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Pourghorbani

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'''Prophet's Miḥrāb'''(Arabic:محراب النبي) is the place where the [[Prophet Muḥammad(a)]] prays, which is located in the [[Masjid al-Nabī]] between the [[Prophet's pulpit]] and his grave. During the period of the Prophet, there was nothing in the form of a miḥrāb, until during the development of the Masjid al-Nabī during the period of Walīd b. Abdul-Malik, a miḥrāb was built in the place of his prayer. Qāytbāy, the king of Egypt (9th/15th century) rebuilt the hollow-shaped miḥrāb by renewing the mosque. this miḥrāb was decorated during the era of Ottoman rule and is still located in Masjid al-Nabī.
The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings.
This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr.
The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary.
Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
==Boundaries==
The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz.
This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113.
And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.  


==History==
In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
During the time of the [[Prophet Muḥammad(a)]], in the place of [[Masjid al-Nabī]] where he prayed, there was no miḥrāb in the form of a hollow-shaped inside the wall. <ref>Ṣāliḥī Lumaʿī, ''Al-madīna al-munawwara'', P. 59.</ref> and the place of prayer of the Prophet, had no sign except that it was next to the [[Mukhallaqa pillar]].<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf  bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'', p. 162.</ref> This was the first time in the development of Masjid al-Nabī. During the period of Walīd b. Abdul-Malik (r. 86-96 AH/705-714-5), a miḥrāb was built at the place of the Prophet's prayer.<ref>Sayyid al-Wakīl, ''Al-masjid al-nabawīī ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 128; Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 260.</ref>
==Why it became a Haram==
 
Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram).
===During the Mamālīk period===
Some of them are as follows:
Although historical sources do not have any reports about the reconstruction of the miḥrāb during the period of [[Baybars Bunduqdārī]] (r. 658-676 AH/1259-60 -1277-8 AD), the fourth [[Mamālīk]] king, some researchers, by examining historical evidence, believe that the first hollow-shaped miḥrāb (carved into the wall) in the reconstructions of the Baybars period was made in the place that [[Prophet Muḥammad(a)]] prayed; Because the reports of the sources before this date did not mention the existence of a hollow-shaped miḥrāb in the place of Prophet's prayer.<ref>al-Shahrī, ''ʿImāra al-masjid al-nabawīī'', p. 227.</ref>
• Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118  ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī ,   " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216.
In the reconstruction of [[Masjid al-Nabī]] during the period of Qāytbāy, the king of Egypt, in 888 AH/1483-4 AD after the fire in Masjid al-Nabī, the miḥrāb was rebuilt in the place of the Prophet's prayer, and in the same period, it was decorated with marble and verses from the Quran were engraved on it<ref>al-Shahrī, ''ʿImāra al-masjid al-nabawīī'', P. 342.</ref>
• Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him);
 
• The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area;
===In the Ottoman period===
• The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area;
In the reconstruction of [[Masjid al-Nabī]] during the reign of [[king Abdul-Majīd I]], the Prophet's miḥrāb, which was left over from the time of [[Qāytbāy]], was gilded. Also, during this time, ʿAbd Allāh Zāhidī, a Turkish calligrapher, engraved verses of the Quran, texts and poems on the miḥrāb.<ref>Ṣāliḥī Lumaʿī, ''Al-madīna al-munawwara'', p. 96.</ref> In the Saudi period, the same miḥrāb of the Qāytbāy period remained.<ref>Ansārī, ''ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī'', p. 170.</ref>
• The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.
 
==Etiquettes and Rules==
==location==
Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries
The Prophet's miḥrāb was built in the place of [[Masjid al-Nabī]] where [[Prophet Muḥammad(a)]] prayed.<ref>Sayyid al-Wakīl, ''Al-masjid al-nabawīī ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 128; Jaʿfariyān,  ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 260.</ref> This miḥrāb is located next to the [[Mukhallaqa pillar]]<ref>Sayyid al-Wakīl, ''Al-masjid al-nabawīī ʿabar  tārīkh'',p. 163.</ref> and in the distance between the pulpit of the Prophet(a) and his grave ([[Rawḍa al-Sharīfa]]).<ref>Sayyid al-Wakīl, ''Al-masjid al-nabawīī ʿabar  tārīkh'',p. 163.</ref> Researchers are of the opinion that this place is the place where the Prophet(a) prayed. <ref>Sayyid al-Wakīl, ''Al-masjid al-nabawīī ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 128; Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 260.</ref>
According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him).
The miḥrāb is placed in such a way that the one who prostrates on it places his forehead on the Prophet's sitting place, not his prostration place. <ref>Sayyid al-Wakīl, ''Al-masjid al-nabawīī ʿabar  tārīkh'',p. 163.</ref> The Prophet's prostration place is placed under the miḥrāb.<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf  bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'', p. 164.</ref>
Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257.
 
In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301.
==Gallery==
And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
file:محراب النبی.jpg|The altar of the Prophet is connected to the Mukhallaqa pillar.
Related topics
file:نقشه مسجد النبی، محراب پیامبر.jpg|The location of the Prophet's miḥrāb in the map [[Masjid al-Nabī]].
•The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn)
file:محراب پیامبر۲.jpg|Decorations of the prophet's miḥrāb with marble and gilding and verses from the Quran are written on it.
•The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)
</gallery>
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==Reference==
{{References}}
{{ref}}
*Ansārī, Nājī Muḥammad Ḥasan ʿabdu l-qādir al-. ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf ʿabar  tārīkh.  [n.p], Nādī l-madīna al-munawwara al-adabī, 1996.
.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
*Hazzaʿ al-Shahrī, Muḥammad .ʿImārah al-masjid al-nabawīī munzu inshāʾihī ḥattā nihāya al-ʿasr al-mamlūkī. Cairo: Cairo: Maktabat al-qāhira li-l kutub, 2001.
  .Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
*Hazzaʿ al-Shahrī, Muḥammad .Al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf fī al-ʿasr al-ʿuthmānī. . Cairo: Dār al- qāhira, 2003.
.Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
*Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ‘’Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna’’. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1391 Sh
.Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
*Ṣāliḥī Lumaʿī, Muṣṭafā .Al-madīna al-munawwara taṭawwurihā al-ʿumrānī wa turāthiha al-miʿmārī. Beirut: Dār al-Nihḍa al-‘Arabīyya, 1981.
  .al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
*Sayyid al-Wakīl, Muḥammad al- .Al-masjid al-nabawīī ʿabar tārīkh. [n.p], Dār al-mujtamaʿ li-lnashr wa al-tawziʿ, 1988.
  .al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
*Sayyid Ḍīyāʾ b. Muḥammad b. Maqbūl ʿAṭṭār.Al-Taʿrīf  bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf. Jeddah: Kunūz al-maʿrifa, 1432 AH.
.Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāz. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH.
{{end}}
.Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH.
.Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH.
.al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH.
.Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH.
.Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d.
.Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
  .Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
.al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
  .al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
.Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.
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