Jump to content

User:Pourghorbani: Difference between revisions

From WikiHaj
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(141 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Pillars of the Masjid al-Nabi''' are the large number of pillars that some of them, like the pillar of Repentance, Tahajjud, Hars, and Compassion, existed in the original structure of the mosque during the time of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], and for this reason, they are of great significance to Muslims. Although [[Masjid al-Nabī|the Mosque of the Prophet]] has been rebuilt several times, the placement of these pillars has not changed in the mosque's reconstructions. These pillars were last rebuilt and distinguished from the other pillars of the mosque during the reign of Abdulmajid I, the Ottoman Sultan, with a change in color.
Fakh is an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]], about four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]].
==The history of the pillars==
According to Shia jurists, this place is the location where children enter into ihram. The cemetery of the martyrs of Fakh is also located here.
Initially, six pillars made from the trunks of date palms supported the roof of [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|the Masjid al-Nabi]], which was constructed from palm branches and leaves.<ref>Qarachānlū, ''Ḥaramayn-I sharīfayn'', p. 129; Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 1, p. 267; Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'' , vol. 1, p. 246.</ref>
This cemetery is the burial site of Husayn ibn Ali (known as Sahib al-Fakh) and a number of Hasanid nobles who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at Fakh.
In the second reconstruction, the number of pillars increased, forming two or three rows, with six pillars in each row.<ref>Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'' , vol. 2, p. 346.</ref>
According to historians, the graves of some companions of the Prophet — including Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab — were also located in this area but were demolished during the Saudi period.
In the seventh reconstruction, the mosque expanded, and the number of pillars increased. The pillars in each row increased from six to nine.<ref>Anṣārī, '' al-. ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 54.</ref>
According to some narrations, the Prophet prayed in this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his descendants, and wept in mourning for him.
In subsequent expansions, the pillars of the mosque continued to increase. In recent developments, the pillars of this mosque have reached 2104 pillars.<ref>Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'' , vol. 2, p. 353.</ref>
==Location==
===The reconstruction of the pillars===
Fakh, or Wādī Zāhir (Zahir Valley),<ref>Fāsī, '' Shifāʾ al-Gharām '', vol. 1, p. 472.
In the mosque's expansions, the principle was to ensure that the location of the pillars did not change despite changing the material of the pillars.<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf  bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'' , p. 169. , Qarachānlū, ''Ḥaramayn-I sharīfayn'', p. 131.</ref>
</ref>
Since the reign of Malik Zaher, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, some of the pillars were placed inside [[the Prophet's Chamber]] or amidst the latticed walls of the Chamber.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 1, p. 268.</ref>
It is the name of an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]].
The last time these pillars were reconstructed was during the reign of Sultan Abdulmajid I of the Ottoman Empire. Since then, until today, along with other components of the southern section of the mosque, they have remained unchanged.<ref>Anṣārī, '' al-. ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 68.</ref>
This place is located 4 kilometers from al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Sacred Mosque).
Today, this place is referred to as “Ḥayyu al-Shuhadā’” (the Neighborhood of the Martyrs).
 
The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh
In the Fakh area, there is a mountain at the foot of which lies a cemetery known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
The martyrs of Fakh were a group of Sādāt Ḥasanī (descendants of Imam Hasan) who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at this pl According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. ace.(3) Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'' vol. 5,p. 148.
According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. Part of it is about two meters above street level, and the main section is enclosed by a courtyard wall with a gate that is always closed. It is said that the grave of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (the martyr of Fakh) is located within this walled enclosure.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
 
According to some reports from the year 1391 SH (2012-2013 CE), the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh was destroyed and turned into a garbage dump.(4) ISNA, news code: 91090602351.
 
The Martyr of Fakh
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan al-Muthallath ibn Ḥasan al-Muthannā, son of Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), known as Ṣāḥib al-Fakh(5) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 364.
He was the leader of a revolt against the Abbasid government, which is referred to as the Incident of Fakh or the Uprising of Fakh(6) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
 
Ṣāḥib al-Fakh was martyred on the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 169 AH (Yawm al-Tarwiyah) in the Fakh region during the battle against the army of Hādī al-‘Abbāsī (reigned 169–170 AH), along with most of his soldiers, including about 100 of the Hasanid descendants(7) ʿ Amīn Āmīlī,, '' A‘yān al-Shīʿa'',vol. 6, p. 97.
According to al-Ḥamawī, a 7th-century AH historian, the bodies of the martyrs, after remaining on the ground for three days and being preyed upon by wild animals, were buried in the place now known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(8) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
The Martyr of Fakh, or Ṣāḥib al-Fakh, began his uprising from Medina.(9) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 372.
After taking control of the city, due to the approaching Hajj season, he moved toward Mecca with 300 of his companions and close followers.
But upon reaching the Fakh region, he confronted the Abbasid army, commanded by ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad (a descendant of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbbās), and in this battle all of his army were martyred, with only a few captured. Some of his relatives, including his uncle Idrīs ibn ʿAbdullāh, managed to escape Idrīs fled to the Maghreb and established the Idrisid dynasty there.(10) Various Authors, ''Tārīkh al-Tashayyūʿ''. Vol. 1, p. 263.
Other Graves
It is said that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb(11) Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā'',vol. 4, p. 142.
And a number of the ṣaḥābah (companions of the Prophet) are also buried in the Fakh region(12) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
There is also a report of the burial of ʿAbdullāh ibn Zubayr in Fakh(13) Jaʿfarīān, '',Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah '', p. 200.
Virtue / Merit
 
According to a narration, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), while traveling from Medina to Mecca, performed ghusl (ritual purification) at Fakh, which was six miles from Mecca [and is now part of the city of Mecca], before entering Mecca.(14) Ḥumayrī, '' al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār fī Khabar al-Aqṭār'', p. 436.
 
According to another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood in ṣalāh (prayer) at this place and wept during the prayer The Prophet explained that he wept because one of his descendants would be martyred at this place.(15) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
 
 
Also, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), while passing through this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his Ahl al-Bayt at this location.(16) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 367. , Muḥaddith Qumī, ''Muntahā al-Āmāl'', vol. 1, p. 261.
 


==The blessed and sacred pillars of Masjid al-Nabi==
Sheikh Tusi, in his book Rijāl, considered Ṣāḥib al-Fakh to be among the companions of Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him(17) Ṭūsī, '' Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', p. 489.
There are several old pillars whose count varies, and among Muslims, they hold a distinguished position due to an event or memory from the time of the Prophet Muhammad (s). Praying beside each of these pillars is considered highly virtuous.
===The pillar of Imam Ali (Haras)===
{{main|Haras pillar}}
"This pillar, also known as the 'Haras' or 'Muharras' pillar, is now located within the wall of [[the Prophet's Chamber]]. It originally stood in front of [[Aisha's house]]. It is named 'Haras' because [[Imam Ali (a)]] used to sit beside this pillar and stand guard over the Prophet (s) at night. It is also reported that Imam Ali (a) used to perform his prayers at this location.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 179; Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 70; ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf  bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'' , p. 182.</ref>


===The pillar of Repentance===
It is narrated that Imam Musa al-Kāẓim (peace be upon him) honored the Martyr of Fakh(18) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 380.
{{Main|Al-Tawba pillar}}
The fourth pillar from the [[pulpit]] and the second pillar from [[the grave]], the third pillar from the [[qibla]], relates to the incident of Abu Lubabah's repentance during [[the Battle of Banu Qurayzah]]. Hence, it is named the pillar of Repentance or the pillar of Abu Lubabah.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 179; Anṣārī, ''ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 70.</ref>


According to a narration, the Prophet used to perform most of his [[nafila prayers]] beside this pillar.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref>
Miqāt for Children
It is recommended for a pilgrim to observe fasting from Thursday to Friday in [[Medina]], and on Thursday, to perform their prayers beside the pillar of Repentance.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Al-Sarāʾir'', vol. 1, p. 652.</ref>
Also, prayers<ref>Shahīd al-Awwal, ''Al-Mazār'', p. 65.</ref>(15)
Worship and supplication<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 572.</ref>
And seeking blessings beside this pillar is recommended.<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
===Wufud pillar===
{{Main|Wufud pillar}}
This pillar was located behind the Haras pillar, from the northern side.<ref>Anṣārī, ''ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 72; Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 185.</ref>
It was the place where the prophet(s) used to meet with the representatives of tribes.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 185.</ref>
===Al-Sarir pillar===
{{Main|Al-Sarir pillar}}
The Al-Sarir pillar is located in the wall of [[the Prophet's Chamber]], positioned east of the pillar of Repentance, and connected to the window overlooking [[Rawda al-Nabi]].<ref>Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 71; Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 188.</ref>
This pillar was the place where the prophet(s) spent his days during seclusion.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 184; Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 71.</ref>
According to some narrations, seeking blessings from this pillar is recommended.<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
===Al-Qurʿa Pillar (Aisha, the Emigrants)===
{{Main|Al-Qurʿa Pillar}}
Al-Qurʿa Pillar is the third pillar from [[the pulpit]], the third pillar from [[the grave]], and also the third pillar from the qibla.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 176; Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 69.</ref>  And it is located in the middle of the Rawda al-Nabi.<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf  bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'' , p. 173.</ref>
A narration from the Prophet through [[Aisha]] has been reported, indicating the virtue of the location of this pillar.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 176; Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 70.</ref>
This pillar is also called the 'pillar of the Emigrants' due to the gathering of the Emigrants beside it.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 176;  Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 70.</ref>
According to some accounts, prayers are answered near this pillar<ref>Najjār, ''Al-Durra al-thamīna fī akhbār al-madina'', p. 29. , Maṭarī, '' Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra'', p. 91.</ref>
It is said that some companions used to perform prayers beside it<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
Some caliphs, as well as [[Ibn Zubayr]] and his son Amir, also prayed beside it<ref>Ibn Zabāla. ''Akhbār al-madina'', p. 101; Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 176.</ref>
===Murabba'at al-Qabr Pillar===
{{Main|Murabba'at al-Qabr Pillar}}
This pillar is in a place where the west wall turns north, in the row of pillars of Haras and Wufud.<ref>Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 72; Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 186.</ref>
It is called the Murabba'at al-Qabr for this reason, which is located inside the wall surrounding [[Prophet's tomb|the Prophet's tomb]], and for this reason, it is not possible to visit it.<ref>Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 72.</ref>
They have considered this place as the descent of Gabriel to the Prophet and call it the pillar of Gabriel's position.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 186.</ref>
Praying in this place is recommended.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 187; Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>


===Tahajjud pillar===
According to Shia jurists, based on narrations, Fakh is considered the miqāt (designated station for entering ihrām) for children.(19) Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
{{Main|Tahajjud pillar}}
In a narration, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), in response to the question of where the sewn garments of children could be removed [and where they could be made to enter ihrām], said: “My father, Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (peace be upon him), would remove the children’s garments at Fakh and make them enter ihrām.”(20) Kulaynī, '' al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 303. , Shaykh Ṣadūq, '' Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh'' , vol. 2, p. 433.
Tahajjud pillar is located behind [[Fatima's house|the house of Fatimah (s)]].<ref>ʿAṭṭār, ''Al-Taʿrīf  bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf'' , p. 198.</ref>
Some jurists believe that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the five designated miqāts on their behalf—by intending on their behalf and reciting the Talbiyah—but the act of removing the child’s garments and putting on the ihrām can be delayed until reaching Fakh.(21) Anṣārī, '' Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn ''   ,vol. 1, p. 230. , Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
It was a place where the Prophet used to stay awake at night and perform night prayers.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 188.</ref>
 
There are some narrations, including one from Muhammad b. Hanafiyyah, about the virtue of praying beside this pillar.<ref>Najjār, ''Al-Durra al-thamīna fī akhbār al-madina'', p. 257;  Anṣārī, '' ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 73.</ref>
Most Shia jurists believe that the actual ihrām for children can be performed from Fakh, serving as their designated miqāt.(22) Anṣārī, '' Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatuhā'' , vol. 5, p. 282.
===Hannana pillar===
Of course, this applies to cases other than Ḥajj al-Tamattu
{{Main|Hannana pillar}}
 
The pillar which was the place of the Prophet's speeches in the [[Masjid al-Nabī|Prophet's Mosque]].<ref>Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa'', vol. 2, p. 564-563. , Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, ''Uyūn al-athar fī funūn al-magghāzī wa al-shamāʾil wa al-sīyar'', vol. 1, p. 278. Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya'', vol. 2, p. 366.</ref>
Some contemporary jurists, such as Muhammad-Taqi Bahjat, hold that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the well-known miqāts and may delay the removal of the sewn garments and putting on the ihrām until reaching Fakh.(23) Iftikhārī Golpāygānī, '' Ārāʾ al-Marājiʿ fī al-Ḥajj ʿalā Ḍawʾ Fatāwā al-Imām al-Khomeynī. '', vol. 1, p. 34.
This pillar is one of the pillars of the Rawda al-nabi, and after the pillar of repentance, the second pillar is towards the shrine and between the pulpit and the [[The Prophet's Mihrab|mihrab]].<ref>Shurrāb,'' Al-Ma ʿālim al-athīra '', p. 44.</ref> Praying beside it<ref> Nūrī. Mustadrak al-wasāʾil '', vol. 3, p. 426. , Muʿizī Malāyirī, Ismāʿīl. 'Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa '', vol. 4, p. 515.</ref>
Sunni jurists are either opposed to this or remain silent on the matter. However, some of them say that there is no problem in delaying the ihrām of a child until reaching the Ḥaram (the Sacred Mosque) or near it(24) Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī, '' al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah '',vol. 1, p. 411.
And blessing has been recommended with it<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
 
===Mukhallaqa pillar===
"references"
{{Main|Mukhallaqa pillar}}
. Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makkah wa Madīnah. By Rasūl Jaʿfariyān. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1390 SH.
"Khuluq" means perfume, and "mukhalleqe" means scented. This pillar was a place where they used to place oud (a type of incense) on it to scent the atmosphere of the mosque.<ref>Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 229.</ref>
. ʾĀrāʾ al-marājiʿ fī al-ḥajj ʿalā ḍawʾ fatāwā al-Imām al-Khumaynī. By ʿAlī Iftikhārī-yi Gulpāyigānī. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1428 AH.
This pillar is also called the Alam(flagpole) of the Prophet (s).<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 174.</ref>
. Aʿyān al-shīʿah. By Sayyid Muḥsin Amīn al-ʿĀmilī. Edited by Ḥasan Amīn. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, 1403 AH.
One of the places where prayers are answered is known to be beside the Mukhallaqa pillar.<ref> Ṣāliḥī, '' Subul al-huda wa al-rishād'', vol. 3, p. 322.</ref>
Biḥār al-anwār. By Muḥammad Bāqir al-ʿAllāmah al-Majlisī. Tehran: Islāmīyah, n.d.
Based on a report, some companions tried to follow the Prophet (s) and perform their prayers next to this pillar.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 2, p. 174.</ref>
. Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn. By Ibn Khaldūn. Translated by Āyatī. Tehran: Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Farhangī, 1363 SH.
According to Shia narrations, [[Imam Reza (a)]] came to [[the Prophet's grave]] during his [[Umrah]] and performed six or eight units of prayer beside the Mukhallaqa pillar.<ref>Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 5, p. 161. , vol. 14, p. 359.</ref>
. Tārīkh-i Tashayyuʿ. A group of researchers, under the supervision of Dr. Sayyid Aḥmad Riḍā Khazarī. Qom: Pizhūhishgāh-i Ḥawzah wa Dānishgāh, 1388 SH.
Seeking blessings from this pillar is considered recommended.<ref>Amīnī, '' Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab'', vol. 5, p. 124.
. Rijāl al-Ṭūsī. By Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī Iṣfahānī. Qom: Muʾassasah-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, 1427 AH.
</ref>
. Al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār. By Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-Ḥimyarī (d. 900 AH). Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut: Maktabat Lubnān Nāshirūn, 1984 CE.
==Notes==
. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi-akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām. By Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Fāsī. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfah al-Dīniyyah, 1428 AH.
{{Notes}}
. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. By Ibn Saʿd. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1410 AH.
==References==
. Farhang-i Aʿlām-i Jughrāfiyāʾī. By Muḥammad Muḥammad Ḥasan Sharāb. Translated by Ḥamīd Riḍā Shaykhī. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1383 SH.
{{References}}
. Al-Kāfī. By Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH). Tehran: Islāmīyah, 1362 SH.
*Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. ''Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab''. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1387 AH.
. Al-Kāfī fī fiqh ahl al-Madīnah. By Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī (d. 463 AH). Edited by Muḥammad Muḥammad Aḥīd. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Riyāḍ al-Jadīdah, 1400 AH.
*Anṣārī, Nājī  Muḥammad Ḥasan ʿabdu l-qādir al-. ''ʿImārah wa tawsiah al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf  ʿabar  tārīkh''. [n.p], Nādī al-madīna al-munawwara al-adabī, 1996.
. Al-Murtaqī ilā al-fiqh al-arqā. By Muḥammad Rūḥānī (d. 1418 AH). Tehran: Dār al-Jallī (Muʾassasat al-Jalīl li-l-Taḥqīqāt al-Thaqāfiyyah), 1419 AH.
*ʿAṭṭār,  Sayyid Ḍīyāʾ b. Muḥammad b. ''Maqbūl.Al-Taʿrīf  bi tārīkh wa maʿālim al-masjid al-nabawīī al-sharīf''. Jeddah: Kunūz al-maʿrifa, 1432 AH.
. Maʿālim al-dīn fī fiqh Āl Yāsīn. By Muḥammad b. Shujāʿ al-Anṣārī (Ibn Qaṭṭān, d. 832 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1424 AH.
*Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī al-Qalʿajī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1405 AH.
. Muʿjam al-buldan. By Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī (d. 626 AH). Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995 CE.
*Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya''. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Khalīlī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1400 AH.
. Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn. By ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī (d. 356 AH). Edited by Aḥmad Ṣaqr. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī, 1419 AH.
*Ḥillī, Muḥammad b. al-Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Sarāʾir''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1410 AH.
. Muntahā al-ʾĀmāl. By Muḥaddith Qummī (d. 1359 AH). Tehran: Kitābfurūshī-yi Islāmīyah, 1379 SH.
*Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.
. Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh. By Shaykh al-Ṣadūq (d. 386 AH). Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1404 AH.
*Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. ''ʿUyūn al-athar fī funūn al-magghāzī wa al-shamāʾil wa al-sīyar''. Edited by Ibrāhīm Muḥammad Ramaḍān. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1414 AH.
. Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatihā. By Qudrat Allāh Anṣārī. Qom: Markaz-i Fiqhī-yi Aʾimmat al-Aṭhār (ʿa), 1429 AH.
*Ibn Zabāla. ''Akhbār al-madina''. Medina: Markaz Buḥūth wa Darāsāt al-Madina al-Munawwara, 1424 AH.
*Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh.
*Maṭarī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra''. Riyadh: Dār al-malik ʿAbdu-l ʿAzīz, 2005
*Muʿizī Malāyirī,  Ismāʿīl. '''Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Al-Maṭbaʿat al-Ilmīyya, 1399 AH.
*Najjār, Muḥammad  b. Maḥmūd al- . ''Al-Durra al-thamīna fī akhbār al-madina''. Medina: Markaz Buḥūth wa Darāsāt al-Madina al-Munawwara, 1427 AH.
*Nūrī. ''Mustadrak al-wasāʾil''. Beirut: Āl al-Bayt, 1408 AH.
*Qarachānlū, Ḥusayn. ''Ḥaramayn-I sharīfayn''. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1362 Sh.
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Tehran: Nashr-i Ṣadūq, 1367 Sh.
*Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2006..
*Ṣāliḥī, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf al-. ''Subul al-huda wa al-rishād''. Edited by ʿĀdil  Aḥmad and ʿAlī Muḥammad. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1414 AH.
*Shahīd al-Awwal, Muḥammad b. Makkī. ''Al-Mazār''. Qom: Muʾassisa Imām Hādī, 1410 AH.
*Shurrāb, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Ḥasan. ''Al-Ma ʿālim al-athīra''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1383 sh.
*Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara''. London: Muʾssisa al-furqān, 1429 AH.
{{end}}

Latest revision as of 11:43, 3 December 2025

Fakh is an area in the north of Mecca, near Tan'im Mosque, about four kilometers from Masjid al-Haram. According to Shia jurists, this place is the location where children enter into ihram. The cemetery of the martyrs of Fakh is also located here. This cemetery is the burial site of Husayn ibn Ali (known as Sahib al-Fakh) and a number of Hasanid nobles who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at Fakh. According to historians, the graves of some companions of the Prophet — including Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab — were also located in this area but were demolished during the Saudi period. According to some narrations, the Prophet prayed in this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his descendants, and wept in mourning for him.

Location

Fakh, or Wādī Zāhir (Zahir Valley),[1] It is the name of an area in the north of Mecca, near Tan'im Mosque. This place is located 4 kilometers from al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Sacred Mosque). Today, this place is referred to as “Ḥayyu al-Shuhadā’” (the Neighborhood of the Martyrs).

The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh In the Fakh area, there is a mountain at the foot of which lies a cemetery known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(2) Jaʿfarīān, Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah , p. 199-200. The martyrs of Fakh were a group of Sādāt Ḥasanī (descendants of Imam Hasan) who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at this pl According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. ace.(3) Ibn Khaldūn, Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn vol. 5,p. 148. According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. Part of it is about two meters above street level, and the main section is enclosed by a courtyard wall with a gate that is always closed. It is said that the grave of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (the martyr of Fakh) is located within this walled enclosure.(2) Jaʿfarīān, Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah , p. 199-200.

According to some reports from the year 1391 SH (2012-2013 CE), the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh was destroyed and turned into a garbage dump.(4) ISNA, news code: 91090602351.

The Martyr of Fakh Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan al-Muthallath ibn Ḥasan al-Muthannā, son of Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), known as Ṣāḥib al-Fakh(5) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn ,p. 364. He was the leader of a revolt against the Abbasid government, which is referred to as the Incident of Fakh or the Uprising of Fakh(6) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn ,p. 366-367.

Ṣāḥib al-Fakh was martyred on the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 169 AH (Yawm al-Tarwiyah) in the Fakh region during the battle against the army of Hādī al-‘Abbāsī (reigned 169–170 AH), along with most of his soldiers, including about 100 of the Hasanid descendants(7) ʿ Amīn Āmīlī,, A‘yān al-Shīʿa,vol. 6, p. 97. According to al-Ḥamawī, a 7th-century AH historian, the bodies of the martyrs, after remaining on the ground for three days and being preyed upon by wild animals, were buried in the place now known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(8) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-Buldān,vol. 4, p. 238. The Martyr of Fakh, or Ṣāḥib al-Fakh, began his uprising from Medina.(9) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn ,p. 372. After taking control of the city, due to the approaching Hajj season, he moved toward Mecca with 300 of his companions and close followers. But upon reaching the Fakh region, he confronted the Abbasid army, commanded by ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad (a descendant of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbbās), and in this battle all of his army were martyred, with only a few captured. Some of his relatives, including his uncle Idrīs ibn ʿAbdullāh, managed to escape Idrīs fled to the Maghreb and established the Idrisid dynasty there.(10) Various Authors, Tārīkh al-Tashayyūʿ. Vol. 1, p. 263. Other Graves It is said that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb(11) Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā,vol. 4, p. 142. And a number of the ṣaḥābah (companions of the Prophet) are also buried in the Fakh region(12) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-Buldān,vol. 4, p. 238. There is also a report of the burial of ʿAbdullāh ibn Zubayr in Fakh(13) Jaʿfarīān, ,Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah , p. 200. Virtue / Merit

According to a narration, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), while traveling from Medina to Mecca, performed ghusl (ritual purification) at Fakh, which was six miles from Mecca [and is now part of the city of Mecca], before entering Mecca.(14) Ḥumayrī, al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār fī Khabar al-Aqṭār, p. 436.

According to another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood in ṣalāh (prayer) at this place and wept during the prayer The Prophet explained that he wept because one of his descendants would be martyred at this place.(15) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn ,p. 366-367.


Also, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), while passing through this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his Ahl al-Bayt at this location.(16) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn ,p. 367. , Muḥaddith Qumī, Muntahā al-Āmāl, vol. 1, p. 261.


Sheikh Tusi, in his book Rijāl, considered Ṣāḥib al-Fakh to be among the companions of Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him(17) Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, p. 489.

It is narrated that Imam Musa al-Kāẓim (peace be upon him) honored the Martyr of Fakh(18) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn ,p. 380.

Miqāt for Children

According to Shia jurists, based on narrations, Fakh is considered the miqāt (designated station for entering ihrām) for children.(19) Rūḥānī, al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā , vol. 2, p. 28. In a narration, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), in response to the question of where the sewn garments of children could be removed [and where they could be made to enter ihrām], said: “My father, Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (peace be upon him), would remove the children’s garments at Fakh and make them enter ihrām.”(20) Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 303. , Shaykh Ṣadūq, Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh , vol. 2, p. 433. Some jurists believe that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the five designated miqāts on their behalf—by intending on their behalf and reciting the Talbiyah—but the act of removing the child’s garments and putting on the ihrām can be delayed until reaching Fakh.(21) Anṣārī, Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn ,vol. 1, p. 230. , Rūḥānī, al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā , vol. 2, p. 28.

Most Shia jurists believe that the actual ihrām for children can be performed from Fakh, serving as their designated miqāt.(22) Anṣārī, Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatuhā , vol. 5, p. 282. Of course, this applies to cases other than Ḥajj al-Tamattu

Some contemporary jurists, such as Muhammad-Taqi Bahjat, hold that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the well-known miqāts and may delay the removal of the sewn garments and putting on the ihrām until reaching Fakh.(23) Iftikhārī Golpāygānī, Ārāʾ al-Marājiʿ fī al-Ḥajj ʿalā Ḍawʾ Fatāwā al-Imām al-Khomeynī. , vol. 1, p. 34. Sunni jurists are either opposed to this or remain silent on the matter. However, some of them say that there is no problem in delaying the ihrām of a child until reaching the Ḥaram (the Sacred Mosque) or near it(24) Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī, al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah ,vol. 1, p. 411.

"references" . Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makkah wa Madīnah. By Rasūl Jaʿfariyān. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1390 SH. . ʾĀrāʾ al-marājiʿ fī al-ḥajj ʿalā ḍawʾ fatāwā al-Imām al-Khumaynī. By ʿAlī Iftikhārī-yi Gulpāyigānī. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1428 AH. . Aʿyān al-shīʿah. By Sayyid Muḥsin Amīn al-ʿĀmilī. Edited by Ḥasan Amīn. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, 1403 AH. Biḥār al-anwār. By Muḥammad Bāqir al-ʿAllāmah al-Majlisī. Tehran: Islāmīyah, n.d. . Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn. By Ibn Khaldūn. Translated by Āyatī. Tehran: Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Farhangī, 1363 SH. . Tārīkh-i Tashayyuʿ. A group of researchers, under the supervision of Dr. Sayyid Aḥmad Riḍā Khazarī. Qom: Pizhūhishgāh-i Ḥawzah wa Dānishgāh, 1388 SH. . Rijāl al-Ṭūsī. By Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī Iṣfahānī. Qom: Muʾassasah-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, 1427 AH. . Al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār. By Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-Ḥimyarī (d. 900 AH). Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut: Maktabat Lubnān Nāshirūn, 1984 CE. . Shifāʾ al-gharām bi-akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām. By Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Fāsī. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfah al-Dīniyyah, 1428 AH. . Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. By Ibn Saʿd. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1410 AH. . Farhang-i Aʿlām-i Jughrāfiyāʾī. By Muḥammad Muḥammad Ḥasan Sharāb. Translated by Ḥamīd Riḍā Shaykhī. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1383 SH. . Al-Kāfī. By Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH). Tehran: Islāmīyah, 1362 SH. . Al-Kāfī fī fiqh ahl al-Madīnah. By Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī (d. 463 AH). Edited by Muḥammad Muḥammad Aḥīd. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Riyāḍ al-Jadīdah, 1400 AH. . Al-Murtaqī ilā al-fiqh al-arqā. By Muḥammad Rūḥānī (d. 1418 AH). Tehran: Dār al-Jallī (Muʾassasat al-Jalīl li-l-Taḥqīqāt al-Thaqāfiyyah), 1419 AH. . Maʿālim al-dīn fī fiqh Āl Yāsīn. By Muḥammad b. Shujāʿ al-Anṣārī (Ibn Qaṭṭān, d. 832 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1424 AH. . Muʿjam al-buldan. By Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī (d. 626 AH). Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995 CE. . Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn. By ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī (d. 356 AH). Edited by Aḥmad Ṣaqr. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī, 1419 AH. . Muntahā al-ʾĀmāl. By Muḥaddith Qummī (d. 1359 AH). Tehran: Kitābfurūshī-yi Islāmīyah, 1379 SH. . Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh. By Shaykh al-Ṣadūq (d. 386 AH). Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1404 AH. . Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatihā. By Qudrat Allāh Anṣārī. Qom: Markaz-i Fiqhī-yi Aʾimmat al-Aṭhār (ʿa), 1429 AH.

  1. ↑ Fāsī, Shifāʾ al-Gharām , vol. 1, p. 472.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikihaj.com/index.php?title=User:Pourghorbani&oldid=3659"