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Pourghorbani

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'''Masjid al-Bay'ah''' (Bay'ah Mosque) is an ancient mosque in the city of [[Mecca]], dating back to the 2nd century AH. This mosque is located near [[Jamaras|Jamarat al-Aqaba]] and outside the legal boundary of [[Mina]]. It is the place where the people of [[Yathrib]] pledged allegiance to the Prophet (s).
Fakh is an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]], about four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]].
According to Shia jurists, this place is the location where children enter into ihram. The cemetery of the martyrs of Fakh is also located here.
This cemetery is the burial site of Husayn ibn Ali (known as Sahib al-Fakh) and a number of Hasanid nobles who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at Fakh.
According to historians, the graves of some companions of the Prophet — including Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab — were also located in this area but were demolished during the Saudi period.
According to some narrations, the Prophet prayed in this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his descendants, and wept in mourning for him.
==Location==
Fakh, or Wādī Zāhir (Zahir Valley),<ref>Fāsī, '' Shifāʾ al-Gharām '', vol. 1, p. 472.
</ref>
It is the name of an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]].
This place is located 4 kilometers from al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Sacred Mosque).
Today, this place is referred to as “Ḥayyu al-Shuhadā’” (the Neighborhood of the Martyrs).
 
The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh
In the Fakh area, there is a mountain at the foot of which lies a cemetery known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
The martyrs of Fakh were a group of Sādāt Ḥasanī (descendants of Imam Hasan) who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at this pl According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. ace.(3) Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'' vol. 5,p. 148.
According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. Part of it is about two meters above street level, and the main section is enclosed by a courtyard wall with a gate that is always closed. It is said that the grave of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (the martyr of Fakh) is located within this walled enclosure.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
 
According to some reports from the year 1391 SH (2012-2013 CE), the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh was destroyed and turned into a garbage dump.(4) ISNA, news code: 91090602351.
 
The Martyr of Fakh
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan al-Muthallath ibn Ḥasan al-Muthannā, son of Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), known as Ṣāḥib al-Fakh(5) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 364.
He was the leader of a revolt against the Abbasid government, which is referred to as the Incident of Fakh or the Uprising of Fakh(6) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
 
Ṣāḥib al-Fakh was martyred on the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 169 AH (Yawm al-Tarwiyah) in the Fakh region during the battle against the army of Hādī al-‘Abbāsī (reigned 169–170 AH), along with most of his soldiers, including about 100 of the Hasanid descendants(7) ʿ Amīn Āmīlī,, '' A‘yān al-Shīʿa'',vol. 6, p. 97.
According to al-Ḥamawī, a 7th-century AH historian, the bodies of the martyrs, after remaining on the ground for three days and being preyed upon by wild animals, were buried in the place now known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(8) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
The Martyr of Fakh, or Ṣāḥib al-Fakh, began his uprising from Medina.(9) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 372.
After taking control of the city, due to the approaching Hajj season, he moved toward Mecca with 300 of his companions and close followers.
But upon reaching the Fakh region, he confronted the Abbasid army, commanded by ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad (a descendant of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbbās), and in this battle all of his army were martyred, with only a few captured. Some of his relatives, including his uncle Idrīs ibn ʿAbdullāh, managed to escape Idrīs fled to the Maghreb and established the Idrisid dynasty there.(10) Various Authors, ''Tārīkh al-Tashayyūʿ''. Vol. 1, p. 263.
Other Graves
It is said that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb(11) Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā'',vol. 4, p. 142.
And a number of the ṣaḥābah (companions of the Prophet) are also buried in the Fakh region(12) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
There is also a report of the burial of ʿAbdullāh ibn Zubayr in Fakh(13) Jaʿfarīān, '',Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah '', p. 200.
Virtue / Merit
 
According to a narration, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), while traveling from Medina to Mecca, performed ghusl (ritual purification) at Fakh, which was six miles from Mecca [and is now part of the city of Mecca], before entering Mecca.(14) Ḥumayrī, '' al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār fī Khabar al-Aqṭār'', p. 436.
 
According to another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood in ṣalāh (prayer) at this place and wept during the prayer The Prophet explained that he wept because one of his descendants would be martyred at this place.(15) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.


According to an inscription on the western wall of Masjid al-Bay'ah, the mosque was built in 144 AH/761-2 by the order of [[Mansur Abbasi]] and was later renovated several times.


==Naming==
Also, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), while passing through this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his Ahl al-Bayt at this location.(16) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 367. , Muḥaddith Qumī, ''Muntahā al-Āmāl'', vol. 1, p. 261.
When the people of Yathrib ([[Medina]]) became acquainted with Islam, during the days of Hajj, at the [[Jamaras|Jamarat al-Aqabah]], they pledged allegiance to [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|the prophet(s)]] for the first time. After that, Islam spread in Medina. At the site of this event, which is known as [[the First Pledge of Aqabah]], a mosque was built that became famous as "Masjid al-Bay'ah" (Mosque of the Pledge).<ref>Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 169.</ref>
 
In sources, other mosques are also referred to by the name Masjid al-Bay'ah:
 
*[[Masjid al-Ghanam]], a mosque in Mecca, which was the place where the people of Mecca pledged allegiance to the Prophet (s).<ref> Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 2, p. 201-271; Qāʾidān, '' Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 106.</ref>
Sheikh Tusi, in his book Rijāl, considered Ṣāḥib al-Fakh to be among the companions of Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him(17) Ṭūsī, '' Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', p. 489.
*[[Masjid al-Jinn]], a mosque in Mecca, which is the place where the jinn pledged allegiance to the Prophet (s).<ref> Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 2, p. 201;  Ibn Ḍiyāʾ Ḥanafī , ''Tārīkh Makkah al-Mukarrama wa al-Masjid al-Ḥarām wa al-Madīna al-Sharīfa wa al-Qabr al-Sharīf'', p. 181.</ref>
 
==Location==
It is narrated that Imam Musa al-Kāẓim (peace be upon him) honored the Martyr of Fakh(18) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 380.
Masjid al-Bay'ah is in [[Mecca]], near the Jamarat al-Aqabah [outside the legal boundary of Mina from the Mecca side], on the southern slope of [[Mount Thubayr]]. This area is known as [[Sha'b al-Ansar]] and [[Sha'b al-Bay'ah]].<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 1, p. 303; Ḥārithī , ''Al-Muʿjam al-Āthārī li-Manṭiqat Makkah al-Mukarrama'', p. 177; Bakr, ''Ashhar al-Masājid fī al-Islām'', p. 168.</ref> and it is on the left side of someone who is traveling from Mecca towards [[Mina]]. The distance from Masjid al-Bay'ah to [[Jamaras|Jamarat al-Aqabah]] is more than three hundred meters.<ref>Ibn Ḍiyāʾ Ḥanafī , ''Tārīkh Makkah al-Mukarrama wa al-Masjid al-Ḥarām wa al-Madīna al-Sharīfa wa al-Qabr al-Sharīf'', p. 181; Ibn Fahd, '' Ithāf al-Warā bi-ʾAkhbār Umm al-Qurā'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref>
 
Nowadays, with the development of Mina, the area around Masjid al-Bay'ah, which was previously within the valley and enclosed by mountains, has been cleared. Currently, the mosque is located at the end of the exit path of the second level of the Jamarat towards Mecca, and an iron fence has been placed around the mosque.<ref>Bakr, ''Ashhar al-Masājid fī al-Islām'', p. 169-171; Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 169.</ref>
Miqāt for Children
The area of Masjid al-Bay'ah is 500 square meters. The mosque is rectangular in shape, with a length of 27.90 meters and a width of 17 meters. It is constructed of stone and brick and has no roof.<ref>Barakātī, '' Dirāsah Tārīkhiyya li-Masājid al-Mashāʿir al-Muqaddasah: Masjid al-Khayf - Masjid al-Bayʿah bi-Minā'', p. 232.</ref>
 
==History of the Construction==
According to Shia jurists, based on narrations, Fakh is considered the miqāt (designated station for entering ihrām) for children.(19) Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
According to an inscription from the year 144 AH, which is still preserved and installed on the western wall of the mosque, the construction of this mosque was commissioned by Abu Ja'far al-Mansur Abbasid (R: 136-158 AH/753-775).<ref>Al-Ḥārithī ,'' Al-ʾĀthār al-Islāmiyya fī Makkah al-Mukarrama'', p. 217-218.</ref>
In a narration, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), in response to the question of where the sewn garments of children could be removed [and where they could be made to enter ihrām], said: “My father, Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (peace be upon him), would remove the children’s garments at Fakh and make them enter ihrām.”(20) Kulaynī, '' al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 303. , Shaykh Ṣadūq, '' Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh'' , vol. 2, p. 433.
Additionally, an inscription from the year 629 AH/1231-2 is also installed on the southern wall of the mosque, which reports the restoration of the mosque during the time of al-Mustansir Abbasid (R: 623-640 AH/1226-1243).<ref>Kurdī, '' Al-Tārīkh al-Qawīm li-Makkah wa Bayt Allāh al- Karīm'', vol. 6, p. 28.</ref>
Some jurists believe that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the five designated miqāts on their behalf—by intending on their behalf and reciting the Talbiyah—but the act of removing the child’s garments and putting on the ihrām can be delayed until reaching Fakh.(21) Anṣārī, '' Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn ''   ,vol. 1, p. 230. , Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
Other sources also mention Masjid al-Bay'ah throughout various centuries; for instance, [[Ibn Jubayr]] referred to it during his journey to Mecca in the year 578 AH/1182-3.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, '' Al-Tadhkira bi-l-ʾAkhbār ʿan Ittifāqāt al-Asfār'', p. 123.</ref>
 
[[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (d. 728 AH/1327-8) also mentioned the existence of the mosque.<ref>Ibn Taymiyya, '' Iqtiḍāʾ al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm li-Mukhālafat Aṣḥāb al-Jaḥīm '', p. 426.</ref>
Most Shia jurists believe that the actual ihrām for children can be performed from Fakh, serving as their designated miqāt.(22) Anṣārī, '' Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatuhā'' , vol. 5, p. 282.
[[Al-Fasi]] (d. 832 AH/1428-9), the historian of Mecca, described the mosque. According to him, the mosque had two porticoes, each with three domes resting on four archways. Behind these porticoes, there was also an open area.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'',vol. 1, p. 348.</ref>
Of course, this applies to cases other than Ḥajj al-Tamattu
The mosque was also destroyed at various times throughout history; for instance, a report from the 11th century mentions the destruction of the mosque.<ref>Jaʿfariyān, ''Jawāhir al-tārīkh al-makkī'', p. 263.</ref>
 
However, during the Ottoman era, the mosque was rebuilt during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909 CE).<ref>Gāzī,'' Ifādat al-anām'',vol. 2, p. 49.</ref>
Some contemporary jurists, such as Muhammad-Taqi Bahjat, hold that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the well-known miqāts and may delay the removal of the sewn garments and putting on the ihrām until reaching Fakh.(23) Iftikhārī Golpāygānī, ''  Ārāʾ al-Marājiʿ fī al-Ḥajj ʿalā Ḍawʾ Fatāwā al-Imām al-Khomeynī. '', vol. 1, p. 34.
There is also a report of repairs to parts of the mosque during the reign of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.<ref>Barakātī, '' Dirāsah Tārīkhiyya li-Masājid al-Mashāʿir al-Muqaddasah: Masjid al-Khayf - Masjid al-Bayʿah bi-Minā'', p. 232.</ref>
Sunni jurists are either opposed to this or remain silent on the matter. However, some of them say that there is no problem in delaying the ihrām of a child until reaching the Ḥaram (the Sacred Mosque) or near it(24) Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī, '' al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah '',vol. 1, p. 411.
==Gallery==
<gallery>
file:پلان مسجد بیعه.jpg|The map of the Bay'ah Mosque
file:مسجد بیعت2.webp|
file:مسجد بیعت1.webp|
file:مسجد بیعت6.webp
file:مسجد بیعت کتیبه.webp|The inscription of the Bay'ah Mosque.
file:مسجد البیعه 6.jpg|The inscription of the Bay'ah Mosque.
file:مسجد البیعه 7.jpg|The mihrab of the Bay'ah Mosque.


</gallery>
"references"
==Notes==
. Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makkah wa Madīnah. By Rasūl Jaʿfariyān. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1390 SH.
{{Notes}}
. ʾĀrāʾ al-marājiʿ fī al-ḥajj ʿalā ḍawʾ fatāwā al-Imām al-Khumaynī. By ʿAlī Iftikhārī-yi Gulpāyigānī. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1428 AH.
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{{References}}
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{{end}}
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