija <small>(S)</small>, Fatimah <small>(S)</small>, Maryam (Mary), and Asiya as the leaders of the women of the world.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 129.</ref>
| | • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); |
| Khadija lived for approximately 25 years with Prophet Muhammad. She passed away on the 10th of Ramadan in the year 10 of [[Bi'tha]]/, in [[Medina]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 14; Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 416.</ref>
| | • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; |
| ==Location== | | • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; |
| Sources have reported the burial of Khadija in the cemetery of Hajun. This is the same cemetery that was situated in Bab al-Mu'alla and is also known as the [[Bab al-Mu'alla Cemetery]].<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 6, p. 30.</ref>
| | • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118. |
| However, the earliest reports about the exact location of her grave date back to the eighth century and have been recorded in historical sources. The precise location of her grave was unknown before that. Ibn Jubayr (d. 614 AH/1217-8) in the sixth century reported that the graves in the cemetery of Hajun in Bab al-Mu'alla were ruined and forgotten.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 78.</ref>
| | ==Etiquettes and Rules== |
| Taqī al-Dīn, who visited [[Mecca]] in the year 696, mentions that the people of Mecca say the grave of Khadija (s) is in Shu'bah, located on the side of Ma'la, but no grave is visible there.<ref>Tajībī, ''Mustafād al-riḥla wa al-ightirāb'', p. 340-341.</ref>
| | Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries |
| Since the eighth century of Hijra, the grave of Khadija gained prominence in [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]] and has been mentioned in various sources. Ibn Batuta, who resided in [[Mecca]] in the years 729-730/1328-9 , reported that in the Mu'alla cemetery, only a small number of graves, including the grave of Khadija, were recognized.<ref>Ibn Baṭūṭa, ''Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa'',vol. 1, p. 381; Shahīd al-Awwal, ''Al-Durūs al-sharʿīyya fī fiqh al-imāmiyya'', vol. 1, p. 468.</ref>
| | According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). |
| Marjani (770 AH/1368-9), an eighth-century geographer, reported that the exact location of Khadijah's grave in Mecca was unknown. However, it was revealed to one of the righteous individuals in a dream or a state of spiritual unveiling that her grave is next to the grave of [[Fudayl ibn 'Iyad]]. In 749 AH/1348-9, a stone was placed at that location.<ref>Marjānī,''Bahjat al-nufūs wa al-asrār'', vol. 2, p. 1016.</ref>
| | Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. |
| Fasi (d. 832 AH/1428-9), a renowned Meccan historian, expressed doubt about the accuracy of attributing this grave to Khadija. He argued that in Mu'alla, none of the companions of the Prophet were buried.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 376.</ref>
| | In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. |
| Some contemporary researchers have also expressed doubt about the accuracy of attributing this grave.<ref>Jāsir,''Al-ʿArab al-sunna al- ʿĀshira'', vol. 3 and 4, p. 278-279.</ref>
| | And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| | | They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| ==Construction of the Dome and Mausoleum== | | Related topics |
| For the first time in 749 AH/1348-9, a stone with the inscription "«ان هذا قبر السیدة خدیجه»This is the grave of Khadija(s)" was placed on her grave. The dome of the mausoleum of Khadija (on the right) and her son Qasim (on the left) is shown in the image before its demolition.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 2, p. 646.</ref>
| | •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) |
| Later, a wooden box was constructed over her grave.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 2, p. 647.</ref>
| | •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki) |
| In the year 950 AH/1543-4, Muhammad ibn Sulaiman, an Egyptian official, built a shrine and a stone dome for this mausoleum.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 2, p. 647.</ref>
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| He also placed a new box on the grave, covered it with exquisite fabric, and appointed a caretaker for the shrine.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 2, p. 647; Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'', vol. 2, p. 150.</ref>
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| After being demolished by the hands of the [[Al Saud]], the shrine was reconstructed in the year 1242 AH/1826-7.<ref>Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'', vol. 2, p. 151.</ref> And it remained intact until the fourteenth century after hijra. Reports indicate that fabrics were sent by the [[Ottoman rulers]] of [[Egypt]] to be used on the shrine's box during this period.<ref>Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'', vol. 2, p. 170.</ref>
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| Travel accounts from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries after hijra have mentioned the mausoleum of Khadijah. For example, Farahani in 1302 AH mentioned the wooden mausoleum.<ref>Farāhānī, ''Safarnāma-yi Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥusayn Farāhānī'', p. 202.</ref>
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| Rifat Pasha reported in 1318 AH/1900-1 about the tall dome over the grave of Khadijah(s).<ref>Rafʿat Pāshā, ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'' ,vol. 1, p. 30.</ref>
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| ==Destruction of the Mausoleum==
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| With the rise of [[Wahhabism]] in [[Mecca]] and the establishment of the first [[Saudi state]], all structures and domes in [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]] were demolished on Thursday, 29 Rabi' al-Thani 1218 AH/August 18,1803. The graves in this cemetery were leveled with the ground.<ref>Sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam''.vol. 4, p. 422; Amīn, ''Kashf al-irtīyāb'', p. 27.</ref>
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| After the defeat of this state by Ottoman forces, a dome was once again constructed over the grave and mausoleum of Khadijah. However, this structure was also demolished in 1343 AH/1924-5 following the establishment of the third Saudi state.<ref>Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'',vol. 2, p. 151.</ref>
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| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| {{Notes}} | | {{Notes}} |
| ==References== | | ==Reference== |
| {{References}} | | {{ref}} |
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| *Tajībī, Qāsim b. Yūsuf.Mustafād al-riḥla wa al-ightirāb. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ḥafiẓ Mansūr. Tunisia, Dār al- ʿarabīyya li-l kitāb, 1975.
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| *Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn al-. ''Al-Aʿlām qāmus tarājum li ashhur al-rijāl wa al-nisāʾ min al-ʿarab wa al-mustaʿribīn wa al-mustashriqīn''. Eighth edition. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyyīn, 1989.
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