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| Abraham (a) is considered a leader among the followers of monotheistic religions, the forerunner of monotheists, and the father of monotheistic nations. In Islamic literature and the Quran, Abraham is recognized as the builder or rebuilder of the [[Ka'ba]]. The Quran and Islamic narrations mention his migration to [[Mecca]], the construction of the Kaaba with the assistance of [[Ishmael(a)]], and Abraham's performance of the [[hajj]].
| | '''The shrine of Ismail ibn Jafar (a)''' is the burial place of Ismāʿīl, the eldest son of Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (a.s.), who passed away before his father. His body was buried in Medina, in the Baqiʿ Cemetery. For centuries, this shrine had a structure and a dome and was a place of visitation for pilgrims. It is said that the shrine was built on land that was previously the house of Imam al-Sajjād (a.s.), and in its courtyard, there was a well from which people would drink for the healing of the sick. |
| ==Abraham (s) among nations and peoples==
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| The word "Abraham" is of Babylonian origin, and according to some linguists, it is composed of "Ib" meaning father and "rahim" meaning merciful.<ref>Jawharī, ''Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lugha'', vol. 5, p.1871; Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 12, p.48; Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, ''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr'', vol. 1, p. 542.</ref>
| | This shrine was destroyed in the year 1344 AH when the Wahhabis took control of Mecca and Medina. After this event, a simple wall was built around the grave until it was completely demolished during the construction of a road next to the cemetery. According to some reports, the body of Ismāʿīl was moved to another part of Baqīʿ, near the grave of Umm al-Banīn or near the graves of the Martyrs of Ḥarra, or about 10 meters away from the grave of Ḥalīma al-Saʿdiyya. |
| His two covenants and the Quran consider him a model of submission to God and the possessor of the highest moral virtues.<ref>Book of Genesis: 12:1-3; Jazāʾirī, ''Al-Nūr al-mubīn fī qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ wa l-mursalīn'' p. 110.</ref>
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| The Quran describes him as a patient and compassionate man who seeks forgiveness for himself and others.<ref>Quran: 11:75; 9: 114.</ref>And he was always obedient to God's command and also advised his children to submit to the decree and will of the Lord.<ref>Quran: 2:131-132.</ref> God describes him as "Hanif," meaning inclined towards turning away from falsehood towards truth.<ref>Quran: 16:120; Quran: 3:17; Quran: 4:125.</ref> And He considers him the first Muslim.<ref>Quran: 6:163.</ref>
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| ===The Arabs' recognition of Abraham===
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| Even before Islam, the Arabs had a complete awareness of Abraham. They had placed his image or statue along with Ishmael inside the Ka'ba. According to a narration, when the Prophet Muhammad(a) conquered Mecca, he pulled out and broke these two statues from inside the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 5, p. 93; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 8, p. 14.</ref>
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| In addition to this, numerous traces of Abraham, including sites, shrines, beliefs, and monotheistic practices attributed to him, are found throughout the Semitic region from Mesopotamia to the Sinai Peninsula. These serve as evidence of his extensive and profound influence among the nations, communities, and peoples of this region.<ref>Sūsa, ''Al-ʿarab wa al-yahūd fī al-tārīkh'', p. 251-256.</ref>
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| ==Birth and migration from Babylon== | | ==Ismaill ibn Jafar== |
| In Islamic narrations, we come across extensive information about the personal life of Abraham. All narrations agree that Abraham was born in the land of Babylon, in present-day southern Iraq.<ref> Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''و vol. 1و p. 383.</ref>
| | Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar was the eldest son of Imam Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq (a.s.), the sixth Imam of the Shia, who passed away during his father’s lifetime. His death is estimated to have occurred around the year 138 AH.<ref>“The Shrine of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar in Baqīʿ and Its Historical Context up to the Present Century,” p. 52.</ref> Some Shia during the lifetime of Imam al-Ṣādiq (a.s.) believed that Ismāʿīl would be his successor. Some denied his death, while others believed in the Imamate of his son, Muḥammad. Both groups came to be known as the Ismāʿīlīs.<ref>Al-Irshād, vol. 2, pp. 209–210.</ref> |
| The subject of Abraham's migration from his original land is reported several times in the Quran.<ref>Quran: 19:48; 37:99; 29:26; 21:71.</ref>
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| According to interpretative narratives, the destination of this migration was the sacred land.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 20,p.174; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 371; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 45.</ref>
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| In a less known narrative, it is reported to be [[Egypt]].<ref>Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 1, p. 100.</ref> In a narration by Ibn Abbas, the destination of Abraham's migration is understood to be Mecca.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 17, p. 62; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 7, p. 100.</ref> This migration occurred after Abraham's deliverance from the fire.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 17, p. 60; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 370-371.</ref>
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| According to several narratives, this migration followed Abraham's exile at the hands of Nimrod.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 371; Majlisī,''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p.39-154.</ref>
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| ===The Torah's narrative===
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| According to the Torah's account, Abraham, along with his father Terah, his wife Sarah, and his nephew Lot, left Ur of the Chaldeans and migrated to Haran.<ref>Book of Genesis: 11:31.</ref> Then, by God's command, he left Haran towards the land of Canaan.<ref>Book of Genesis: 12:4-5</ref>The holy land is mentioned as his ultimate destination for migration.<ref>Book of Genesis: 12:1.</ref>
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| Some Islamic narratives confirm the accounts of the Torah, according to which Abraham initially went to Haran, resided there for a while, and then departed from Haran to journey towards Palestine.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 17, p. 61; Qurṭubī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī(Al-Jamiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān'', vol. 15, p. 98; vol. 23, p. 65; Shabistarī, ''Aʿlām al-Qurʾān'', p. 23.</ref>
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| ==The journey to Mecca==
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| In the Quran, unlike the Torah, Abraham's journey to Mecca is mentioned, which likely occurred at least twice. During the first journey, Hagar and Ishmael were also with him, and he settled them in Mecca. At that time, Mecca was a barren land devoid of water and vegetation.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 755; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 6, p. 84.</ref>
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| ﴿رَبَّنا إِنِّی أَسکنتُ مِن ذُرِّیتِی بِواد غَیرِ ذِی زَرع عِندَ بَیتِک المُحَرَّم"Our Lord, indeed I have settled some of my descendants in an uncultivated valley near Your sacred House.<ref>Quran: 14:37.</ref> Based on numerous narrations, Ishmael was an infant during this journey, and at the command of God and with the assistance of Gabriel, Abraham placed Ishmael in the current location of the [[Hijr Isma'il]].<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 4, p. 116; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 201.</ref>
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| According to another narration, after arriving in Mecca and Abraham's departure, Ishma'il fell into a state of near-death due to extreme thirst. Then, by the grace of God, water was found in that land, and it became the destination for caravans from Yemen.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 20.</ref> According to the narrations of interpreters, the settlement of Ishma'il and Hagar in this location, along with Abraham's supplication for the prosperity of this city, laid the foundation for the establishment or flourishing of the city of Mecca.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 12, p. 68; Al-shirwanī wa Al-ʿIbādī, ''Ḥawāshī al-shirwanī wa al-ʿIbādī'', vol. 4, p. 66.</ref>
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| ===Abraham's second journey to Mecca===
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| According to the verses of the Quran, Abraham traveled to Mecca more than once. During his first journey, he settled his infant son Ishma'i and Hagar there.<ref>Quran: 14:37.</ref>
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| And during his second journey, he, with the help of his son Ishma'il, built the Ka'ba and established the [[Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'|rituals of Hajj]].<ref>Quran: 2:127.</ref>
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| ==The construction of the Ka'ba==
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| From the apparent meaning of some verses, such as (إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَیت وُضِعَ لِلنّاس...) "Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind..."<ref>Quran: 3:96.</ref> And explicit narratives indicate that the Ka'ba existed before Abraham and was built by [[Adam (Prophet)|Prophet Adam]].<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 386; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī,''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 6, p. 290-291; Qummi Mashhadi, ''Tafsīr kanz al-daqāʾiq wa bahr al-gharāʾib'', vol. 1, p. 338-339.</ref> On the other hand, some scholars consider Abraham as the founder of the Kaaba and regard the accounts of Adam building the Ka'ba as weak.<ref>Ibn Kathīr,''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', Vol. 1, p. 391.</ref>
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| Numerous narrations suggest that initially, the location of the Ka'ba was not known to Abraham, and it was Gabriel who taught him the place to build it.<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 62; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 389; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 96, p. 38.</ref>
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| In the Quranic verses, there is no explicit mention of God commanding Abraham to build the [[Ka'ba]]. However, some narrations, which commentators have adhered to, state that God instructed him to build the Ka'ba.<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 61; Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, ''Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī'', vol. 1, p. 189; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 99.</ref>
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| Abraham was not alone in building the Ka'ba; Ishma'il assisted him by fetching bricks or stones, and Abraham constructed it.<ref>Thaʿlabī, ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 274; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 292; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 389.</ref>
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| In some narratives, assistance from angels to them is also mentioned.<ref>ʿAynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 9, p. 213.</ref>The building materials were a type of red brick or stone brought from five different mountains surrounding the Kaaba, and according to one narrative, they were brought from the [[Mount Tuwa]].<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 62; ʿAynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 9, p. 213; Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, ''Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī'', vol. 1, p. 189.</ref>
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| ==Maqam Ibrahim==
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| The [[Maqam Ibrahim]](Station of Abraham) next to the Ka'ba is another trace of Abraham: "وَإِذ جَعَلنَا البَیتَ مَثَابَةً لِّلنَّاسِ وَأَمْنًا وَاتَّخِذُوا مِن مَّقَامِ إِبرَاهِیمَ مُصَلًّی Thus we set up the House as a resort for mankind and a sanctuary, and [said]: "Adopt Abraham's station as a place for prayer.<ref>Quran: 2:125.</ref>
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| It is said that this is the same stone that he placed under his feet when building the Ka'ba. Some have also considered the Ka'ba itself as the Station of Abraham.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 746-747; Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 4, p. 54.</ref>
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| ==Calling people to Hajj==
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| According to narratives, after the construction of the Ka'ba, Abraham was commanded by God to call upon the people for [[Hajj]]: (وأَذِّن فی النّاسِ بِالحَجّ... "and proclaim among men the Pilgrimage, ...")<ref>Quran: 22:27.</ref>
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| He stood on [[Mount Abu Qubays]], placing his hand on his ear and cried out: "O people! Answer the call of your Lord." [[The tribe of Jurhum]], a Yemeni tribe, were the first to respond to his call.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 205; ʿAynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī'', vol. 9, p. 128; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 11, p. 15.</ref>
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| ==Abraham's Hajj== | | ==Burial Place== |
| From the apparent meaning of the Quranic verses, it is understood that Abraham was not familiar with the [[Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'|rituals of Hajj]]. Therefore, he asked God to teach him: (... وأَرِنا مَناسِکنا..."...Show us our ceremonies...")<ref>Quran: 2:128.</ref>
| | According to historical sources, Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar passed away in ʿUrayḍ (a village near Medina), but his body was brought to Medina and buried in the Baqīʿ Cemetery.<ref>Al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 209; Sirr al-Silsila al-ʿAlawiyya, p. 34; al-Majdī, p. 100.</ref> His grave was located in an area that became separated from the rest of Baqīʿ when the city walls were extended, placing his shrine inside the walls of Medina (adjacent to the city wall) while the rest of the cemetery remained outside.<ref>Wafāʾ al-Wafā, vol. 5, p. 117.</ref> |
| Scholars of narrations have mentioned that Gabriel taught the rituals of Hajj to Abraham.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyā'', vol. 1, p. 189; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 1, p. 137; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 100.</ref>
| | ==History of the Dome== |
| There is no specific report regarding the number of pilgrimages performed by Abraham; it is said that Abraham's first pilgrimage was after the construction of the [[Ka'ba|House of God]].<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyā'', vol. 1, p. 189; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 100.</ref>
| | The grave of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar had a dome during certain periods of history. It is said that the dome and shrine were built during the rule of the Fatimids in Egypt (302–564 AH). A description from the 8th century AH indicates that at that time, the grave of Ismāʿīl was a shrine with a large white dome located west of the dome of ʿAbbās ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and adjacent to the wall of Medina. According to the same report, the shrine was built on land that was previously the house of Imam Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (a.s.), and at that time, there was an abandoned mosque and a well next to the shrine.<ref>Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra, p. 121.</ref> |
| This view is also supported by those who consider him as the founder of the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 462.</ref>
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| However, there are narrations indicating that Abraham's first pilgrimage was before the construction of the Ka'ba.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 202-203.</ref>
| | Samhūdī, a historian of Medina in the second half of the 9th century, mentions two inscriptions at the shrine of Ismāʿīl. These inscriptions indicated that the structure was built by Ḥusayn ibn Abī al-Hayjāʾ (an envoy of the Fatimid government) in the year 546 AH, and the same individual had also endowed a garden located to the west of the shrine to Ismāʿīl’s mausoleum.<ref>Wafāʾ al-Wafā, vol. 3, p. 306.</ref> |
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| | Later travelogues also mention the shrine of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar.<ref>See: “The Shrine of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar in Baqīʿ and Its Historical Context up to the Present Century,” pp. 56–59.</ref> For example, ʿAyyāshī, a travel writer from the Levant in the 11th century, reports that Shia pilgrims, many of whom were part of the Iraqi caravan, made a point to visit the grave of Ismāʿīl.<ref>Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya, vol. 1, p. 381.</ref> A report from the early 13th century AH also mentions a well in the courtyard of the shrine attributed to Imam Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (a.s.), from which water was taken for the healing of the sick.<ref>Ḥālāt al-Ḥaramayn, in Fifty Hajj Travelogues from the Qajar Era, p. 256.</ref> |
| | ==Destruction of the Dome== |
| | With the rise of the Wahhabis in the Arabian Peninsula and Medina, the shrine of Ismāʿīl, like other tombs and shrines, was destroyed in the year 1344 AH. According to some later reports, a simple wall was built around the grave.<ref>Travelogue of Ḥājj Sayyid Muḥammad Fāṭimī, in Fourteen Other Hajj Travelogues from the Qajar Era, p. 996.</ref> It is said that his shrine was surrounded by walls without doors or windows, measuring three by three meters and two and a half meters in height, located outside the Baqīʿ Cemetery, about 15 meters from its wall, to the west and facing the graves of the Imams (a.s.).<ref>Tārīkh Ḥaram Aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ, pp. 289–290.</ref> |
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| | ==Current Location of the Grave |
| | In the year 1394 AH (1975 CE), during the construction of the western road of Baqīʿ, the area around the grave of Ismāʿīl was demolished, and rumors spread that his body was found intact.<ref>Tārīkh Ḥaram Aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ, p. 290.</ref> Some reports indicate that the body of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar (a.s.) was moved inside the Baqīʿ Cemetery with the coordination of some Ismāʿīlī leaders<ref>Āthār Islāmī Makka wa Madīna, p. 348.</ref> and marked.<ref>Tārīkh Ḥaram Aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ, p. 290; Āthār Islāmī Makka wa Madīna, p. 348.</ref> The exact location of his burial is unclear due to differing descriptions and the loss of markers, but it is believed to be near the grave of Umm al-Banīn, near the graves of the Martyrs of Ḥarra, or about 10 meters from the grave of Ḥalīma al-Saʿdiyya at the end of Baqīʿ.<ref>Tārīkh Ḥaram Aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ, p. 291.</ref> |
| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| {{Notes}} | | {{Notes}} |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{References}} | | {{References}} |
| *Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1422 AH. | | *ʿAyyāshī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-.''Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya''. Edited by Saʿīd al-Fāḍilī and Sulaymān al-Qarshī. Abu Dhabi: Dār al-Suwaydī lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 2006. |
| *Al-shirwanī wa Al-ʿIbādī. Ḥawāshī al-shirwanī wa al-ʿIbādī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
| | *Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Al-Adab al-mufrad''. 3rd edition. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmiya, 1409 AH. |
| *ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]
| | *Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār Islāmī Makka wa Madīna''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 AH. |
| *Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH. | | *Khamihyār, Aḥmad.** *Bahsht al-Baqīʿ*. Tehran: Andīsha-yi Mīrāth, 1401 AH. |
| *Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr''.Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt, 1413 AH.
| | *Mufīd, Shaykh al-.''Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿalā al-ʿibād''. Edited by Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt. Qom: Kongreh Shaykh Mufīd, 1413 AH. |
| *Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. ''Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī''. Beirut: al-Aʿlamī inistitute, 1302 AH.
| | *Muṭrī, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-.''Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra''. Edited by Salmān al-Raḥīlī. Riyadh: Dār al-Malik ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, 1426 AH. |
| *Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1412 AH.
| | *Najafī, Ḥāfiẓ.''Buqʿat Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar fī al-Baqīʿ wa basīṭuhā al-tārīkhī ilā al-qarn al-ḥāḍir''.Mīqāt al-Ḥajj, no. 124, pp. 49–74. |
| *Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965. | | *Najmī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq.''Tārīkh ḥaram aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ wa āthār ukhrā fī Madīnat al-Munawwara''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 AH. |
| *Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | | *Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh al-.''Wafāʾ al-wafā bi-akhbār dār al-Muṣṭafā''. Edited by Qāsim al-Sāmarrāʾī. London: Muʾassasat al-Furqān, 2006. |
| *Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1409 AH. | |
| *Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ''. Edited by Muṣtafā ʿAbd al-Waḥidī. Beirut:Dār al-Kutub al-Ḥadītha, 1388 AH. | |
| *Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. ''Lisān al-ʿArab''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1414 AH. | |
| *Jawharī, Abū Naṣr Ismāʿīl b. Ḥammād al-. Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lugha. Edited by Aḥmad ʿAbd al-ʿAṭṭār. Beirut: Dār al-ʾIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 1407 AH. | |
| *Jazāʾirī, Niʿmat Allāh b. Abd Allāh al-. ''Al-Nūr al-mubīn fī qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ wa l-mursalīn''. Qom: Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d] | |
| *Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1375 Sh.
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| *Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
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| *Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''. Edited by Mūsawī Jazāʾirī. Third edition. Qom: Dār al-Kitab, 1404 AH.
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| *Qummi Mashhadī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Riḍa. ''Tafsīr kanz al-daqāʾiq wa bahr al-gharāʾib''. Tehran: Wizārat-i Farhang wa Irshād-i Islāmī, 1411AH. | |
| *Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī(Al-Jamiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān)''. Fifth edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1405 AH.
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| *Shabistarī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. ''Aʿlām al-Qurʾān''. 1st edition. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawza-yi Ilmīya-yi Qom, 1379 Sh. | |
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| {{end}} | | {{end}} |
The shrine of Ismail ibn Jafar (a) is the burial place of Ismāʿīl, the eldest son of Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (a.s.), who passed away before his father. His body was buried in Medina, in the Baqiʿ Cemetery. For centuries, this shrine had a structure and a dome and was a place of visitation for pilgrims. It is said that the shrine was built on land that was previously the house of Imam al-Sajjād (a.s.), and in its courtyard, there was a well from which people would drink for the healing of the sick.
This shrine was destroyed in the year 1344 AH when the Wahhabis took control of Mecca and Medina. After this event, a simple wall was built around the grave until it was completely demolished during the construction of a road next to the cemetery. According to some reports, the body of Ismāʿīl was moved to another part of Baqīʿ, near the grave of Umm al-Banīn or near the graves of the Martyrs of Ḥarra, or about 10 meters away from the grave of Ḥalīma al-Saʿdiyya.
Ismaill ibn Jafar
Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar was the eldest son of Imam Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq (a.s.), the sixth Imam of the Shia, who passed away during his father’s lifetime. His death is estimated to have occurred around the year 138 AH.[1] Some Shia during the lifetime of Imam al-Ṣādiq (a.s.) believed that Ismāʿīl would be his successor. Some denied his death, while others believed in the Imamate of his son, Muḥammad. Both groups came to be known as the Ismāʿīlīs.[2]
Burial Place
According to historical sources, Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar passed away in ʿUrayḍ (a village near Medina), but his body was brought to Medina and buried in the Baqīʿ Cemetery.[3] His grave was located in an area that became separated from the rest of Baqīʿ when the city walls were extended, placing his shrine inside the walls of Medina (adjacent to the city wall) while the rest of the cemetery remained outside.[4]
History of the Dome
The grave of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar had a dome during certain periods of history. It is said that the dome and shrine were built during the rule of the Fatimids in Egypt (302–564 AH). A description from the 8th century AH indicates that at that time, the grave of Ismāʿīl was a shrine with a large white dome located west of the dome of ʿAbbās ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and adjacent to the wall of Medina. According to the same report, the shrine was built on land that was previously the house of Imam Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (a.s.), and at that time, there was an abandoned mosque and a well next to the shrine.[5]
Samhūdī, a historian of Medina in the second half of the 9th century, mentions two inscriptions at the shrine of Ismāʿīl. These inscriptions indicated that the structure was built by Ḥusayn ibn Abī al-Hayjāʾ (an envoy of the Fatimid government) in the year 546 AH, and the same individual had also endowed a garden located to the west of the shrine to Ismāʿīl’s mausoleum.[6]
Later travelogues also mention the shrine of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar.[7] For example, ʿAyyāshī, a travel writer from the Levant in the 11th century, reports that Shia pilgrims, many of whom were part of the Iraqi caravan, made a point to visit the grave of Ismāʿīl.[8] A report from the early 13th century AH also mentions a well in the courtyard of the shrine attributed to Imam Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (a.s.), from which water was taken for the healing of the sick.[9]
Destruction of the Dome
With the rise of the Wahhabis in the Arabian Peninsula and Medina, the shrine of Ismāʿīl, like other tombs and shrines, was destroyed in the year 1344 AH. According to some later reports, a simple wall was built around the grave.[10] It is said that his shrine was surrounded by walls without doors or windows, measuring three by three meters and two and a half meters in height, located outside the Baqīʿ Cemetery, about 15 meters from its wall, to the west and facing the graves of the Imams (a.s.).[11]
==Current Location of the Grave
In the year 1394 AH (1975 CE), during the construction of the western road of Baqīʿ, the area around the grave of Ismāʿīl was demolished, and rumors spread that his body was found intact.[12] Some reports indicate that the body of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar (a.s.) was moved inside the Baqīʿ Cemetery with the coordination of some Ismāʿīlī leaders[13] and marked.[14] The exact location of his burial is unclear due to differing descriptions and the loss of markers, but it is believed to be near the grave of Umm al-Banīn, near the graves of the Martyrs of Ḥarra, or about 10 meters from the grave of Ḥalīma al-Saʿdiyya at the end of Baqīʿ.[15]
Notes
- ↑ “The Shrine of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar in Baqīʿ and Its Historical Context up to the Present Century,” p. 52.
- ↑ Al-Irshād, vol. 2, pp. 209–210.
- ↑ Al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 209; Sirr al-Silsila al-ʿAlawiyya, p. 34; al-Majdī, p. 100.
- ↑ Wafāʾ al-Wafā, vol. 5, p. 117.
- ↑ Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra, p. 121.
- ↑ Wafāʾ al-Wafā, vol. 3, p. 306.
- ↑ See: “The Shrine of Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar in Baqīʿ and Its Historical Context up to the Present Century,” pp. 56–59.
- ↑ Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya, vol. 1, p. 381.
- ↑ Ḥālāt al-Ḥaramayn, in Fifty Hajj Travelogues from the Qajar Era, p. 256.
- ↑ Travelogue of Ḥājj Sayyid Muḥammad Fāṭimī, in Fourteen Other Hajj Travelogues from the Qajar Era, p. 996.
- ↑ Tārīkh Ḥaram Aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ, pp. 289–290.
- ↑ Tārīkh Ḥaram Aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ, p. 290.
- ↑ Āthār Islāmī Makka wa Madīna, p. 348.
- ↑ Tārīkh Ḥaram Aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ, p. 290; Āthār Islāmī Makka wa Madīna, p. 348.
- ↑ Tārīkh Ḥaram Aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ, p. 291.
References
- ʿAyyāshī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-.Al-Riḥla al-ʿAyyāshiyya. Edited by Saʿīd al-Fāḍilī and Sulaymān al-Qarshī. Abu Dhabi: Dār al-Suwaydī lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 2006.
- Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. Al-Adab al-mufrad. 3rd edition. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmiya, 1409 AH.
- Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. Āthār Islāmī Makka wa Madīna. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 AH.
- Khamihyār, Aḥmad.** *Bahsht al-Baqīʿ*. Tehran: Andīsha-yi Mīrāth, 1401 AH.
- Mufīd, Shaykh al-.Al-Irshād fī maʿrifat ḥujaj Allāh ʿalā al-ʿibād. Edited by Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt. Qom: Kongreh Shaykh Mufīd, 1413 AH.
- Muṭrī, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-.Al-Taʿrīf bimā ansat al-hijra. Edited by Salmān al-Raḥīlī. Riyadh: Dār al-Malik ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, 1426 AH.
- Najafī, Ḥāfiẓ.Buqʿat Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar fī al-Baqīʿ wa basīṭuhā al-tārīkhī ilā al-qarn al-ḥāḍir.Mīqāt al-Ḥajj, no. 124, pp. 49–74.
- Najmī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq.Tārīkh ḥaram aʾimmat al-Baqīʿ wa āthār ukhrā fī Madīnat al-Munawwara. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 AH.
- Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh al-.Wafāʾ al-wafā bi-akhbār dār al-Muṣṭafā. Edited by Qāsim al-Sāmarrāʾī. London: Muʾassasat al-Furqān, 2006.
