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Pourghorbani

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'''The external staircase of the Ka'ba''', or the external ladder of the Ka'ba, has been used for entry into the Ka'ba for many years. During the [[Conquest of Mecca]], the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet muhammad(s)]] stood on the external ladder of the Kaa'ba and recited his famous sermon. Additionally, [[Abu Dharr al-Ghifari]], a famous companion, ascended the external staircase of the Ka'ba and leaned against the door of the Ka'ba to narrate a hadith about the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS).
Fakh is an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]], about four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]].
According to Shia jurists, this place is the location where children enter into ihram. The cemetery of the martyrs of Fakh is also located here.
This cemetery is the burial site of Husayn ibn Ali (known as Sahib al-Fakh) and a number of Hasanid nobles who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at Fakh.
According to historians, the graves of some companions of the Prophet — including Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab — were also located in this area but were demolished during the Saudi period.
According to some narrations, the Prophet prayed in this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his descendants, and wept in mourning for him.
==Location==
Fakh, or Wādī Zāhir (Zahir Valley),<ref>Fāsī, '' Shifāʾ al-Gharām '', vol. 1, p. 472.
</ref>
It is the name of an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]].
This place is located 4 kilometers from al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Sacred Mosque).
Today, this place is referred to as “Ḥayyu al-Shuhadā’” (the Neighborhood of the Martyrs).


Before the reconstruction of the Kaaba by the Quraysh, the entrance of the Kaaba was at ground level, but during the reconstruction of the Kaaba, five years before the prophethood, the entrance of the Kaaba was first raised above ground level, and a ladder was built for entry, which has been rebuilt and replaced several times throughout history. The latest external staircase of the Ka'ba was inaugurated in the year 2000 CE.
The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh
==Location and history==
In the Fakh area, there is a mountain at the foot of which lies a cemetery known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
According to Azraqi, before the reconstruction of the Ka'ba, the entrance of the Kaaba was at ground level. However, during the reconstruction of the Ka'ba, five years before the prophethood, the entrance of the Ka'ba was raised above ground level, and a staircase was built for entry into it.<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 159-163.</ref>
The martyrs of Fakh were a group of Sādāt Ḥasanī (descendants of Imam Hasan) who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at this pl According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. ace.(3) Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'' vol. 5,p. 148.
Since then, those entering the [[Ka'ba]] would remove their shoes and place them under the entrance staircase.<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 174.</ref>
According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. Part of it is about two meters above street level, and the main section is enclosed by a courtyard wall with a gate that is always closed. It is said that the grave of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (the martyr of Fakh) is located within this walled enclosure.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
===Virtue===
During the Conquest of Mecca in the 10th AH/631-2, the Prophet Muhammad (s) stood on the staircase of the Ka'ba and recited his famous sermon.<ref>Bayhaqī,''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa'', vol. 5, p. 85. ,  Al-Dhahabī,''Tārīkh al-islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr'', vol. 2, p. 556.</ref>
Also, in a report, the ascent of Abu Dharr, the famous companion of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], on the staircase of the Ka'ba and his leaning against the [[door of the Ka'ba]] while narrating a hadith about the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) has been mentioned.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Amālī'', p. 482.</ref>


==Reconstruction and architecture==
According to some reports from the year 1391 SH (2012-2013 CE), the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh was destroyed and turned into a garbage dump.(4) ISNA, news code: 91090602351.
The external staircase or ladder has been repaired, reconstructed, and replaced several times. Azraqi, a historian and biographer of the third century of the Islamic calendar, described the external staircase of the Kaaba as made of cedar wood, with a length of 8.5 cubits (slightly over 4 meters) and a width of 3.5 cubits (close to 2 meters), consisting of 13 steps.<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 310. , Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 140.</ref>
In the 5th century AH/626-7, the width of the ladder was enough for 10 people.<ref>Nāṣir Khusraw, ''Safarnāmah Nāṣir Khusraw'', p. 130,135-136.</ref>
In the 6th century AH, the staircase of the Kaaba was described as having nine steps with wooden bases, which used four wheels for easy movement.<ref>Ibn Jubayr,''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 62-63.</ref>
In the year 766 AH/1364-5, by the order of the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, Sha'ban b. Husayn <ref>Ibn Fahd,"Ittiḥāf al-wará", vol. 3, p. 304. ,  Maṭar," Tārīkh ʿimārat al-masjid al-ḥarām", p. 80.</ref>  a new ladder was built for the Ka'ba.<ref>Ibn Baṭūṭa,''Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa'', vol. 1, p. 372.</ref>
In the year 814 AH, some wooden parts of this staircase were repaired.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī,''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. p. 138. , Ibn Fahd,"Ittiḥāf al-wará", vol. 3, p. 488.</ref>
In 818 AH/1415-6, Sayf al-Din Shaykh Mahmudi, known as Mu'ayyad Jerkasi, sent a ladder for the Ka'ba.<ref>Ibn Fahd,"Ittiḥāf al-wará", vol. 3, p. 529.</ref>
"There is another report of a ladder being sent for the Ka'ba in 817 AH/1414-5 by Sayf al-Din Shaykhu, the Sultan of Egypt.<ref>sanjārī.,"Manāʾiḥ al-karam",  vol. 2, p. 417.</ref>
"In a report from the year 1040 AH/1630-1 during the Ottoman period, the staircase, approximately four meters long, had seven steps made of pine wood, covered with copper and iron sheets, and was mounted on four copper wheels.<ref>Ḥusaynī, " Mufarriḥat al-anām fī taʾsīs bayt Allāh al-ḥarām", p. 69.</ref>
In 1097 AH/1685-6, Ahmad Pasha, the Ottoman governor of [[Jeddah]] and Sheikh of the Haram, inaugurated a new staircase with a handrail for the Ka'ba on the 16th of Ramadan of the same year.<ref>sanjārī,"Manāʾiḥ al-karam",  vol. 5, p. 19.</ref>


===The donated staircases by the rulers of India===
The Martyr of Fakh
"It has been reported that in the years 1116, 1240, and 1300 AH, new staircases were constructed and sent to the Kaaba by local Muslim rulers in India.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 140-143.</ref>
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan al-Muthallath ibn Ḥasan al-Muthannā, son of Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), known as Ṣāḥib al-Fakh(5) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 364.
He was the leader of a revolt against the Abbasid government, which is referred to as the Incident of Fakh or the Uprising of Fakh(6) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.


==The Saudi era==
Ṣāḥib al-Fakh was martyred on the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 169 AH (Yawm al-Tarwiyah) in the Fakh region during the battle against the army of Hādī al-‘Abbāsī (reigned 169–170 AH), along with most of his soldiers, including about 100 of the Hasanid descendants(7) ʿ Amīn Āmīlī,, '' A‘yān al-Shīʿa'',vol. 6, p. 97.
In the year 1376 AH/1956-7, by the order of King Saud b. Abdulaziz, a new 11-step wooden ladder adorned with silver coverings and golden Arabic engravings, made in Egypt, was unveiled.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 142-143.</ref>
According to al-Ḥamawī, a 7th-century AH historian, the bodies of the martyrs, after remaining on the ground for three days and being preyed upon by wild animals, were buried in the place now known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(8) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
Kurdi, a historian of the 14th century AH, referred to two types of external staircases in his time: a small single-person ladder and a wide, movable ladder for several people. Two of the second type were kept beside the [[Zamzam well]].<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 140.</ref> and these were used for purposes such as washing the Ka'ba, installing the covering, making repairs, and ceremonies related to the expansion of the [[Haram]].<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 2, p. 441.</ref>
The Martyr of Fakh, or Ṣāḥib al-Fakh, began his uprising from Medina.(9) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 372.
===Modern External Staircase===
After taking control of the city, due to the approaching Hajj season, he moved toward Mecca with 300 of his companions and close followers.
In the year 2000 CE, during the [[ceremony ofwashing the Ka'ba]], and with the participation of several Islamic delegations present for [[Hajj]], a new external staircase made of teak wood was inaugurated. It measured 565 centimeters in length, 480 centimeters in height, 188 centimeters in width, and weighed 6.5 thousand kilograms. This electric staircase operates with 24 batteries and is controlled automatically.<ref>[https://www.almowaten.net/2022/08/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9/ "Mawāṣafāt sullam al-Kaʿbah al-musharrafah"]</ref>
But upon reaching the Fakh region, he confronted the Abbasid army, commanded by ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad (a descendant of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbbās), and in this battle all of his army were martyred, with only a few captured. Some of his relatives, including his uncle Idrīs ibn ʿAbdullāh, managed to escape Idrīs fled to the Maghreb and established the Idrisid dynasty there.(10) Various Authors, ''Tārīkh al-Tashayyūʿ''. Vol. 1, p. 263.
==Notes==
Other Graves
{{Notes}}
It is said that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb(11) Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā'',vol. 4, p. 142.
==References==
And a number of the ṣaḥābah (companions of the Prophet) are also buried in the Fakh region(12) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
{{References}}
There is also a report of the burial of ʿAbdullāh ibn Zubayr in Fakh(13) Jaʿfarīān, '',Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah '', p. 200.
*Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''. Edited by Rushdī Ṣāliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH.
Virtue / Merit
*Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī al-Qalʿajī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1405 AH.
 
*Dhahabī. ''Tārīkh al-islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr''. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1410 AH.
According to a narration, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), while traveling from Medina to Mecca, performed ghusl (ritual purification) at Fakh, which was six miles from Mecca [and is now part of the city of Mecca], before entering Mecca.(14) Ḥumayrī, '' al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār fī Khabar al-Aqṭār'', p. 436.
*Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
 
*Ḥusaynī, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn b. Nūr al-Dīn. ''Mufarriḥat al-anām fī taʾsīs bayt Allāh al-ḥarām''. Edited by ʿAmmār ʿUbūdī Naṣṣār. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1428 AH.
According to another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood in ṣalāh (prayer) at this place and wept during the prayer The Prophet explained that he wept because one of his descendants would be martyred at this place.(15) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
*Ibn Baṭūṭa, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Hādī Tāzī. Rabat: Ākādimīyya al-Mamlikat al-Maghribīyya, 1417 AH.
 
*Ibn Fahd, ʿUmar b. Muḥammad. ''Ittiḥāf al-warā''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Karīm. Mecca: Jāmiʿat Umm al-Qurā, 1408 AH.
 
*Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
Also, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), while passing through this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his Ahl al-Bayt at this location.(16) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 367. , Muḥaddith Qumī, ''Muntahā al-Āmāl'', vol. 1, p. 261.
*Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH.
 
*Khusraw, Nāṣir. ''Safarnāmah Nāṣir Khusraw''. Tehran: Zavvār, 1381 SH.
 
*Maṭar, Fawzīyah Ḥusayn. ''Tārīkh ʿimārat al-masjid al-ḥarām''. Mecca: Jāmiʿat Umm al-Qurā, 1406 AH.
Sheikh Tusi, in his book Rijāl, considered Ṣāḥib al-Fakh to be among the companions of Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him(17) Ṭūsī, '' Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', p. 489.
*sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-ddīn al-. ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam''. Mecca: umm al-qurā university, 1998.
 
*Ṭūsī. ''Al-Amālī''. Qom: Dār al-Thaqāfah, 1414 AH.
It is narrated that Imam Musa al-Kāẓim (peace be upon him) honored the Martyr of Fakh(18) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 380.
 
Miqāt for Children
 
According to Shia jurists, based on narrations, Fakh is considered the miqāt (designated station for entering ihrām) for children.(19) Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
In a narration, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), in response to the question of where the sewn garments of children could be removed [and where they could be made to enter ihrām], said: “My father, Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (peace be upon him), would remove the children’s garments at Fakh and make them enter ihrām.”(20) Kulaynī, ''  al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 303. , Shaykh Ṣadūq, '' Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh'' , vol. 2, p. 433.
Some jurists believe that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the five designated miqāts on their behalf—by intending on their behalf and reciting the Talbiyah—but the act of removing the child’s garments and putting on the ihrām can be delayed until reaching Fakh.(21) Anṣārī, '' Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn ''  ,vol. 1, p. 230. , Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
 
Most Shia jurists believe that the actual ihrām for children can be performed from Fakh, serving as their designated miqāt.(22) Anṣārī, '' Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatuhā'' , vol. 5, p. 282.
Of course, this applies to cases other than Ḥajj al-Tamattu
 
Some contemporary jurists, such as Muhammad-Taqi Bahjat, hold that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the well-known miqāts and may delay the removal of the sewn garments and putting on the ihrām until reaching Fakh.(23) Iftikhārī Golpāygānī, '' Ārāʾ al-Marājiʿ fī al-Ḥajj ʿalā Ḍawʾ Fatāwā al-Imām al-Khomeynī. '', vol. 1, p. 34.
Sunni jurists are either opposed to this or remain silent on the matter. However, some of them say that there is no problem in delaying the ihrām of a child until reaching the Ḥaram (the Sacred Mosque) or near it(24) Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī, '' al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah '',vol. 1, p. 411.
 
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