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{{جعبه اطلاعات بنای مذهبی
The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina
| عنوان =Mawlid al-Nabī
Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings.
| تصویر =مولد النبی۲.jpg
This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr.
| اندازه تصویر =300
The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary.
| بنيانگذار =
Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
| Establishment= 2 century AH
==Boundaries==
| Usage= Mosque
The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz.
| place=[[Shiʿb Abi Ṭālib]] - [[Sawq al-Layl]]- [[mecca]]
This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113.
| Another Names = [[Maktaba Makkah Al-Mukarrma Library]]
And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.  
| Related events = Birthplace of the Prophet Muḥammad
| ظرفیت =
| وضعیت = تخریب شده
و در محل آن کتابخانه بنا شده است
| مساحت =
| امکانات =
| شماره ثبت =
| معمار =
| سبک =
| بازسازی = بازسازی‌های متعدد در دوره‌های تاریخی
| وبگاه =
}}
 
'''Mawlid al-Nabī''' (The birthplace of the Prophet <small>(PBUH)</small> is the house of [[Abdullah b. Abdul Muṭṭalib]], where the [[prophet Muḥammad]] (PBUH) was born; This place was located in the city of [[Mecca]] in the neighborhood of [[Shiʿb Abi Ṭālib]]. In the second century of Hijra, [[Khayzrān]], the mother of [[Hārūn al-Rashīd]], bought that place and turned it into a [[mosque]].
Reports from the 6th century onwards indicate that an ornate marble monument for marking the birthplace of the Prophet (PBUH) was built in a part of the mosque. In the reconstruction it on 1009 AH, a large dome and minaret were built for this mosque.
 
The birthplace of the Prophet's Mosque was considered one of the blessed places in Mecca, and every year on the night of the birth of the Prophet <small>(PBUH)</small>, the people of Mecca attended there. Reports from the 10th century have said  the existence of a special and official ritual that was held on the 12th night of Rabīʿ al-awwal  with the presence of the representative of the Ottoman government in [[Mecca]] (the supervisor of [[Masjid al-Ḥarām]]).
Due to the importance and fame of Mawlid al-Nabī, this building has been rebuilt many times by order of kings and nobles, but it was destroyed during the The [[House of Saʿūd]] government like many blessed places and buildings in Mecca (in 1343 AH/ 1303 sh). In the year 1370 AH/1329 sh. In order to keep the memory of this place alive, a library was built in it, which is still there, and it is called ''[[Maktaba Makkah Al-Mukarrma Library]]''.
==History==
The house where prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was born, which was located at the location of [[Shiʿb Abi Ṭālib]]  in a neighborhood called [[Sawq al-Layl]], has been called ''Mawlid al-Nabī (pbuh)'' or the birthplace of the Prophet. In some historical sources, other places have been mentioned as the possible place of the Prophet’s birth, which is not approved by most historians of [[Mecca]].<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>
 
===until the third century===
According to Azraqī in his book ''Akhbār Makka'', who lived in the third century, ''Mawlid al-Nabī (pbuh)'', or the house where the Prophet was born, fell into the hands of [[ʿAqīl]], son of [[Abū Ṭālib]], after his emigration, and was passed on to ʿAqīl’s children until it was handed over to Muhammad b. Yūsuf. Thaqafī was sold and he added it to his house, which was known as the ''White House''. When Khayzrān, the mother of [[Harūn al-Rashīd]], performed [[Hajj]] in 171 A.H., she bought it and built a mosque in it where they pray. Azraqī states that the people of [[Mecca]] have not discord about the birthplace of the Prophet.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 198.</ref> The same report was also given by Fākihī (245 AH), another old historian of the history of Mecca.<ref>Fākihī, ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 4, p. 5.</ref>
 
===Ibn Jubayr's report (seventh century)===
 
[[Ibn Jubayr]] (614 AH) visited this mosque in 579 AH and described it in his travelogue.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, 'Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 82, 125.</ref>He considered the building to be a magnificent mosque that “opens on Mondays in the month of Rabiʿ al-Awwal, which is the month of the Prophet’s (PBUH) birth and birthday and all the people will come there on that day to obtain grace and blessings, and other holy places will also be opened on the same day, and it is always the Day of Resurrection in [[Mecca]].”<ref>Ibn Jubayr, 'Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 154.</ref>
 
According to Ibn Jubayr, the Prophet’s birthplace in this mosque is built in the form of a pond with a width of three wajabs (0.675m), in the middle of which is a green marble with a width of two-thirds of a wajab (about 0.225m), which is said to be surrounded by silver. The [[Miḥrāb]] of the mosque is located in front of this place.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, 'Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 126-127.</ref>
 
===Fāsī's report (ninth century)===
 
More than two centuries later, the Mecca historian Taqī al-Dīn Fāsī (832 AH) gave a description of this place, which was respected and cherished by the people of [[Mecca]], in the book ''Shifāʾ al-gharām''. The building of the mosque is depicted as a square shape with two arcuate arches, which has a large angle in its southwest corner.<ref>Fāsī, Shifāʾ al-gharām, vol. 1, p. 268.</ref>
 
===The report of the ʾulīāʾ Chalbī (11th century)===
 
Two and a half centuries later, in 1081 AH, Turkish travel writer ʾulīāʾ Chalbī saw Mawlid al-Nabī and described it in his book. He has described this building as a large and beautiful mosque, which was a square building with a high dome covered with lead. Chalbī mentioned the decorations inside the mosque, including the precious carpet and the pulpit covered with silk cloth and gold. According to him, the Prophet’s birthplace was a stone in a yellow hole on which the place of his body was imprinted.<ref>Chalbī,''Al-Raḥla al-ḥijāzīyya'', pp. 255-256</ref>
 
===The last descriptions of Mould al-Nabi building before its destruction===
 
Mulla Ibrahīm Kazirūnī, who had the opportunity to visit this house in 1315 AH, writes: “On Friday, the 14th, we went to visit the Prophet (PBUH) birthplace  at a place known as the Mawlid al-Nabī, and that place is located in [[Sawq al-layl]] We went inside and went down approximately fourteen steps. We entered a room named after the mosque. After that, we went to another room. There is a shrine in this room. The servant opened the door of the shrine. There is a pit inside this shrine. In the middle of it there is a green stone, which was the birthplace of Prophet.” <ref>''Safarnām-iy Mulla Ibrahīm Kazirūnī'', p. 366.</ref>
 
MuḥammadLabīb Batanūnī who in 1909/1327 AH. He traveled to mecca in his travelogue and drew a plan from the plan of the Prophet’s building and described it as follows: “When you enter it, you first enter a 12-meter-long and 6-meter-wide playground, which is on the right wall. There is a door, after passing through it you will enter a space on which a dome is placed, in the middle of this space and under the dome leaning against the western wall, there is a wooden compartment inside which is a concave marble stone with a little It has sunk in. It can be seen. This place shows the birthplace of the prophet” <ref>Batanūnī , ''Safarnām-iy  ḥijāz'', p. 146.</ref>
 
==Renovations==
 
The building of Mawlid al-Nabī was the attention of princes and kings and was renovated many times. The list of these renovations is as follows:
 
* Year 576 AH, By Nāsser, [[ʿAbbāsid Caliph]];
* Year 666 AH, King Muzaffar, the ruler of Yemen;
* Year 740 AH, King Mujāhid, the ruler of Yemen;
* Year 758 AH, Amīr Sheikhun, one of the grandees of Egypt;
* Year 766 AH, King Shaʿbān, King of Egypt;
* Year 801 AH, King Ẓāhir Barquq, King of Egypt;<ref>Fāsī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>
 
===In the Ottoman era===
 
* In 935 AH, King Sulaymān ʿthmānī;
* In 1009 AH, by the order of King Muḥammad ʿthmānī under the supervision of Ghaḍanfar Āghā <ref>sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 3, p. 506.</ref> In this reconstruction, a large dome and a minaret were built for this building, and endowments were determined by the Ottoman government for it, and a muezzin, servant, and Imam were determined for the mosque.<ref>Ṭabarī ,''Tārikh-i makka, ittiḥāf fuḍalāʾal-zaman  bitārīkh wālīh banī al-ḥasan'', Vol 2, p. 15.</ref>
* In 1230, Muḥammad ʿAlī Pāshā of [[Egypt]] ordered king Muḥammad Khān.
* The last repair is said to have been in the time of ʿAbd al-Majīd Khān.<ref>Ghāzī, ''Ifāda al-anām bi akhbār al-balad Allah al-ḥarām'',vol. 2, p. 71.</ref>
 
==Prophet’s(PBUH) birthday celebration in Mawlid al-Nabī Mosque==
 
In the 6th century, Ibn Jubayr reported the presence of the people of Mecca in the Prophet’s birthday Mosque on Monday in the month of Rabi al-Awwal on the occasion of the celebration of the Prophet’s birthday.<ref>Jubayr, Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr, p. 154.</ref> There are reports of the celebration of the birth of the Prophet in this place in the later centuries.
 
Muḥammad b. Aḥmad Nahrawālī (d. 990AH) gave a detailed report about the ritual of the Prophet’s birthday in the 10th century. According to him, every year on the twelfth night of [[Rabiʿ al-Awwal]], after Maghrib prayer, the jurists, nobles, grandees and people, while carrying many candles and torches, gather before the supervisor of [[Masjid al-Ḥarām]] and the judges of the Sunni’s four denominations, and from Masjid al-Ḥarām to Sawq al-layl and Mawlid al-Nabī place and enter it and gather near the birthplace of the Prophet (PBUH). A sermon is read there, and after that, people come to Masjid al-Ḥarām, and some officials of [[Masjid al-Ḥarām]] are given robes, and the [[ʿIshā prayer]] is held, and the ceremony ends.<ref>Nahrawālī, ''Al-Aʿlām bi aʿlām bayt Allāh al-harām'', p. 422.</ref>More than a century later, a travel writer who went on [[Hajj]] in 1105-1106 AH narrated the same report of Nahrawālī and described this event as a big gathering in which many primitives and residents of other cities (except Mecca) participated.<ref>Al-nāblusī ‘’Al-Ḥaqīqa wa al-Majāzl. 3, pp. 354-355.</ref>
 
==Destruction of the building and construction of the library==
 
In the [[House of Saʿūd]] government, the building of Mawlid al-Nabī, like many old buildings in Mecca, was destroyed in the year 1343 AH under the pretext that people were looking for blessings on it.<ref>Bilādī, ''ʿĀtiq Maʿālim Makka al-tarikhiyya wa al-atharīyya'', p. 294.</ref>
 
Later, due to the fact that there was no grave to be visited in this place, some people tried to get permission to rebuild it. In 1370, permission was issued to build a library in this place.
 
The capital of the construction of the building was paid by Fatemeh, daughter of Yūsuf Qattān, and her brother Sheikh ʿAbbas Qattān (d. 1370 AH) supervised the construction of the building, and after his death, his sons finished the construction of the building. In this way, ''Makkah Al-Mukarrma School'' was built in this place.<ref>Abū Sulaymān,''Maktabat makkah al- Makka al-mukarrama qadīman wa ḥadīthan'', p. 80.</ref>


In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
==Why it became a Haram==
Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram).
Some of them are as follows:
• Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118  ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī ,  " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216.
• Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him);
• The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area;
• The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area;
• The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.
==Etiquettes and Rules==
Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries
According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him).
Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257.
In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301.
And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.
Related topics
•The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn)
•The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==references==
==Reference==
{{References}}
{{ref}}
*ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-nāblusī.''Al-Ḥaqīqa wa al-Majāz fī raḥla al-bilād al-shām wa misr wa al-ḥijāz''. Damascus: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1419 AH.
.Qawāʿid wa Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Ḥaramayn al-Makkī wa al-Madanī, ʿAlī Aḥmad Yaḥyā al-Qāʿidī. Beirut: al-Riyān, 1429 AH.
*ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Ibrāhīm Abū Sulaymān.''Maktabat makkah al- Makka al-mukarrama qadīman wa ḥadīthan.'' Riyadh: Maktaba al-malik fahad al-Waṭanīyyah, 1433 AH.
.Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ (d. 854 AH), edited by al-ʿAdawī. Makkah: Maktabat al-Tijārīyah Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Bāz, 1416 AH.
*ʿAlī b. Tāj al-ddīn al-sanjārī.''Manāʾiḥ al-karam''. Mecca: umm al-qurā university, 1998.  
.Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (385–460 AH), edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī Khorasān and ʿAlī Ākhundī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1365 SH.
*Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-.''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''. Edited by Rushdī *Batanūnī, Muḥammad Labīb.''Al-Raḥla al-ḥijaziyya''. Cairo: Al-Thiqāfat al-Dīniyya, [n.d
.Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Muḥammad Ḥusayn Najafī (d. 1266 AH). Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
*Bilādī, ʿĀtiq.''Maʿālim Makka al-tarikhiyya wa al-atharīyya''. Mecca: 1400 AH
.al-Durr al-Mukhtār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ḥaskafī (d. 1088 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
*Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad.''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
.al-Sunan al-Kubrā, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Bayhaqī (384–458 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
*Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl.''Āthār-i islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh
.Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl al-Bukhārī (d. 256 AH), edited by ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Bāz. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH.
*Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl.''Mīrāth-i islamī-yi Iran''. Qom: Nashr-i Kitābkhāna-yi Marʿashī Najafī, 1377 Sh.
.Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī (206–261 AH), edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1419 AH.
*Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad.''Safarnāma-iy Ibn Jubayr''. Translated by Parwīz Atābakī. Mashhad: Intishārāt-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, 1370 Sh.
.Qurb al-Isnād, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jaʿfar al-Ḥumayrī (d. 300 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1413 AH.
*Nahrawānī al-Makkī, Quṭb al-Dīn.''Al-Aʿlām bi aʿlām bayt Allāh al-harām''. Beirut: Dār al-Rāʾiq al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
.al-Kāfī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1375 SH.
* Makkī,ʿAbd Allāh Ghāzī al-.''Ifāda al-anām bi akhbār al-balad Allah al-ḥarām''.
.Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl, Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī (1037–1110 AH), edited by Sayyid Hāshim Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH.
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-.''Tārikh-i makka, ittiḥāf fuḍalāʾal-zaman bitārīkh wālīh banī al-ḥasan''. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Jāmiʿī, 1413 AH.   
.Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, n.d.
*ʾulīāʾ, Chalbī.''Al-Raḥla al-ḥijāzīyya''. [n.p], Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabīyya, 1420 AH.  
.Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
 
.Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
{{end}}
.al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab, Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī (631–676 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
.al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarānī (260–360 AH), edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Salfī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
  .Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.

Latest revision as of 15:01, 13 December 2025

The Madinan Sanctuary / The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina Ḥaram Madanī is an area of the city of Medina in the Hijaz that, in Islam, holds sanctity and has special etiquettes and rulings. This area extends from the east and west between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya), and from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ʿAyr. The Madinan Sanctuary has rulings and etiquettes, such as the recommended act of performing ghusl and purification when entering it, and these are similar to the rulings and etiquettes of the Meccan Sanctuary. Some have considered the reason for Medina being made a sanctuary to be the granting of protection to Medina and its inhabitants, while others have attributed it to the presence of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

Boundaries

The Madinan Sanctuary is an area within Medina in the Hijaz. This sanctuary lies, from the east and west, between the eastern lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Sharqiyya) and the western lava field (al-Ḥarra al-Gharbiyya).(1) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564-565. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 3,p. 23. ,,, al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 113. And according to one narration, it extends from the north and south, from Mount Thawr to Mount ‘Ayr.(2) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī ",vol. 8,p. 10.

In the narrations, other various expressions have also been mentioned for determining its northern and southern boundaries.(3) al-Kulaynī ,"al-Kāfī,",vol. 4,p. 564. ,,, al-Majlisī ,"Marāʾat al-ʿUqūl fī Sharḥ Akhbār Āl al-Rasūl ", vol. 18, p. 279. ,,, Najafī," Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām " ,vol. 20, p. 75. ,,, ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337.

Why it became a Haram

Various reasons have been mentioned for why the city of Medina was made a sanctuary (ḥaram). Some of them are as follows: • Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants;(4) al-Ḥajjāj al-Nīshābūrī Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim",vol. 4,p. .117-118 ,,, al-Bayhaqī ," al-Sunan al-Kubrā " ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, ibn Ḥanbal ," Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ",vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , “Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid " ,vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqnaʿah li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd ",vol. 10, p. 216. • Showing reverence to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); • The witnessing of divine lights by the Prophet (peace be upon him) within this area; • The descent of the angels who guarded the Prophet (peace be upon him) in this area; • The sanctity of the place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) is buried. [5] al-Samhūdī , "Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā ",vol. 1, p. 117-118.

Etiquettes and Rules

Main Article: Etiquettes of the Two Sanctuaries According to Shia hadith sources, the Medina sanctuary has etiquettes and rulings similar to the Mecca sanctuary; such as the virtue of performing ghusl (ritual purification) and maintaining cleanliness upon entering Medina and when visiting the Prophet’s sanctuary (peace be upon him). Some Sunni jurists have also issued rulings recommending ghusl upon entering the Medina sanctuary.(6) al-Ḥaskafī , "al-Durr al-Mukhtār " ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥadhdhab ",vol. 8, p. 273. ,,, Fatḥ al-Wahhāb, vol. 1, p. 257. In Shia narrations, regarding hunting and cutting trees, there are narrations permitting(7) al-Ḥumayrī ," Qurb al-Isnād ", p. 301. And narrations indicating non-permissibility.(8) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. They indicate this. In narrations from the Sunni tradition, cutting the trees of the Haram Madani (the Sanctuary of Medina) has been deemed forbidden.(9) ibn Bābawayh ," Maʿānī al-Akhbār ",p. 337. Related topics •The Two Sanctuaries (Haramayn) •The Meccan Sanctuary (Haram Makki)

Notes

Reference

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.Maʿānī al-Akhbār, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Bābawayh (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq) (311–381 AH), edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghafārī. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1361 SH.
.Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr al-Haythamī (d. 807 AH). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402 AH.
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.Maʿjam mā Istaʿjam min Asmāʾ al-Bilād wa al-Mawāḍiʿ, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī (d. 487 AH), edited by al-Suqāʾ. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1403 AH.
.Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī (d. 911 AH), edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, 2006 CE.
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