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Pourghorbani

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"Badr Martyrs Cemetery."
The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
"The graveyard of the martyrs of Badr is located in the vicinity of the city of Medina in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. According to historical accounts, the martyrs of the Battle of Badr are buried there. Badr is situated near the city of Medina. The cemetery of the Badr martyrs, according to historical travelogues, was an area adjacent to the Arish Mosque. Today, there is still a cemetery with a wall in the city of Badr, recognized as the burial place of the martyrs of Badr."
Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings.
This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr.
The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary.
Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
==Boundaries==
The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz.
This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113.
And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.


"The Battle of Badr"
In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
"The Battle of Badr was the first military expedition led by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in a region of the same name, occurring in the year 2 AH (After Hijra). At that time, Badr was a gathering place for the Arabs, hosting an annual market for eight days starting from the beginning of the month of Dhu al-Qa'dah."(1)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī'.vol1.p384,,, • Najafī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Madīna shināsī.vol2.p28). "The Battle of Badr, which lasted half a day, concluded with the killing of seventy and the capture of the same number of polytheists. Only fourteen Muslims, consisting of six migrants and eight supporters, achieved martyrdom in this battle."(2)(' Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol2.p12,,, Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī'.vol1.p145-152).
==Why it became a Haram==
 
Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram).
"Martyrs of Badr
Some of them are as follows:
Most historians have identified the martyrs of Badr as fourteen individuals. These fourteen include the following individuals:"(3) • Zāhidī Muqaddam, Muḥammad. Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān .p91).
• Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118  ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī ,  " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216.
"Martyrs of Badr from the Migrants:
• Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him);
 
• The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area;
1. Ubaidah bin Harith
• The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area;
2. Umayr bin Abi Waqqas
• The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.
3. Umayr bin Abd Amr bin Nudlah Khazai
==Etiquettes and Rules==
4. Aqil bin Bukayr
Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries
5. Mihja' Ghulam of Umar bin Khattab
According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him).
6. Safwan bin Bayda
Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257.
 
In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301.
Martyrs of Badr from the Ansar:
And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
 
They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
1. Sa'd bin Khuthaimah
Related topics
2. Mubashir bin Abdul-Mundhir bin Zunbur
•The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn)
3. Yazid bin Harith bin Fushum
•The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)
4. Umayr bin Humam
==Notes==
5. Rafi bin Mu'awi
{{Notes}}
6. Harithah bin Suraqah bin Harith
==Reference==
7. Awf bin Harith bin Rufa'ah
{{ref}}
8. Mu'adh bin Harith bin Rufa'ah."
  .Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
 
.Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
"The city of Badr"
.Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
"Today, the region of Badr, also known as Badr Hunayn, has transformed into a city located 153 kilometers from Medina and 310 kilometers from Mecca. Its population in the year 1425 AH was over 33,000 people, and considering the population of its suburbs, it exceeded 58,000 people."(4)( • Zāhidī Muqaddam, Muḥammad. Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān.p17).
.Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
 
.al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
"Historical reports about the Badr Cemetery
.al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
One of the oldest known reports about the Badr Cemetery dates back to Waqidi (d. 207 AH)."(5)( • Zāhidī Muqaddam, Muḥammad. Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān.p110).
.Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāz. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH.
"According to Waqidi's report, the burial places of the martyrs were at some distance from each other."(6) Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī'.vol1.p147).
.Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH.
"In the fifth century, Bihiqi (d. 458 AH) visited this cemetery as a place of pilgrimage."(7) Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa''.vol3.p125).
.Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH.
"In the sixth century, Ibn Jubayr observed the burial place of the martyrs of Badr in the year 578 AH. According to him, on that day, the battlefield of Badr had been transformed into a date palm grove, and the cemetery of the martyrs of Badr was located behind that date palm grove."(8)( • Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr.p148).
.al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH.
"Approximately a century later, in the year 688 AH, Abdari visited Badr and reported a large cemetery where the graves of the martyrs of Badr were located, west of the Arish Mosque."(9)( • ʿAbdarī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Riḥla al- ʿAbdarī.p346/347).
  .Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH.
"Several centuries later, in the year 1110 (AH 1170), Muhammad Taqi Sharifi Fasi reported about the location of the graves of the martyrs of Badr, surrounded by a short wall. He also mentioned a sanctuary attached to the cemetery. (Sharifi Fasi's travelogue, p. 354). In 1179, Wirthlani reported on the cemetery and the surrounding wall."(10)( • Warthīlānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. Al-Riḥla al- Warthīlānīyya..vol1.p419).
.Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d.
"Other reports do not provide significantly different information."(11)( • Burckhardt, John Lewis. Tarḥāl fī al-jazīra al-ʿarabīyya.vol2.p193-195,,, • Hājib al-Dawla, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. Safarnāma Hāj ʿAlīkhān Iʿtimād al-salṭana..p97).
.Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
 
.Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
"The current status of the graves of the martyrs of Uhud."
.al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
"Mohammad Ali Najafi, who visited the city of Badr between 1354-1357 SH (1975-1978), writes about the graves of the martyrs of Badr: 'During a period of pilgrimage and research in this area, I observed that the graves of the martyrs are situated among the general cemetery of Badr. Similar to all cemeteries in Saudi Arabia, they are flat, nameless, and unmarked. Only a short wall covered with white cement, fenced with iron rods, separates these graves from other tombs, giving them distinction.'"(12)( • Najafī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Madīna shināsī.vol2.p172).
.al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
"The images available today of the cemetery of the martyrs of Badr depict a large graveyard surrounded by a white wall, with the graves marked by specific stones."(13)( "The images of the cemetery of Baqi.")
.Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
منابع
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.
Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya,1410AH-1990.
• Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
• Warthīlānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. Al-Riḥla al- Warthīlānīyya. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa, 1429 AH.
Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH.
 
Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī al-Qalʿajī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1405 AH.
• Burckhardt, John Lewis. Tarḥāl fī al-jazīra al-ʿarabīyya (Travels in Arabia). Cairo: Al-Markaz al-Raqūmī li-l-Tarjuma, 2007.
• ʿAbdarī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Riḥla al- ʿAbdarī. Damascus: Dār al- Saʿd al-Din, 1426 AH.
• Zāhidī Muqaddam, Muḥammad. Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān. Tehran: Hajj and Pilgrimage Research Institute, 1401 sh.
 
• Najafī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Madīna shināsī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1387 sh.
• Hājib al-Dawla, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. Safarnāma Hāj ʿAlīkhān Iʿtimād al-salṭana. . Tehran: Mashʿar, 1379 sh.
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