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'''The birthplace of the Prophet(s)''' is the house of [[Abdullah b. Abdul-Muttalib]], where the prophet was born; this place is located in the city of [[Mecca]], in the neighborhood of [[Sha'ab Abi Talib]]. In the second century of hijra, [[Khayzaran]], the mother of [[Harun al-Rashid]], bought that place and converted it into a mosque.
Fakh is an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]], about four kilometers from [[Masjid al-Haram]].
Reports from the sixth century onwards indicate that a decorated marble stone was erected as a commemoration of the Prophet's birthplace in a section of the mosque. In the reconstruction of 1009 AH/ 1600-1, a grand dome and minaret were built for this mosque.
According to Shia jurists, this place is the location where children enter into ihram. The cemetery of the martyrs of Fakh is also located here.
The Mosque of the Birthplace of the Prophet was considered one of the sacred places in Mecca, and every year on the night of the Prophet's birth, the people of Mecca would gather there.
This cemetery is the burial site of Husayn ibn Ali (known as Sahib al-Fakh) and a number of Hasanid nobles who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at Fakh.
Reports from the tenth century have mentioned the existence of a special official ceremony, which was held in the presence of an Ottoman representative in Mecca (the overseer of the Masjid al-Haram) on the night of the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal.
According to historians, the graves of some companions of the Prophet — including Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab — were also located in this area but were demolished during the Saudi period.
According to some narrations, the Prophet prayed in this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his descendants, and wept in mourning for him.
==Location==
Fakh, or Wādī Zāhir (Zahir Valley),<ref>Fāsī, '' Shifāʾ al-Gharām '', vol. 1, p. 472.
</ref>
It is the name of an area in the north of [[Mecca]], near [[Tan'im Mosque]].
This place is located 4 kilometers from al-Masjid al-Ḥarām (the Sacred Mosque).
Today, this place is referred to as “Ḥayyu al-Shuhadā’” (the Neighborhood of the Martyrs).


Due to the importance and fame of the Mosque of the Birthplace of the Prophet, this building has been reconstructed numerous times by the orders of sultans and rulers. However, during the rule of the Al Saud dynasty, like many other sacred places and buildings in Mecca, it was demolished (in the year 1343 AH / 1924-5 )
The Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh
In the year 1370 AH / 1950-1, with the aim of preserving the memory of this place, a library was built there, which still exists and is named "Maktabat Makkah al-Mukarramah" (The Library of the Honored Mecca).
In the Fakh area, there is a mountain at the foot of which lies a cemetery known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.
The martyrs of Fakh were a group of Sādāt Ḥasanī (descendants of Imam Hasan) who were martyred in the battle against the Abbasids in the year 169 AH at this pl According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. ace.(3) Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'' vol. 5,p. 148.
According to the latest contemporary sources, this cemetery is relatively spacious but has been divided into three sections due to the road. Part of it is about two meters above street level, and the main section is enclosed by a courtyard wall with a gate that is always closed. It is said that the grave of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (the martyr of Fakh) is located within this walled enclosure.(2) Jaʿfarīān, ''Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah'' , p. 199-200.


==History==
According to some reports from the year 1391 SH (2012-2013 CE), the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh was destroyed and turned into a garbage dump.(4) ISNA, news code: 91090602351.


They consider a house in which the prophet(s) was born, located in the area of [[Sha'ab Abi Talib]] in a neighborhood called [[Suq al-Layl]], as the "Birthplace of the Prophet" or the place of the Prophet's birth. In some historical sources, other places have also been mentioned as possible locations of the Prophet's birth, but these are not confirmed by most historians of Mecca.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>
The Martyr of Fakh
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan al-Muthallath ibn Ḥasan al-Muthannā, son of Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him), known as Ṣāḥib al-Fakh(5) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 364.
He was the leader of a revolt against the Abbasid government, which is referred to as the Incident of Fakh or the Uprising of Fakh(6) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.


Ṣāḥib al-Fakh was martyred on the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah in the year 169 AH (Yawm al-Tarwiyah) in the Fakh region during the battle against the army of Hādī al-‘Abbāsī (reigned 169–170 AH), along with most of his soldiers, including about 100 of the Hasanid descendants(7) ʿ Amīn Āmīlī,, '' A‘yān al-Shīʿa'',vol. 6, p. 97.
According to al-Ḥamawī, a 7th-century AH historian, the bodies of the martyrs, after remaining on the ground for three days and being preyed upon by wild animals, were buried in the place now known as the Cemetery of the Martyrs of Fakh.(8) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
The Martyr of Fakh, or Ṣāḥib al-Fakh, began his uprising from Medina.(9) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 372.
After taking control of the city, due to the approaching Hajj season, he moved toward Mecca with 300 of his companions and close followers.
But upon reaching the Fakh region, he confronted the Abbasid army, commanded by ʿAbbās ibn Muḥammad (a descendant of ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbbās), and in this battle all of his army were martyred, with only a few captured. Some of his relatives, including his uncle Idrīs ibn ʿAbdullāh, managed to escape Idrīs fled to the Maghreb and established the Idrisid dynasty there.(10) Various Authors, ''Tārīkh al-Tashayyūʿ''. Vol. 1, p. 263.
Other Graves
It is said that ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb(11) Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā'',vol. 4, p. 142.
And a number of the ṣaḥābah (companions of the Prophet) are also buried in the Fakh region(12) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, '' Muʿjam al-Buldān'',vol. 4, p. 238.
There is also a report of the burial of ʿAbdullāh ibn Zubayr in Fakh(13) Jaʿfarīān, '',Āthār Islāmiyya Makkah wa Madīnah '', p. 200.
Virtue / Merit


===Until the third century===
According to a narration, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), while traveling from Medina to Mecca, performed ghusl (ritual purification) at Fakh, which was six miles from Mecca [and is now part of the city of Mecca], before entering Mecca.(14) Ḥumayrī, '' al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār fī Khabar al-Aqṭār'', p. 436.


According to Azraqi's report in the book of Akhbar Makkah, who lived in the third century, the house where the Prophet was born, after his emigration, came into the possession of [[Aqil]], the son of Abu Talib, and was transferred to Aqil's children until it was sold to Muhammad b. Yusuf Thaqafi, who annexed it to his own house known as the White House. When [[Khayzaran]], the mother of Harun al-Rashid, performed Hajj in 171 AH/ 788, she bought it and built a mosque in which prayers are offered. Azraqi states that the people of Mecca have no disagreement about the location of the Prophet's birthplace.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 198.</ref>
According to another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood in ṣalāh (prayer) at this place and wept during the prayer The Prophet explained that he wept because one of his descendants would be martyred at this place.(15) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 366-367.
The same report is also mentioned by Fakihi (d. 245 AH/859-60), another ancient historian of Mecca.<ref>Fākihī, ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 4, p. 5.</ref>


===Report of Ibn Jubayr (7th Century)===


Ibn Jubayr (d. 614 AH/ ) visited this mosque in 579 AH and described it in his travelogue.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 82/p. 125.</ref>
Also, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), while passing through this place, foretold the martyrdom of one of his Ahl al-Bayt at this location.(16) ) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 367. , Muḥaddith Qumī, ''Muntahā al-Āmāl'', vol. 1, p. 261.
He considered the building to be a magnificent mosque, stating, "On Tuesdays of the month of Rabi' al-Awwal, which is the birth and celebration day of the Prophet(s), it is opened, and all people come there to gain blessings and grace. Other sacred places are also opened on the same day, and it is always a day of resurrection in [[Mecca]].<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 154.</ref>
According to Ibn Jubayr, the birthplace of the Prophet in this mosque is constructed in the form of a small pool, three cubits wide. In the middle of it lies a green marble stone, two-thirds the width of the pool, which has been encased in silver. The mihrab of the mosque is located opposite this site.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 126-127.</ref>


===Report of Fasi (9th Century)===


More than two centuries later, Taqi al-Din al-Fasi (d.832 AH/1428-9), a historian of Mecca, provided a description of this revered and esteemed place in his book "Shifa al-Gharam." He depicted the structure of the mosque as square-shaped with two arched domes, with a large corner placed in the southwest corner.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 268.</ref>
Sheikh Tusi, in his book Rijāl, considered Ṣāḥib al-Fakh to be among the companions of Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him(17) Ṭūsī, '' Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', p. 489.


===Report of Uliya Chalabi (11th Century)===
It is narrated that Imam Musa al-Kāẓim (peace be upon him) honored the Martyr of Fakh(18) Abū al-Faraj Isfahānī, '' Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn '',p. 380.


Two and a half centuries later, in the year 1081/1670-1, Uliya Chalabi, a Turkish travelogue writer, witnessed the birthplace of the Prophet and described it in his book. He described this building as a large and beautiful mosque, with a square structure, a tall dome covered in lead. Chalabi mentioned the interior decorations of the mosque, including valuable carpets and a pulpit covered in silk fabrics and gold plating. According to him, the birthplace of the Prophet was marked by a yellow-colored stone in a cavity, bearing the impression of the Prophet's body.<ref>Chilibī, ''Al-Raḥla al-ḥijazīyya'', p. 255-256.</ref>
Miqāt for Children


===Before Destruction===
According to Shia jurists, based on narrations, Fakh is considered the miqāt (designated station for entering ihrām) for children.(19) Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.
In a narration, Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (peace be upon him), in response to the question of where the sewn garments of children could be removed [and where they could be made to enter ihrām], said: “My father, Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (peace be upon him), would remove the children’s garments at Fakh and make them enter ihrām.”(20) Kulaynī, ''  al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 303. , Shaykh Ṣadūq, '' Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh''  , vol. 2, p. 433.
Some jurists believe that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the five designated miqāts on their behalf—by intending on their behalf and reciting the Talbiyah—but the act of removing the child’s garments and putting on the ihrām can be delayed until reaching Fakh.(21) Anṣārī, '' Maʿālim al-Dīn fī Fiqh Āl Yāsīn ''  ,vol. 1, p. 230. , Rūḥānī, '' al-Murtaqā ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā '', vol. 2, p. 28.


Mullah Ibrahim Kaziruni, who was fortunate enough to visit this house in the year 1315 AH/1897-8, writes: "On Friday, the fourteenth, we went to visit the site known as the birthplace of the Proph(s), which is located in [[Suq al-Layl]]. We entered through the door and descended approximately fourteen steps. We entered a room designated as a mosque. After that, we went into another room where there is a shrine. The caretaker opened the door of the shrine. Inside the shrine, there is a cavity. In the middle of it was a green stone which was the place of birth of the Seal of the Prophets.<ref>Kāzirūnī,  ''Safarnāma- yi Mulla Ibrāhīm Kāzirūnī, Mīrāth Islāmī Iran'', p. 366.</ref>
Most Shia jurists believe that the actual ihrām for children can be performed from Fakh, serving as their designated miqāt.(22) Anṣārī, '' Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatuhā'' , vol. 5, p. 282.
Mohammad Labib Bitouni, who traveled to Mecca in the year 1327 AH/1909/10, depicted the above plan of the structure of the Prophet's birthplace in his travelogue and described it as follows: "Upon entering it, you first enter an open space measuring 12 meters in length and 6 meters in width, with a door on the right wall. After passing through it, you enter a space where a dome is placed. In the middle of this space, and under the dome, there is a niche made of wood leaning towards the west wall, within which a concave marble stone can be seen, slightly recessed in the middle. This location indicates the birthplace of the Prophet."<ref>Batanūnī,  ''Safarnāma- yi Ḥijāz'', p. 146.</ref>
Of course, this applies to cases other than Ḥajj al-Tamattu


==Reconstructions==
Some contemporary jurists, such as Muhammad-Taqi Bahjat, hold that the guardian of a child can make the child enter ihrām at one of the well-known miqāts and may delay the removal of the sewn garments and putting on the ihrām until reaching Fakh.(23) Iftikhārī Golpāygānī, ''  Ārāʾ al-Marājiʿ fī al-Ḥajj ʿalā Ḍawʾ Fatāwā al-Imām al-Khomeynī. '', vol. 1, p. 34.
The building of the Prophet's birthplace received attention from emirs and sultans and underwent several reconstructions. The list of these reconstructions is as follows:
Sunni jurists are either opposed to this or remain silent on the matter. However, some of them say that there is no problem in delaying the ihrām of a child until reaching the Ḥaram (the Sacred Mosque) or near it(24) Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī, '' al-Kāfī fī Fiqh Ahl al-Madīnah '',vol. 1, p. 411.


- In the year 576/1180-1: Nasser, the Abbasid Caliph.
"references"
- In the year 666/1267-8: Malik Mazaffar, the ruler of Yemen.
. Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makkah wa Madīnah. By Rasūl Jaʿfariyān. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1390 SH.
- In the year 740/1339-40: Malik Mujahid, the ruler of Yemen.
. ʾĀrāʾ al-marājiʿ fī al-ḥajj ʿalā ḍawʾ fatāwā al-Imām al-Khumaynī. By ʿAlī Iftikhārī-yi Gulpāyigānī. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1428 AH.
- In the year 758/1356-7: Amir Sheikhoun, one of the dignitaries of Egypt.
. Aʿyān al-shīʿah. By Sayyid Muḥsin Amīn al-ʿĀmilī. Edited by Ḥasan Amīn. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, 1403 AH.
- In the year 766/1364-5: Malik Shaaban, the Sultan of Egypt.
Biḥār al-anwār. By Muḥammad Bāqir al-ʿAllāmah al-Majlisī. Tehran: Islāmīyah, n.d.
- In the year 801/1398-9: Malik Zaher Barquq, the Sultan of Egypt.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>
. Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn. By Ibn Khaldūn. Translated by Āyatī. Tehran: Muʾassasah-yi Muṭālaʿāt-i Farhangī, 1363 SH.
 
. Tārīkh-i Tashayyuʿ. A group of researchers, under the supervision of Dr. Sayyid Aḥmad Riḍā Khazarī. Qom: Pizhūhishgāh-i Ḥawzah wa Dānishgāh, 1388 SH.
During the Ottoman era:
. Rijāl al-Ṭūsī. By Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī Iṣfahānī. Qom: Muʾassasah-yi Nashr-i Islāmī, 1427 AH.
 
. Al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār. By Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-Ḥimyarī (d. 900 AH). Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Beirut: Maktabat Lubnān Nāshirūn, 1984 CE.
- In the year 935: Sultan Suleiman, the Ottoman Sultan.
. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi-akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām. By Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Fāsī. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfah al-Dīniyyah, 1428 AH.
- In the year 1009: By the order of Sultan Muhammad, the Ottoman Sultan, under the supervision of Ghazanfar Agha.(12)( ʿAlī b. Tāj al-ddīn al-sanjārī.Manāʾiḥ al-karam.vol3.p506)
. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. By Ibn Saʿd. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1410 AH.
In this reconstruction, a large dome and minaret were built for this structure, and endowments were allocated by the Ottoman government for it, and a muezzin, servant, and imam were appointed for the mosque.(13)( • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Tārīkh-i Makka, Ittiḥāf fudhal al-zaman bi tārīkh wālīh banī al-ḥasan..vol2.p15)
. Farhang-i Aʿlām-i Jughrāfiyāʾī. By Muḥammad Muḥammad Ḥasan Sharāb. Translated by Ḥamīd Riḍā Shaykhī. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1383 SH.
 
. Al-Kāfī. By Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (d. 329 AH). Tehran: Islāmīyah, 1362 SH.
The year 1230 according to the command of Sultan Mahmud Khan.
. Al-Kāfī fī fiqh ahl al-Madīnah. By Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr al-Qurṭubī (d. 463 AH). Edited by Muḥammad Muḥammad Aḥīd. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Riyāḍ al-Jadīdah, 1400 AH.
The last apparent repair was during the time of Abdul-Majid Khan.(14)( • Gāzī, ʿAbdullāh b. Muḥammad al-. Ifādat al-anām.vol2.p71,,, • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'.p185)
. Al-Murtaqī ilā al-fiqh al-arqā. By Muḥammad Rūḥānī (d. 1418 AH). Tehran: Dār al-Jallī (Muʾassasat al-Jalīl li-l-Taḥqīqāt al-Thaqāfiyyah), 1419 AH.
 
. Maʿālim al-dīn fī fiqh Āl Yāsīn. By Muḥammad b. Shujāʿ al-Anṣārī (Ibn Qaṭṭān, d. 832 AH). Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1424 AH.
The celebration of the Prophet's (PBUH) birthday at the Mosque of the Prophet's Birthplace.
. Muʿjam al-buldan. By Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī (d. 626 AH). Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995 CE.
Ibn Jubayr in the sixth century reported the presence of the people of Mecca at the Mosque of the Prophet's Birthplace on Tuesday of the month of Rabi' al-Awwal to commemorate the anniversary of his birth.(5)
. Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn. By ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī (d. 356 AH). Edited by Aḥmad Ṣaqr. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī, 1419 AH.
Reports of the celebration of the Prophet's birthday at this location exist in the subsequent centuries.
. Muntahā al-ʾĀmāl. By Muḥaddith Qummī (d. 1359 AH). Tehran: Kitābfurūshī-yi Islāmīyah, 1379 SH.
 
. Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh. By Shaykh al-Ṣadūq (d. 386 AH). Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1404 AH.
Muhammad ibn Ahmad Nahrawali (d. 990 AH) in the tenth century Hijri provided a detailed report about the celebration of the Prophet's birthday night. According to him, every year on the night of the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, after the Maghrib prayer, jurists, dignitaries, scholars, and people gather while carrying numerous candles and torches before the overseer of the Masjid al-Haram and the judges of the four schools of thought. They assemble at the Masjid al-Haram and proceed towards Souq al-Leil and the location of the Prophet's birthplace. Upon reaching there, a sermon is delivered, and then people return to the Masjid al-Haram where some dignitaries are honored, and the Isha prayer is performed, concluding the ceremony.(15)( • Nahrawālī al-Makkī, Quṭb al-Dīn. ''Al-Aʿlām bi aʿlām bayt Allāh al-harām'.p422)
. Mawsūʿat Aḥkām al-Aṭfāl wa Adillatihā. By Qudrat Allāh Anṣārī. Qom: Markaz-i Fiqhī-yi Aʾimmat al-Aṭhār (ʿa), 1429 AH.
More than a century later, the travelogue written in the years 1105-1106 about the pilgrimage journey quotes Nehruvali's report and describes this ceremony as a great gathering, in which many Bedouins and residents of other cities (besides Mecca) participated.(16)( • Nāblusī, ʿAbdu-l Ghanī al-. Al-Ḥaqīqa wa al-majāz fī riḥlat al-bilād al-shām wa miṣr wa al-ḥijāz.vol3.p354-355)
 
Destruction of buildings and the construction of a library
 
In the Al Saud government, the structure of the Prophet's birthplace, like many other ancient buildings in Mecca, was demolished on the pretext that people excessively sought blessings from it.(17)( • Bilādī, ʿĀtiq b. Ghayth al-. Maʿālim makka al-tārīkhīyya wa al-atharīyya.p294)
It was demolished in the lunar year 1343.
 
Later, considering that there was no tomb to be visited at this location, some tried to obtain permission for its reconstruction. In 1370 AH, a permit was issued for the construction of a library in this place.
 
The construction capital was provided by Fatimah, the daughter of Yusuf Qatan, and her brother Sheikh Abbas Qatan (in 1370 AH) supervised the construction. After his death, his sons completed the construction work. Thus, the "Maktabat Makkah al-Mukarramah" was built at this location. (18)( • Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''.p171-173,,, • ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Ibrāhīm Abū Solaymān . Maktabat makka al-mukarrama qadīman wa ḥadīthan.p80)
 
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
==References==
{{References}}
 
• Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''
 
• Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh.
 
• Nāblusī, ʿAbdu-l Ghanī al-. Al-Ḥaqīqa wa al-majāz fī riḥlat al-bilād al-shām wa miṣr wa al-ḥijāz. Edited by  
Riyādh ʿAbdu-l  Ḥamīd  Murād. Damascus: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1419 AH.
 
• Chilibī, ʾUlīyā. Al-Raḥla al-ḥijazīyya. Translated by Aḥmad al-Mursī. Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabīyya, 1420 AH.
 
• Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Tārīkh-i Makka, Ittiḥāf fudhal al-zaman bi tārīkh wālīh banī al-ḥasan. Edited by Muḥsin Muḥammad Ḥasan Salīm. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Jāmiʿī, 1413 AH.
 
• Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
• Nahrawālī al-Makkī, Quṭb al-Dīn. ''Al-Aʿlām bi aʿlām bayt Allāh al-harām''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1425 AH.
 
• Bilādī, ʿĀtiq b. Ghayth al-. Maʿālim makka al-tārīkhīyya wa al-atharīyya. Mecca: Dār al-Makka, 1403 AH.
 
• ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Ibrāhīm Abū Solaymān . Maktabat makka al-mukarrama qadīman wa ḥadīthan. Riyadh: Maktaba al-Malik Fahad al-Waṭanīyya, 1433 AH.
 
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