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'''Mukhallaqa pillar''' is one of the pillars of [[Masjid al-Nabi]] and the closest  pillar to [[Prophet's Mihrab|mihrab of Prophet]](a), which was the place where incense was placed to perfume the Masjid al-Nabi. After [[changeing Qibla]] in the second year of Hijra/ 624 , the Prophet used to pray in front of this pillar for some time. Therefore, this pillar, which was the sign of the Prophet's prayer, was called the “ʿAlam(sign) pillar”.
{{Building
| title = Salman al-Farsi Mosque
| image =سلمان.jpg
| image size =
| image link =
| image description =
| other names =
| place = [[Saudi Arabia]] * [[Medina]] * Near the [[Fath Mosque]] and at the edge of Mount Sela' 
| usage = Mosque
| religious affiliation = Islam
| beliefs =
| rituals =
| rulings =
| pilgrims =
| visitors =
| time of construction = 1st century AH
| founder =
| events =
| reconstructions =
| reconstructors =
| missing parts =
| historical features = The place where the Prophet(s) prayed
| trustee =
| space =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| status = Existing
| capacity =
| facilities =
| parts =
| architect =
| style =
| properties =
| domes =
| minarets =
| doors =
| porticos =
| courts =
| verandas =
| affiliated entity =
| maintaining entity =
| administrator =
| imam of prayer =
| subsidiary entities =
| registered in =
| registration no. =
| registration date =
| website =
| latitude =  24.477443
| longitude = 39.595562
| map description =
}} 
'''Salman al-Farsi Mosque''' is one of the historical mosques in Medina, located south of the [[Fath Mosque (Medina)|Fath Mosque]] and northwest of [[Mount Sela']]. The Prophet (PBUH) prayed at this site during the [[Battle of the Trench]]. The mosque is named after [[Salman al-Farsi]], one of the companions of [[Prophet Muhammad(s)], who suggested digging the trench to defend against the Quraysh army. The mosque features a courtyard and a rectangular prayer hall.


the sources mentions that blessing this pillar is recommended and prayers next to it is fulfilled. It is also reported that [[Imam Rida(a)]] prayed 6 or 8 [[rakats]] next to this pillar.
==Name and Location== 
Salman al-Farsi Mosque is located south of the [[Fath Mosque]] and northwest of the slopes of [[Mount Sela']].<ref name=":0">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Masajid_al-Athariya.pdf&page=143 Masājid al-Athariya, ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 143.]</ref> It is said that the mosque was named after [[Salman al-Farsi]], a companion of the Prophet (PBUH), who played a key role in the [[Battle of the Trench]] by proposing the idea of digging the trench.<ref name=":0" /> 


==The place of Mukhallaqa pillar==
==The Prophet's Prayer==
Mukhallaqah is the closest pillar to [[Prophet's Mihrab|prophet's mihrab]], which is connected to the back of the mihrab from the west<ref>Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama'', vol. 2, p. 435.</ref> and now it is a little ahead of its original place<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 191.</ref> and above it is written in a green circle with golden lines the words "اسطوانه المخلّقه Al- Mukhallaqa pillar".<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 191; Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama'', vol. 2, p. 435.</ref>
Salman al-Farsi Mosque is one of the [[Fath Mosques]]. According to narrations, the Prophet (PBUH) prayed at the Fath Mosque and its surrounding mosques.<ref name=":4">Al-Durra al-Thamina fi Tarikh al-Madina, Ibn Najjar, p. 189.</ref> Ibn Shabba reports that during the [[Battle of the Trench]], the Prophet prayed at the base of Mount Sela' and then ascended the mountain to supplicate.<ref name=":2">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Tarikh_al-Madina_al-Munawwara_Ibn_Shabba.pdf&page=59 Tarikh al-Madina al-Munawwara, Ibn Shabba, pp. 58–59.]</ref> Researchers believe this site to be the same as Salman al-Farsi Mosque.<ref name=":1">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Masajid_al-Athariya.pdf&page=144 Masājid al-Athariya, ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 144.]</ref>
==Concept==
 
The arabic word, Mukhallaqa(مُخَلَّقه), is from Khalūq(خَلوق) or Khalāq(خَلاق) means good smell, it is a type of perfume whose major part is saffron.<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 10, p. 91, word(خلق)</ref> This pillar was named Mukhallkha(Perfumed) because of that, to perfume the mosque, it was smeared with perfume or incense was burned on it.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 191.</ref>
==History==
==History==
Salman al-Farsi Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in [[Medina]]. Some scholars suggest that it was likely built during the governorship of [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] over Medina (87–101 AH).<ref name=":6">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Al-Madina_al-Munawwara_Tatawwuruhā_al-ʿUmrānī.pdf&page=188 Al-Madīna al-Munawwara: Tatawwuruhā al-ʿUmrānī, p. 188.]</ref> The mention of the mosque in the works of Ibn Shabba<ref name=":2" /> (who lived between 173–262 AH) indicates that the mosque existed in the 2nd century AH. 
There are several narrations of the first people who tried to perfume the mosque, which are as follows:
 
*It is said that the first person who perfumed the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] was the wife of Uthman b. Mazʿun, one of the first Muslims, when his wife spat in the mosque, he washed and perfumed it.<ref>Najjār,''Al-Durra al-thamīna'', p. 100.</ref>
Ibn al-Barraj (d. 481 AH) also mentioned this mosque.<ref>Al-Muhadhdhab, Ibn al-Barraj, vol. 1, p. 283.</ref> The mosque was reconstructed in 577 AH.<ref name=":5">Bahjat al-Nufus wa al-Asrar fi Tarikh Dar Hijrat al-Nabi al-Mukhtar, Marjani, vol. 1, p. 570.</ref><ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Al-Madina_al-Munawwara_Tatawwuruhā_al-ʿUmrānī.pdf&page=189 Al-Madīna al-Munawwara: Tatawwuruhā al-ʿUmrānī, p. 189.]</ref> After this reconstruction, [[Ibn Najjar]] described the mosque as being surrounded by numerous palm trees and constructed with stone and plaster.<ref name=":4" /> Some Shia sources from the 7th century AH mention prayers and visits to this mosque.<ref>Al-Mazar, Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar al-Mashhadi, p. 102.</ref><ref>Misbah al-Zaʾir, Sayyid Ibn Tawus, p. 64.</ref>
*According to [[Jabir b. Abd Allah al-Ansari]], the first person who perfumed the Prophet's Mosque was [[Uthman b. Affan]].<ref>Najjār,''Al-Durra al-thamīna'', p. 100; Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama'', vol. 2, p. 436.</ref>
 
*During the Umayyah rule, [[Umar b. Abdul Aziz]] (R:99-101/717-8 -720) and during the Abbasid period<ref>Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama'', vol. 2, p. 436; Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā'', vol. 1, p. 281.</ref>, [[Khayzran]], the mother of [[Harun al-Rashid]], did this work in 170 AH/786-7.<ref>Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā'', vol. 1, p. 350.</ref> It seems that since then, making the atmosphere of the mosque fragrant became popular.
[[Ibn Jubayr]] (d. 614 AH) described the mosque in his travelogue as being on the way to [[Mount Uhud]].<ref>Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 156.</ref> The mosque is also mentioned in works from the 8th century,<ref>Rihlat Ibn Battuta, vol. 1, p. 363 / Bahjat al-Nufus wa al-Asrar fi Tarikh Dar Hijrat al-Nabi al-Mukhtar, Marjani, vol. 1, p. 570.</ref> 9th century,<ref>Al-Tuhfa al-Latifa fi Tarikh al-Madina al-Sharifa, Sakhavi, vol. 1, p. 40. / Itharat al-Targhib wa al-Tashwiq (with Ziyarat Bayt al-Maqdis by Ibn Taymiyya), Khwarizmi, vol. 2, p. 74.</ref> 10th century,<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Wafa_al-Wafa_Samhudi_Vol3.pdf&page=189 Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ, Samhudi, vol. 3, p. 189.]</ref> and 11th century.<ref>Al-Jawahir al-Thamina fi Mahasin al-Madina, p. 135 / Al-Rihla al-ʿAyyashiyya, vol. 1, p. 392.</ref> 
==ʿAlam pillar==
 
After [[changing of the Qibla]] in the second year of Hijra/624, Prophet Muhammad(a) used to stand in front of this pillar to pray for some time. Then he prayed at the current mihrab, which is known as the [[Prophet's Mihrab|prophet's mihrab]], and this pillar, which was closer to the mihrab than the other pillars, was placed behind the mihrab. It was also called "Alam" which means the sign of the Prophet's prayer and [[Qibla]].<ref>Sayyid al-Wakīl, ''Al-masjid al-nabawīī ʿabar  tārīkh'', p. 50; Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā'', vol. 2, p. 174.</ref> Some biographers consider this pillar as the [[pillar of Tawba]] (repentance);<ref>Ṣāliḥī Damishqī, ''Subul al-hudā'', vol. 5, p. 8; Ḥalabī, ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya'', vol. 2, p. 664.</ref> But Waqidi based on narration considered them two separate pillars<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 507.</ref>.
==Current Status== 
==virtue of Mukhallaqa pillar==
Today, Salman al-Farsi Mosque remains a site of visitation and prayer for pilgrims.<ref name=":3">Athar Islami Makka wa Madina, Jaʿfariyan, p. 300.</ref> The mosque features a covered prayer hall in the southern part (qibla side) and a courtyard in the northern section. The prayer hall is rectangular with an arched roof.<ref name=":1" /> The mosque is 8.5 meters long and 7 meters wide.<ref name=":6" /> 
One of the places where prayers are fulfilled is considered to be next to the Mukhallaqa pillar.<ref>Ṣāliḥī Damishqī, ''Subul al-hudā'', vol. 3, p. 322.</ref> According to a report, [[Salma b. Akuaʿ]], a companion and narrator of hadith of the Prophet, tried to perform his prayer near this pillar, and when they asked him the reason for it, he considered this to be the behavior of the Prophet.<ref>Ibn Ḥanbal, ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad'', vol. 4, p. 48; Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 1, p. 127; Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā'', vol. 2, p. 174.</ref>
 
According to Shia narrations, [[Imam Reza]](a) came to the [[Prophet's grave]] during his [[Umra]] and prayed six or eight [[rak'ats]] near the Mukhallaqa pillar.<ref>Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 5, 161; vol. 14, p. 359; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 80, p. 314.</ref> also It is recommended to bless this pillar.<ref>Amīnī, ''Al-Ghadīr'', vol. 5, p. 124.</ref>
==Historical Images== 
==Notes==
<gallery> 
{{Notes}}
File:غغب.jpg|alt= 
File:1776097.jpg|alt= 
File:سلمان2.jpg|alt= 
File:Cdn4.premiumread.jpg|alt= 
File:2024-09-03 06 39 50-الفتح، 7149 - حي - 3378، المدينة المنورة 42312، عربستان سعودی - Google Maps.png|alt=|According to the image, the mosque's entrance was blocked for some time.
</gallery>
 
==Recent Images==
<gallery>
File:2024-09-03 07 11 04-Google Maps.png|alt= 
File:2024-09-03 07 06 12-Google Maps.png|Mihrab 
File:2024-09-03 06 59 44-Google Maps.png|alt=|Southern side of the mosque from the outside, showing the mihrab. 
File:2024-09-03 07 04 33-Google Maps.png|alt=|Images of the mosque before the installation of glass doors. 
File:2024-09-03 07 05 48-Google Maps.png|alt= 
File:2024-09-03 07 00 12-Google Maps.png|alt= 
File:Thumbnail sm MfPou8NzLmWlkOg.webp|alt= 
</gallery>
 
==Notes==
{{Notes}}


==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
*Amīnī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. ''Al-Ghadīr fī al-kitāb wa al-sunna wa al-ʾadab''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, 1397 AH.
*Ibn al-Barraj, Al-Qāḍī.** *Al-Muhadhdhab*. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1406 AH.
*Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, 1401 AH.
*Ibn Ṭāwūs, Sayyid.** *Miṣbāḥ al-Zāʾir*. Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt, 1417 AH.
*Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1400 AH.
*Khwārizmī, Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq.** *Ithārat al-Targhīb wa al-Tashwīq (with Ziyārat Bayt al-Maqdis by Ibn Taymiyya)*. Mecca: Maktabat Nizār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1418 AH.
*Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.
*Mashhadī, Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar.** *Al-Mazār*. Qom: Nashr al-Qayyūm, 1419 AH.
*Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, [n.d].
*Ibn Jubayr.** *Riḥlat Ibn Jubayr (Tadhkira bi al-Akhbār ʿan Ittifāqāt al-Asfār)*. Beirut: Al-Muʾassasa al-ʿArabiyya li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Nashr, 2008 CE.
*Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. ''Lisān al-ʿArab''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1414 AH.
*Ibn Baṭṭūṭa.** *Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭa (Tuḥfat al-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār)*. Rabat: Akādīmiyyat al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiyya, 1417 AH.
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
*Sakhāwī, Shams al-Dīn.** *Al-Tuḥfa al-Laṭīfa fī Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Sharīfa*. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1414 AH/1993 CE.
*Najjār, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al- .''Al-Durra al-thamīna fī akhbār al-madina''. Medina: Markaz Buḥūth wa Darāsāt al-Madina al-Munawwara, 1427 AH.
*Ḥusaynī, Muḥammad Kabrīt al-Madanī.** *Al-Jawāhir al-Thamīna fī Maḥāsin al-Madīna*. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1417 AH.
*Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
*ʿAyyāshī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad.** *Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya (1661–1663 CE)*. Abu Dhabi: Dār al-Suwaydī, 2006 CE.
*Ṣāliḥī Damishqī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād''. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1414 AH.
*ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Muḥammad Ilyās.** *Masājid al-Āthārīya fī al-Madīna al-Munawwara*. Medina: Maṭābiʿ al-Rashīd, 1419 AH.
*Sayyid al-Wakīl, Muḥammad al- .''Al-masjid al-nabawīī ʿabar tārīkh''. [n.p], Dār al-mujtamaʿ li-lnashr wa al-tawziʿ, 1988.
*Samhūdī, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh.** *Wafāʾ al-Wafā bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā*. Edited by Qāsim al-Sāmarrāʾī. London: Muʾassasat al-Furqān, 2001 CE.  
*Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH.
*Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl.** *Āthār Islāmī Makka wa Madīna*. Tehran: Nashr Mashʿar, 1390 SH.
*Ibn Najjār, Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd.** *Al-Durra al-Thamīna fī Tārīkh al-Madīna*. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīniyya, n.d. 
*Muṣṭafā, Ṣāliḥ Lamʿī.** *Al-Madīna al-Munawwara: Taṭawwuruhā al-ʿUmrānī*. Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya, 1981 CE.
 
{{end}}
{{end}}
{{Places in Medina}} 
[[Category:Mosques in Medina]] 
[[Category:Completed articles]]

Latest revision as of 15:09, 18 March 2025

Salman al-Farsi Mosque
Template:Px
General Information
PlaceSaudi Arabia * Medina * Near the Fath Mosque and at the edge of Mount Sela'
UsageMosque
Religious Aspect
Religious AffiliationIslam
History
Time of Construction1st century AH
Historical FeaturesThe place where the Prophet(s) prayed
Current State
StatusExisting

Directions

+−
Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors

Salman al-Farsi Mosque is one of the historical mosques in Medina, located south of the Fath Mosque and northwest of Mount Sela'. The Prophet (PBUH) prayed at this site during the Battle of the Trench. The mosque is named after Salman al-Farsi, one of the companions of [[Prophet Muhammad(s)], who suggested digging the trench to defend against the Quraysh army. The mosque features a courtyard and a rectangular prayer hall.

Name and Location

Salman al-Farsi Mosque is located south of the Fath Mosque and northwest of the slopes of Mount Sela'.[1] It is said that the mosque was named after Salman al-Farsi, a companion of the Prophet (PBUH), who played a key role in the Battle of the Trench by proposing the idea of digging the trench.[1]

The Prophet's Prayer

Salman al-Farsi Mosque is one of the Fath Mosques. According to narrations, the Prophet (PBUH) prayed at the Fath Mosque and its surrounding mosques.[2] Ibn Shabba reports that during the Battle of the Trench, the Prophet prayed at the base of Mount Sela' and then ascended the mountain to supplicate.[3] Researchers believe this site to be the same as Salman al-Farsi Mosque.[4]

History

Salman al-Farsi Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Medina. Some scholars suggest that it was likely built during the governorship of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz over Medina (87–101 AH).[5] The mention of the mosque in the works of Ibn Shabba[3] (who lived between 173–262 AH) indicates that the mosque existed in the 2nd century AH.

Ibn al-Barraj (d. 481 AH) also mentioned this mosque.[6] The mosque was reconstructed in 577 AH.[7][8] After this reconstruction, Ibn Najjar described the mosque as being surrounded by numerous palm trees and constructed with stone and plaster.[2] Some Shia sources from the 7th century AH mention prayers and visits to this mosque.[9][10]

Ibn Jubayr (d. 614 AH) described the mosque in his travelogue as being on the way to Mount Uhud.[11] The mosque is also mentioned in works from the 8th century,[12] 9th century,[13] 10th century,[14] and 11th century.[15]

Current Status

Today, Salman al-Farsi Mosque remains a site of visitation and prayer for pilgrims.[16] The mosque features a covered prayer hall in the southern part (qibla side) and a courtyard in the northern section. The prayer hall is rectangular with an arched roof.[4] The mosque is 8.5 meters long and 7 meters wide.[5]

Historical Images

  • According to the image, the mosque's entrance was blocked for some time.

Recent Images

  • Mihrab
    Mihrab
  • Southern side of the mosque from the outside, showing the mihrab.
  • Images of the mosque before the installation of glass doors.

Notes

  1. ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Masājid al-Athariya, ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 143.
  2. ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Al-Durra al-Thamina fi Tarikh al-Madina, Ibn Najjar, p. 189.
  3. ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Tarikh al-Madina al-Munawwara, Ibn Shabba, pp. 58–59.
  4. ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 Masājid al-Athariya, ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 144.
  5. ↑ Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 Al-Madīna al-Munawwara: Tatawwuruhā al-ʿUmrānī, p. 188.
  6. ↑ Al-Muhadhdhab, Ibn al-Barraj, vol. 1, p. 283.
  7. ↑ Bahjat al-Nufus wa al-Asrar fi Tarikh Dar Hijrat al-Nabi al-Mukhtar, Marjani, vol. 1, p. 570.
  8. ↑ Al-Madīna al-Munawwara: Tatawwuruhā al-ʿUmrānī, p. 189.
  9. ↑ Al-Mazar, Muhammad ibn Jaʿfar al-Mashhadi, p. 102.
  10. ↑ Misbah al-Zaʾir, Sayyid Ibn Tawus, p. 64.
  11. ↑ Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 156.
  12. ↑ Rihlat Ibn Battuta, vol. 1, p. 363 / Bahjat al-Nufus wa al-Asrar fi Tarikh Dar Hijrat al-Nabi al-Mukhtar, Marjani, vol. 1, p. 570.
  13. ↑ Al-Tuhfa al-Latifa fi Tarikh al-Madina al-Sharifa, Sakhavi, vol. 1, p. 40. / Itharat al-Targhib wa al-Tashwiq (with Ziyarat Bayt al-Maqdis by Ibn Taymiyya), Khwarizmi, vol. 2, p. 74.
  14. ↑ Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ, Samhudi, vol. 3, p. 189.
  15. ↑ Al-Jawahir al-Thamina fi Mahasin al-Madina, p. 135 / Al-Rihla al-ʿAyyashiyya, vol. 1, p. 392.
  16. ↑ Athar Islami Makka wa Madina, Jaʿfariyan, p. 300.

References

  • Ibn al-Barraj, Al-Qāḍī.** *Al-Muhadhdhab*. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1406 AH.
  • Ibn Ṭāwūs, Sayyid.** *Miṣbāḥ al-Zāʾir*. Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt, 1417 AH.
  • Khwārizmī, Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq.** *Ithārat al-Targhīb wa al-Tashwīq (with Ziyārat Bayt al-Maqdis by Ibn Taymiyya)*. Mecca: Maktabat Nizār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1418 AH.
  • Mashhadī, Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar.** *Al-Mazār*. Qom: Nashr al-Qayyūm, 1419 AH.
  • Ibn Jubayr.** *Riḥlat Ibn Jubayr (Tadhkira bi al-Akhbār ʿan Ittifāqāt al-Asfār)*. Beirut: Al-Muʾassasa al-ʿArabiyya li al-Dirāsāt wa al-Nashr, 2008 CE.
  • Ibn Baṭṭūṭa.** *Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭa (Tuḥfat al-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār)*. Rabat: Akādīmiyyat al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiyya, 1417 AH.
  • Sakhāwī, Shams al-Dīn.** *Al-Tuḥfa al-Laṭīfa fī Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Sharīfa*. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1414 AH/1993 CE.
  • Ḥusaynī, Muḥammad Kabrīt al-Madanī.** *Al-Jawāhir al-Thamīna fī Maḥāsin al-Madīna*. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1417 AH.
  • ʿAyyāshī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad.** *Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya (1661–1663 CE)*. Abu Dhabi: Dār al-Suwaydī, 2006 CE.
  • ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Muḥammad Ilyās.** *Masājid al-Āthārīya fī al-Madīna al-Munawwara*. Medina: Maṭābiʿ al-Rashīd, 1419 AH.
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  • Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl.** *Āthār Islāmī Makka wa Madīna*. Tehran: Nashr Mashʿar, 1390 SH.
  • Ibn Najjār, Muḥammad ibn Maḥmūd.** *Al-Durra al-Thamīna fī Tārīkh al-Madīna*. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīniyya, n.d.
  • Muṣṭafā, Ṣāliḥ Lamʿī.** *Al-Madīna al-Munawwara: Taṭawwuruhā al-ʿUmrānī*. Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya, 1981 CE.

Template:Places in Medina

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