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| '''The verse of Hajj''' is The 97th verse of Sura Al Imran is the basis for the obligation of Hajj upon all those who are financially able. Some other verses, such as verse 196 of Sura Al-Baqara and verse 27 of Sura Al-Hajj, are also referred to as Hajj verses. Scholars and jurists have interpreted this verse in various ways. For example, according to this verse, Hajj is obligatory for everyone (some jurists even argue for non-Muslims). Furthermore, when one becomes financially capable, they should perform Hajj at the earliest opportunity. It is emphasized that Hajj is a divine right and should only be undertaken for the sake of God's pleasure.
| | The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina |
| ==The verses of Hajj== | | Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. |
| The verses related to Hajj, its pillars, and its regulations are numerous and scattered throughout the Quran. However, the well-known verse referred to as the "Hajj verse," from which many commentators and scholars have derived this interpretation, is verse 97 of Sura Al Imran.<ref>Jaṣāṣ, ''Aḥkām al-Qurʾān'', vol. 3, p. 17; Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 2, p. 70; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 2, p. 52.</ref> Some commentators and jurists have also interpreted the Hajj verse based on [[verse 196 of Sura Al-Baqara]]<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 5, p. 153.</ref> and [[verse 27 of Sura Al-Hajj]].<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Rīyāḍ al-masāʾil'', vol. 6, p. 31.</ref> | | This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. |
| ==The text of the verse==
| | The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. |
| فِيهِ آيَاتٌ بَيِّنَاتٌ مَّقَامُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ ۖ وَمَن دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا ۗ وَلِلَّـهِ عَلَى النَّاسِ حِجُّ الْبَيْتِ مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلًا ۚ وَمَن كَفَرَ فَإِنَّ اللَّـهَ غَنِيٌّ عَنِ الْعَالَمِينَ.<ref>Quran: 3: 97. </ref> In it are clear signs [such as] Abraham's station. Anyone who enters it will be secure. Pilgrimage to the House is a duty imposed on mankind by God, for anyone who can afford a way to do so. Anyone who disbelieves [will find] that God is Transcendent, beyond [any need of] the Universe.
| | Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). |
| | ==Boundaries== |
| | The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. |
| | This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. |
| | And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10. |
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| ==The Revelation of the Verse and the Obligation of Hajj==
| | In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| | | ==Why it became a Haram== |
| Some commentators have stated that [[Hajj]] became obligatory with the revelation of this very verse in the 9th or 10th year of the Hijra (or, in other words, with the revelation of [[verse 27 of Sura Al-Hajj]]), and the Prophet performed the Hajj in the 10th year after the descent of this verse.<ref>Jaṣāṣ, ''Aḥkām al-Qurʾān'', vol. 5, p. 64; Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān'', vol. 7, p. 309; Fāḍil Miqdād, ''Kanz al-ʿirfān'', vol. 1, p. 268.</ref> Others believe that this verse (along with other verses from Sura Al Imran) was revealed in the third year of Hijra in Medina, and the Prophet (peace be upon him) did not have the opportunity to perform Hajj until the 10th year of Hijra.<ref>Qurṭubī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī'', vol. 4, p. 144.</ref> Some consider the timing of the obligation of Hajj to be related to the revelation of other verses, including verse 27 of Sura Al-Hajj,<ref>Qurṭubī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī'', vol. 4, p. 144.</ref> verse 196 of Sura Al-Baqara,<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 5, p. 153; Fāḍil Miqdād, ''Kanz al-ʿirfān'', vol. 1, p. 266, 274.</ref> or verse 96 of Sura Al Imran.<ref>Shahīd al-Thānī, ''Masālik al-ifhām'', vol. 2, p. 119.</ref>
| | Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). |
| ==Contents of the Verse==
| | Some of them are as follows: |
| | | • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. |
| ===Obligation of Hajj, even upon disbelievers===
| | • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); |
| According to this verse, Allah has made [[Hajj]] obligatory for those who are financially able. It is said that the address in the verse includes everyone, be it a man, a woman, a believer, or a disbeliever. Some Shiite jurists and some Sunni scholars believe that based on this verse, Hajj is obligatory for disbelievers just like it is for believers, and Islam has only defined the condition for its validity, not the condition for its obligation.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Muntahā l-maṭlab'', vol. 2, p. 659.</ref>
| | • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; |
| | | • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; |
| ===Financial ability (Condition for the obligation of Hajj)===
| | • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118. |
| In this verse, the obligation of Hajj is contingent upon [[financial ability]] .<ref>Qurṭubī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī'', vol. 4, p. 145.</ref> [[Shiite jurists]] and many Sunni scholars, based on the Hajj verse and [[verse 196 of Al-Baqara]], argue for the immediate performance of Hajj after acquiring the financial means and fulfilling the other conditions of the obligation of Hajj.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Khilāf'', vol. 2, p. 257; Al-Zuhaylī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-munīr'', vol. 4, p. 16; Kāshif al-ghitāʾ, ''Kashf al-ghitāʾ'', vol. 2, p. 429.</ref>
| | ==Etiquettes and Rules== |
| | | Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries |
| ===Meaning of "«من کفر» who disbelieves" in the verse=== | | According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). |
| Commentators have understood the term "«من کفر»who disbelieves" in the Hajj verse to refer to someone who denies the obligation of Hajj.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān'', vol. 4, p. 27; Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān'', vol. 2, p. 538.</ref> However, someone who believes in its obligation but neglects to perform Hajj is not labeled as a disbeliever.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 266; Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān'', vol. 2, p. 538; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 11, p. 16.</ref> According to some commentators, the meaning of "«من کفر» who disbelieves" is not leaving the circle of Islam; rather, it signifies ingratitude for blessings, as acting against divine command, failing to express gratitude for blessings, and disobedience to divine orders are considered a form of ingratitude.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 2, p. 799; Ālūsī, ''Rūḥ al-maʿānī'', vol. 1, p. 115.</ref>
| | Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. |
| | | In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. |
| ===Hajj as a Divine Right===
| | And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| According to verse 97 of Sura Al Imran, [[Hajj]] is one of the divine rights granted to the servants of God. Based on this, it is emphasized that Hajj should be performed solely for the sake of God's pleasure.<ref>Qāḍīʿskar, ''Ḥajj dar andīshi-yi islāmī'', p. 20.</ref>
| | They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. |
| | Related topics |
| | •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) |
| | •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki) |
| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| {{Notes}} | | {{Notes}} |
| ==References== | | ==Reference== |
| {{References}} | | {{ref}} |
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| | .Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH. |
| *Al-Zuhaylī, Wahbah. ''Al-Tafsīr al-munīr fī al-'aqīda wa al-sharī'a wa al-manhaj''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr al-Muʿāṣir, 1411 AH.
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| *Fāḍil Miqdād, Miqdād b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Kanz al-ʿirfān fī fiqh al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir Sharīfzāda & Muḥammad Bāqir Bihbūdī. Tehran: Nashr-i Murtaḍawī, [n.d].
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