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'''The external staircase of the Ka'ba''', or the external ladder of the Ka'ba, has been used for entry into the Ka'ba for many years. During the [[Conquest of Mecca]], the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet muhammad(s)]] stood on the external ladder of the Kaa'ba and recited his famous sermon. Additionally, [[Abu Dharr al-Ghifari]], a famous companion, ascended the external staircase of the Ka'ba and leaned against the door of the Ka'ba to narrate a hadith about the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS).


Before the reconstruction of the Kaaba by the Quraysh, the entrance of the Kaaba was at ground level, but during the reconstruction of the Kaaba, five years before the prophethood, the entrance of the Kaaba was first raised above ground level, and a ladder was built for entry, which has been rebuilt and replaced several times throughout history. The latest external staircase of the Ka'ba was inaugurated in the year 2000 CE.
'''Al_Mustajār''' (Arabic: المستجار) is a part of the western wall of the Ka'ba, approximately 2 meters in length, located between [[the Rukn al-Yamani]] and the second door of the [[Ka'ba]], which was sealed during the time of [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]]. This section is at the back of the Ka'ba, directly opposite the current door of the Ka'ba.
==Location and history==
According to Azraqi, before the reconstruction of the Ka'ba, the entrance of the Kaaba was at ground level. However, during the reconstruction of the Ka'ba, five years before the prophethood, the entrance of the Ka'ba was raised above ground level, and a staircase was built for entry into it.<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 159-163.</ref>
Since then, those entering the [[Ka'ba]] would remove their shoes and place them under the entrance staircase.<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 174.</ref>
===Virtue===
During the Conquest of Mecca in the 10th AH/631-2, the Prophet Muhammad (s) stood on the staircase of the Ka'ba and recited his famous sermon.<ref>Bayhaqī,''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa'', vol. 5, p. 85. ,  Al-Dhahabī,''Tārīkh al-islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr'', vol. 2, p. 556.</ref>
Also, in a report, the ascent of Abu Dharr, the famous companion of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], on the staircase of the Ka'ba and his leaning against the [[door of the Ka'ba]] while narrating a hadith about the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) has been mentioned.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Amālī'', p. 482.</ref>


==Reconstruction and architecture==
The meaning of the word Mustajār is 'refuge' or 'sanctuary.' This place is known for the acceptance of repentance and is recommended for supplication and prayer.
The external staircase or ladder has been repaired, reconstructed, and replaced several times. Azraqi, a historian and biographer of the third century of the Islamic calendar, described the external staircase of the Kaaba as made of cedar wood, with a length of 8.5 cubits (slightly over 4 meters) and a width of 3.5 cubits (close to 2 meters), consisting of 13 steps.<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 310. , Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 140.</ref>
==Al- Mustajar and Al-Multazam==
In the 5th century AH/626-7, the width of the ladder was enough for 10 people.<ref>Nāṣir Khusraw, ''Safarnāmah Nāṣir Khusraw'', p. 130,135-136.</ref>
Two places on the wall of the Ka'ba are introduced as places for the acceptance of supplications and repentance, and there are narrations about them:Al_Mustajar and [[Al_Multazam]].
In the 6th century AH, the staircase of the Kaaba was described as having nine steps with wooden bases, which used four wheels for easy movement.<ref>Ibn Jubayr,''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 62-63.</ref>
In the year 766 AH/1364-5, by the order of the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, Sha'ban b. Husayn <ref>Ibn Fahd,"Ittiḥāf al-wará", vol. 3, p. 304. ,  Maṭar," Tārīkh ʿimārat al-masjid al-ḥarām", p. 80.</ref>  a new ladder was built for the Ka'ba.<ref>Ibn Baṭūṭa,''Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa'', vol. 1, p. 372.</ref>
In the year 814 AH, some wooden parts of this staircase were repaired.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī,''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. p. 138. , Ibn Fahd,"Ittiḥāf al-wará", vol. 3, p. 488.</ref>
In 818 AH/1415-6, Sayf al-Din Shaykh Mahmudi, known as Mu'ayyad Jerkasi, sent a ladder for the Ka'ba.<ref>Ibn Fahd,"Ittiḥāf al-wará", vol. 3, p. 529.</ref>
"There is another report of a ladder being sent for the Ka'ba in 817 AH/1414-5 by Sayf al-Din Shaykhu, the Sultan of Egypt.<ref>sanjārī.,"Manāʾiḥ al-karam",  vol. 2, p. 417.</ref>
"In a report from the year 1040 AH/1630-1 during the Ottoman period, the staircase, approximately four meters long, had seven steps made of pine wood, covered with copper and iron sheets, and was mounted on four copper wheels.<ref>Ḥusaynī, " Mufarriḥat al-anām fī taʾsīs bayt Allāh al-ḥarām", p. 69.</ref>
In 1097 AH/1685-6, Ahmad Pasha, the Ottoman governor of [[Jeddah]] and Sheikh of the Haram, inaugurated a new staircase with a handrail for the Ka'ba on the 16th of Ramadan of the same year.<ref>sanjārī,"Manāʾiḥ al-karam",  vol. 5, p. 19.</ref>


===The donated staircases by the rulers of India===
It is usually said that Mustajār is at the back of the [[Ka'ba]] on the western side, encompassing the distance from the [[the Rukn al-Yamani]] to the sealed door of the Kaaba, and Multazam is on the eastern side, encompassing the distance from [[the Hajar al-Aswad]] to the current door of the Ka'ba.<ref>Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, " Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh", p. 99_101.</ref>
"It has been reported that in the years 1116, 1240, and 1300 AH, new staircases were constructed and sent to the Kaaba by local Muslim rulers in India.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 140-143.</ref>
However, the narrations related to Multazam and Mustajar have been mixed together, and sometimes Mustajar and Multazam are considered two names for the same place. It is sometimes said that Shia Muslims consider [[al-Multazam]] and al-Mustajar to be the same, whereas Sunni Muslims consider them to be different, with Multazam being the area between [[the Hajar al-Aswad]] and the door of the Ka'ba.<ref>Qāʾidān, " Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna", p. 71.</ref>
Some Shia scholars, based on the collections of narrations from [[the Ahl al-Bayt]] regarding the acts performed at Multazam and Mustajār, have concluded that these two are names for the same place, which is Mustajār.<ref>majlisī, ''Mirāʾat al-ʿUqūl'', vol. 9, p. 106.</ref>
In Sunni sources, there are also numerous narrations and reports that consider Multazam to be at the back of the Ka'ba (the same place as Mustajar).<ref>Naʿmatī, "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam" p. 84.</ref>
Despite all this, in most geographical sources on Mecca, Multazam and Mustajar are distinguished from each other.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'',vol. 1, p. 196; Mālikī, " Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 200_203; Sanjārī, "Manāʾih al-Karam", vol. 1, p. 307; Ibn Zahīra,''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf'', p. 47. </ref>
==Al_Mustajār and the Crack of the Ka'ba==


==The Saudi era==
Some consider Al_Mustajār to be the part of the wall of the [[Ka'ba]] that was split open to allow [[Fatimah bint Asad]], the mother of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), to enter the Kaaba for the birth of her son.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, "Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah", p. 178; Jaʿfariyān,''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 97.</ref>
In the year 1376 AH/1956-7, by the order of King Saud b. Abdulaziz, a new 11-step wooden ladder adorned with silver coverings and golden Arabic engravings, made in Egypt, was unveiled.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 142-143.</ref>
Kurdi, a historian of the 14th century AH, referred to two types of external staircases in his time: a small single-person ladder and a wide, movable ladder for several people. Two of the second type were kept beside the [[Zamzam well]].<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 140.</ref> and these were used for purposes such as washing the Ka'ba, installing the covering, making repairs, and ceremonies related to the expansion of the [[Haram]].<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 2, p. 441.</ref>
===Modern External Staircase===
In the year 2000 CE, during the [[ceremony of washing the Ka'ba]], and with the participation of several Islamic delegations present for [[Hajj]], a new external staircase made of teak wood was inaugurated. It measured 565 centimeters in length, 480 centimeters in height, 188 centimeters in width, and weighed 6.5 thousand kilograms. This electric staircase operates with 24 batteries and is controlled automatically.<ref>[https://www.almowaten.net/2022/08/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9/ "Mawāṣafāt sullam al-Kaʿbah al-musharrafah"]</ref>


==The Supplication of Mustajār==
In the rituals of [[Tawaf]], it is mentioned that: It is recommended for the pilgrim, in the last round of their [[Tawaf]], to place their face and hands on the wall, press their stomach and front against the wall of the [[Ka'ba]], and say:
*أللَّهُمَّ الْبَيْتُ بَيْتُكَ وَالْعَبْدُ عَبْدُكَ وَهذا مَكانُ الْعائِذِ بِكَ مِنَ النَّار. "O Allah, this house is Your house, and this servant is Your servant, and this is the place of one who seeks refuge with You from the Fire."
Then, they should confess their sins and seek forgiveness, and afterwards say:
*أللَّهُمَّ مِنْ قِبَلِكَ الرَّوْحُ وَالْفَرَجُ وَالْعافِيَةُ. أللَّهُمَّ إنَّ عَمَلِي ضَعيْفٌ فَضاعِفْهُ لِي وَاغْفِرْ لي مَا اطَّلَعْتَ عَلَيْهِ مِنِّي وَخَفِيَ عَلى‏ خَلْقِكَ أسْتَجِيرُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ النَّار."O Allah, from You comes the spirit, relief, and well-being. O Allah, my deeds are weak, so multiply them for me and forgive me for what You have seen of me that is hidden from Your creation. I seek refuge with Allah from the Fire.
Then, after that, the person should make any supplications they wish, touch the Yemeni Corner (Rukn Yamani), come to [[the Hajar al-Aswad]], complete their Tawaf, and say:
*أللَّهُمَّ قَنِّعْنِي بِما رَزَقْتَني وَبارِكْ لِي فِيما آتَيْتَني‏ "O Allah, make me content with what You have provided me and bless me in what You have granted me.<ref>Khomeinī, "Manāsk Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd", p. 436.</ref>
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
*Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''. Edited by Rushdī Ṣāliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH.
*Fāsī, Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad. ''Shifāʾ al-Gharām bi-Aḵbār al-Balad al-Ḥarām''. Edited by a committee of prominent scholars and literati. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
*Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī al-Qalʿajī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1405 AH.
*Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. ''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf''. Edited by ʿAlī ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1423 AH.
*Dhahabī. ''Tārīkh al-islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr''. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1410 AH.
*Jafarīān, Rasūl. *Āthār Islāmī Makkah wa Madīnah*. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1389 AH.
*Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
*Khomeinī, Rūḥ Allāh. ''Manāsk-i Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1409 AH.
*Ḥusaynī, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn b. Nūr al-Dīn. ''Mufarriḥat al-anām fī taʾsīs bayt Allāh al-ḥarām''. Edited by ʿAmmār ʿUbūdī Naṣṣār. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1428 AH.
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Mir'āt al-'uqūl''. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1404 AH.
*Ibn Baṭūṭa, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Hādī Tāzī. Rabat: Ākādimīyya al-Mamlikat al-Maghribīyya, 1417 AH.
*Mālikī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām''. Makkah: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1424 AH.
*Ibn Fahd, ʿUmar b. Muḥammad. ''Ittiḥāf al-warā''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Karīm. Mecca: Jāmiʿat Umm al-Qurā, 1408 AH.
*Naʿmatī, Muḥammad Rezā. "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam". Majallah Mīqāt-i Ḥajj, no. 43, Farvardīn 1382 SH.
*Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
*Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa Āthār Islāmī Makkah Mukarramah wa Madīnah Munawwarah''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1400 AH.
*Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH.
*Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, Niʿmat Allāh. ''Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh''. Qom: Markaz Jahanī ʿUlūm Islāmī, 1386 AH.
*Khusraw, Nāṣir. ''Safarnāmah Nāṣir Khusraw''. Tehran: Zavvār, 1381 SH.
*Sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-Dīn. ''Manāʾih al-Karam''. Makkah: Jāmiʿah Umm al-Qurā, 1419 AH.
*Maṭar, Fawzīyah Ḥusayn. ''Tārīkh ʿimārat al-masjid al-ḥarām''. Mecca: Jāmiʿat Umm al-Qurā, 1406 AH.
*Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Rezā. ''Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah''. Compiled by Rasūl Jafarīān. Qom: Nashr-i Mūrikh, 1386 AH.
*sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-ddīn al-. ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam''. Mecca: umm al-qurā university, 1998.
{{end}}
*Ṭūsī. ''Al-Amālī''. Qom: Dār al-Thaqāfah, 1414 AH.

Latest revision as of 11:30, 7 August 2024

Al_Mustajār (Arabic: المستجار) is a part of the western wall of the Ka'ba, approximately 2 meters in length, located between the Rukn al-Yamani and the second door of the Ka'ba, which was sealed during the time of Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi. This section is at the back of the Ka'ba, directly opposite the current door of the Ka'ba.

The meaning of the word Mustajār is 'refuge' or 'sanctuary.' This place is known for the acceptance of repentance and is recommended for supplication and prayer.

Al- Mustajar and Al-Multazam

Two places on the wall of the Ka'ba are introduced as places for the acceptance of supplications and repentance, and there are narrations about them:Al_Mustajar and Al_Multazam.

It is usually said that Mustajār is at the back of the Ka'ba on the western side, encompassing the distance from the the Rukn al-Yamani to the sealed door of the Kaaba, and Multazam is on the eastern side, encompassing the distance from the Hajar al-Aswad to the current door of the Ka'ba.[1] However, the narrations related to Multazam and Mustajar have been mixed together, and sometimes Mustajar and Multazam are considered two names for the same place. It is sometimes said that Shia Muslims consider al-Multazam and al-Mustajar to be the same, whereas Sunni Muslims consider them to be different, with Multazam being the area between the Hajar al-Aswad and the door of the Ka'ba.[2] Some Shia scholars, based on the collections of narrations from the Ahl al-Bayt regarding the acts performed at Multazam and Mustajār, have concluded that these two are names for the same place, which is Mustajār.[3] In Sunni sources, there are also numerous narrations and reports that consider Multazam to be at the back of the Ka'ba (the same place as Mustajar).[4] Despite all this, in most geographical sources on Mecca, Multazam and Mustajar are distinguished from each other.[5]

Al_Mustajār and the Crack of the Ka'ba

Some consider Al_Mustajār to be the part of the wall of the Ka'ba that was split open to allow Fatimah bint Asad, the mother of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), to enter the Kaaba for the birth of her son.[6]

The Supplication of Mustajār

In the rituals of Tawaf, it is mentioned that: It is recommended for the pilgrim, in the last round of their Tawaf, to place their face and hands on the wall, press their stomach and front against the wall of the Ka'ba, and say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ الْبَيْتُ بَيْتُكَ وَالْعَبْدُ عَبْدُكَ وَهذا مَكانُ الْعائِذِ بِكَ مِنَ النَّار. "O Allah, this house is Your house, and this servant is Your servant, and this is the place of one who seeks refuge with You from the Fire."

Then, they should confess their sins and seek forgiveness, and afterwards say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ مِنْ قِبَلِكَ الرَّوْحُ وَالْفَرَجُ وَالْعافِيَةُ. أللَّهُمَّ إنَّ عَمَلِي ضَعيْفٌ فَضاعِفْهُ لِي وَاغْفِرْ لي مَا اطَّلَعْتَ عَلَيْهِ مِنِّي وَخَفِيَ عَلى‏ خَلْقِكَ أسْتَجِيرُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ النَّار."O Allah, from You comes the spirit, relief, and well-being. O Allah, my deeds are weak, so multiply them for me and forgive me for what You have seen of me that is hidden from Your creation. I seek refuge with Allah from the Fire.

Then, after that, the person should make any supplications they wish, touch the Yemeni Corner (Rukn Yamani), come to the Hajar al-Aswad, complete their Tawaf, and say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ قَنِّعْنِي بِما رَزَقْتَني وَبارِكْ لِي فِيما آتَيْتَني‏ "O Allah, make me content with what You have provided me and bless me in what You have granted me.[7]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, " Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh", p. 99_101.
  2. ↑ Qāʾidān, " Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna", p. 71.
  3. ↑ majlisī, Mirāʾat al-ʿUqūl, vol. 9, p. 106.
  4. ↑ Naʿmatī, "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam" p. 84.
  5. ↑ Fāsī al-Makkī, Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām,vol. 1, p. 196; Mālikī, " Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 200_203; Sanjārī, "Manāʾih al-Karam", vol. 1, p. 307; Ibn Zahīra,Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf, p. 47.
  6. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, "Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah", p. 178; Jaʿfariyān,Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 97.
  7. ↑ Khomeinī, "Manāsk Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd", p. 436.

References

  • Fāsī, Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad. Shifāʾ al-Gharām bi-Aḵbār al-Balad al-Ḥarām. Edited by a committee of prominent scholars and literati. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
  • Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf. Edited by ʿAlī ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1423 AH.
  • Jafarīān, Rasūl. *Āthār Islāmī Makkah wa Madīnah*. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1389 AH.
  • Khomeinī, Rūḥ Allāh. Manāsk-i Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1409 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Mir'āt al-'uqūl. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1404 AH.
  • Mālikī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām. Makkah: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1424 AH.
  • Naʿmatī, Muḥammad Rezā. "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam". Majallah Mīqāt-i Ḥajj, no. 43, Farvardīn 1382 SH.
  • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa Āthār Islāmī Makkah Mukarramah wa Madīnah Munawwarah. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1400 AH.
  • Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, Niʿmat Allāh. Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh. Qom: Markaz Jahanī ʿUlūm Islāmī, 1386 AH.
  • Sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-Dīn. Manāʾih al-Karam. Makkah: Jāmiʿah Umm al-Qurā, 1419 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Rezā. Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah. Compiled by Rasūl Jafarīān. Qom: Nashr-i Mūrikh, 1386 AH.
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