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'''Shadharwan''' is a short, sloped protrusion located at the bottom of the Ka'ba's walls, except for the side of [[Hijr Isma'il|Hijr Ismail]] and below the door of the Ka'ba. It is believed to be a part of the Ka'ba constructed by [[Abraham (a)|Abraham]], which was reduced by the Quraysh during the renovation of the [[Ka'ba]]. Shi'a jurists and some Sunni jurists consider performing [[Tawaf]] over it as invalid; arguing that the Tawaf should be performed around the Ka'ba, not inside it.
Ali Akbar Dehkhoda considers the origin of the word "Shadharwan" to be Persian, meaning a large curtain that is drawn in front of the doorways and porches of kings and rulers.


Throughout history, the Shadharwan has been reconstructed or replaced several times. Its covering with plaster and marble in the late third century of hijra and its transformation into a sloped surface in the first decade of 670 AH/ 1271-2 are among its significant changes. Today, the Shadharwan is covered with white marble stones and is fitted with 57 gold rings to hold the [[Curtain of Ka'ba|curtain of the Ka'ba]]. Additionally, eight pieces of precious marble are placed on the Shadharwan to the right of the Ka'ba’s door, which date back to the stones of the Mataf in the year 631 AH/ 1233-4.
'''Al_Mustajār''' (Arabic: المستجار) is a part of the western wall of the Ka'ba, approximately 2 meters in length, located between [[the Rukn al-Yamani]] and the second door of the [[Ka'ba]], which was sealed during the time of [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]]. This section is at the back of the Ka'ba, directly opposite the current door of the Ka'ba.
==Introduction==
Shadharwan is a short, sloped protrusion located at the bottom of the Ka'ba's walls, except for the side of [[Hijr Isma'il|Hijr Ismail]] and below the Ka'ba’s door.
Dehkhoda considers the origin of the word "Shadharwan" to be Persian, meaning a large curtain that is hung in front of the entrances and porches of the homes and palaces of kings and rulers.<ref>Dihkhudā, ''Lughatnāma-yi Dihkhudā'', under the word شاذروان. </ref>
Some believe that it is called "Shadharwan" because [[Curtain of Ka'ba|the curtain of the Ka'ba]] is connected to the rings that are located on it (akin to a "curtain holder").<ref> Ṣabrī Pāshā, ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', p. 67.</ref>
Shadharwan is also referred to as "Ta'zir," because it serves as a type of belt or covering for the Ka'ba.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 288.</ref>
At the bottom of the side of Hijr Ismail, there is no Shadharwan, and likewise, there is no Shadharwan placed beneath the door of the Ka'ba. Instead, a flat step measuring 345 centimeters in length has been constructed there.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 289.</ref>
==Background==
The Shadharwan is considered a part of the Ka'ba that was originally constructed by [[Abraham (a)|Abraham]]. It was reduced by the Quraysh when they rebuilt the Ka'ba.<ref>Ṣabrī Pāshā, ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 263.</ref>
The Quraysh reduced the dimensions of the Ka'ba from all four sides.<ref>Ḥusaynī kāshānī, ''Mufarraḥt al-anām fī taʾsīs bayt allah al-ḥrām'', p. 24.</ref>
Indeed, they reduced the side of [[Hijr Isma'il|Hijr Ismail]] more than the other sides. Before this, that side of the Ka'ba extended up to halfway through Hijr Ismail.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 289.</ref>
For this reason, the side of Hijr Ismail does not have a Shadharwan.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 289.</ref>
The Shadharwan in its current form is believed to have been constructed by [[Abdullah b. Zubayr]] in the year 64 AH/683-4.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 295.</ref>
It has been said that Abdullah b. Zubayr created the Shadharwan to protect the walls of the Kaaba from water infiltration and to prevent the bodies of those performing Tawaf from touching the [[The Ka'ba's curtain|Ka'ba’s curtain]]. This was intended to prevent damage to both the individuals and the curtain during crowded times.<ref>Ḥamū, ''Muʿarifī amākin makka mukarrama'', p. 47.</ref>
Other opinions exist regarding the timing of the construction of the first Shadharwan.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 295.</ref>
==Renovations==
The Shadharwan has been reconstructed or replaced several times throughout history. Some of the most significant changes include:


- In the late third century of Hijra, the Shadharwan was covered with plaster and marble.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 295.</ref>
The meaning of the word Mustajār is 'refuge' or 'sanctuary.' This place is known for the acceptance of repentance and is recommended for supplication and prayer.
And in the first decade of the year 670 AH/1271-2, it was converted into a sloped form.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 295.</ref>
==Al- Mustajar and Al-Multazam==
Before that, the Shadhrwan was in the form of a step, and sometimes people would perform [[Tawaf]] over it.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 295.</ref>
Two places on the wall of the Ka'ba are introduced as places for the acceptance of supplications and repentance, and there are narrations about them:Al_Mustajar and [[Al_Multazam]].
The stones of the Shadharwan were replaced with flint stones in the year 1098 Hijri, by the order of Ahmad Pasha.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 295.</ref>
 
In the year 1417 AH/ 1996-7, during the reign of King Fahd, the fifth king of Saudi Arabia, the marble stones of the Shadharwan were also replaced.(10) Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 296.
It is usually said that Mustajār is at the back of the [[Ka'ba]] on the western side, encompassing the distance from the [[the Rukn al-Yamani]] to the sealed door of the Kaaba, and Multazam is on the eastern side, encompassing the distance from [[the Hajar al-Aswad]] to the current door of the Ka'ba.<ref>Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, " Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh", p. 99_101.</ref>  
Reports in historical sources also mention repairs and other modifications to parts of the Shadharwan in the years 542, 636, 661, 670, 838, 846, and 1040 of Hijra.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 295.</ref>
However, the narrations related to Multazam and Mustajar have been mixed together, and sometimes Mustajar and Multazam are considered two names for the same place. It is sometimes said that Shia Muslims consider [[al-Multazam]] and al-Mustajar to be the same, whereas Sunni Muslims consider them to be different, with Multazam being the area between [[the Hajar al-Aswad]] and the door of the Ka'ba.<ref>Qāʾidān, " Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna", p. 71.</ref>  
On the Shadharwan to the right of the Ka'ba's door, there are eight pieces of marble placed side by side. The color of these marbles is a matte yellow tending towards red.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 17.</ref>
Some Shia scholars, based on the collections of narrations from [[the Ahl al-Bayt]] regarding the acts performed at Multazam and Mustajār, have concluded that these two are names for the same place, which is Mustajār.<ref>majlisī, ''Mirāʾat al-ʿUqūl'', vol. 9, p. 106.</ref>
Some have suggested, "It appears that these stones were placed here during the renovation of the Mataf area in the year 631 AH/ 1233-4.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 17.</ref>  
In Sunni sources, there are also numerous narrations and reports that consider Multazam to be at the back of the Ka'ba (the same place as Mustajar).<ref>Naʿmatī, "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam" p. 84.</ref>
These pieces of stone are considered among the most valuable Islamic artifacts in the [[al-Masjid al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]].<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 17.</ref>
Despite all this, in most geographical sources on Mecca, Multazam and Mustajar are distinguished from each other.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'',vol. 1, p. 196; Mālikī, " Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 200_203; Sanjārī, "Manāʾih al-Karam", vol. 1, p. 307; Ibn Zahīra,''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf'', p. 47. </ref>
Each of the eight pieces is rectangular, with the largest measuring 33 centimeters in length and 21 centimeters in width. All of them are arranged together in a square formation, each side measuring 74 centimeters.<ref> Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 17.</ref>
Rings have been installed on the Shadharwan which are used to secure the curtain of the Kaaba in place, preventing it from being displaced by the wind.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 297.</ref>
==Al_Mustajār and the Crack of the Ka'ba==
These rings are made of yellow brass.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 297.</ref>
 
Initially, these rings were made of silver, and then in the year 1396 SH/2017-8, they were replaced with gold rings.<ref>«[https://www.yjc.news/fa/news/6100071 Installing gold rings on the Shadharwan of the Ka'ba]»</ref>
Some consider Al_Mustajār to be the part of the wall of the [[Ka'ba]] that was split open to allow [[Fatimah bint Asad]], the mother of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), to enter the Kaaba for the birth of her son.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, "Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah", p. 178; Jaʿfariyān,''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 97.</ref>
In the past, there were 48 rings.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'',vol. 3, p. 297.</ref> The number was increased to 57 rings.<ref>[https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/286823 «Shadherwan of the Ka'ba and the wall of Hatim in a new look»]</ref>
 
==Rulings==
==The Supplication of Mustajār==
According to the fatwa of Shiite jurists, Tawaf on the Shadharwan is not valid.<ref>Mūsawī Shāhrūdī, ''Jāmiʿal-fatāwā'', p. 116.</ref>
In the rituals of [[Tawaf]], it is mentioned that: It is recommended for the pilgrim, in the last round of their [[Tawaf]], to place their face and hands on the wall, press their stomach and front against the wall of the [[Ka'ba]], and say:
And if someone performs Tawaf on the Shadharwan due to a large crowd or for other reasons, they must redo the portion of the Tawaf they performed there.<ref>Mūsawī Shāhrūdī, ''Jāmiʿal-fatāwā'', p. 116.</ref>
*أللَّهُمَّ الْبَيْتُ بَيْتُكَ وَالْعَبْدُ عَبْدُكَ وَهذا مَكانُ الْعائِذِ بِكَ مِنَ النَّار. "O Allah, this house is Your house, and this servant is Your servant, and this is the place of one who seeks refuge with You from the Fire."
The reason why [[Tawaf]] on the Shadharwan is considered invalid is understood to be because the Shadharwan is part of the Ka'ba, and Tawaf must be performed around the Ka'ba, not inside it.<ref>Ḥamū, ''Muʿarifī amākin makka mukarrama'', p. 46.</ref>
Then, they should confess their sins and seek forgiveness, and afterwards say:
According to the opinions of Shiite religious authorities, it is permissible to touch the wall of the Ka'ba on the three sides where the Shadharwan is located, and it does not harm the Tawaf; although it is recommended as a precaution to avoid doing so.<ref>Mūsawī Shāhrūdī, ''Jāmiʿal-fatāwā'', p. 116.</ref>
*أللَّهُمَّ مِنْ قِبَلِكَ الرَّوْحُ وَالْفَرَجُ وَالْعافِيَةُ. أللَّهُمَّ إنَّ عَمَلِي ضَعيْفٌ فَضاعِفْهُ لِي وَاغْفِرْ لي مَا اطَّلَعْتَ عَلَيْهِ مِنِّي وَخَفِيَ عَلى‏ خَلْقِكَ أسْتَجِيرُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ النَّار."O Allah, from You comes the spirit, relief, and well-being. O Allah, my deeds are weak, so multiply them for me and forgive me for what You have seen of me that is hidden from Your creation. I seek refuge with Allah from the Fire.
Sunni jurisprudential schools have differing opinions about the ruling on [[Tawaf]] over the Shadharwan. The Shafi'i and Maliki schools consider Tawaf on the Shadharwan to be invalid. The Hanafi school, on the other hand, does not consider the Shadharwan to be part of the Ka'ba. In contrast, the Hanbali school does not regard Tawaf over it as invalidating the [[Tawaf]].<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'',vol. 2, p. 188.</ref>
 
==Gallery==
Then, after that, the person should make any supplications they wish, touch the Yemeni Corner (Rukn Yamani), come to [[the Hajar al-Aswad]], complete their Tawaf, and say:
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
*أللَّهُمَّ قَنِّعْنِي بِما رَزَقْتَني وَبارِكْ لِي فِيما آتَيْتَني‏ "O Allah, make me content with what You have provided me and bless me in what You have granted me.<ref>Khomeinī, "Manāsk Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd", p. 436.</ref>  
اجزا و متعلقات کعبه.jpg|The position of Shadharwan among other parts and belongings of the Ka'ba.
ضلع حجر اسماعیل از کعبه۲.jpg|The [[Hijr Isma'il]] side, which does not have a Shadharwan and a platform has been placed instead.
ضلع حجر اسماعیل از کعبه.jpg|The side platform of Hajar Ismail and the golden rings that replaced the silver rings in 2016.
کعبه، شاذروان و در کعبه.jpeg|Under the door of the Ka'ba, there is no Shadharwan , and a staircase has been built instead.
هشت قطعه مرمر روی شاذروان.jpeg|Eight pieces of marble that are on the stone next to the door of the Ka'ba.
حلقه‌های شاذروان کعبه.jpg|Closing the Ka'ba curtain to the rings embedded in Shazervan.
</gallery>
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==References==
{{Notes}}
{{References}}
*Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Cairo: Al-Thiqāfat al-Dīniyya, 2008.
*Fāsī, Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad. ''Shifāʾ al-Gharām bi-Aḵbār al-Balad al-Ḥarām''. Edited by a committee of prominent scholars and literati. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
 
*Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. ''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf''. Edited by ʿAlī ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1423 AH.
*Dihkhudā, ʿAlī Akbar. ''Lughatnāma-yi Dihkhudā''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 1377 Sh.
*Jafarīān, Rasūl. *Āthār Islāmī Makkah wa Madīnah*. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1389 AH.
*Ḥusaynī kāshānī, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. ''Mufarraḥt al-anām fī taʾsīs bayt allah al-ḥrām''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
*Khomeinī, Rūḥ Allāh. ''Manāsk-i Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1409 AH.
• Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. T''ārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Mir'āt al-'uqūl''. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1404 AH.
• Shurrāb, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Ḥasan. ''Al-Ma ʿālim al-athīra''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1383 sh.
*Mālikī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām''. Makkah: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1424 AH.
• Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH.
*Naʿmatī, Muḥammad Rezā. "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam". Majallah Mīqāt-i Ḥajj, no. 43, Farvardīn 1382 SH.
• Ṣabrī Pāshā, Ayyūb. ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn''. Cairo: Shirkat al-Dawlīyya li-l-Ṭibāʿa, 2004.
*Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa Āthār Islāmī Makkah Mukarramah wa Madīnah Munawwarah''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1400 AH.
. Mūsawī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Murtaḍā. ''Jāmiʿal-fatāwā; manāsik Ḥajj''. Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1428 AH.
*Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, Niʿmat Allāh. ''Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh''. Qom: Markaz Jahanī ʿUlūm Islāmī, 1386 AH.
• Ḥamū, Maḥmūd Muḥammad. ''Muʿarifī amākin makka mukarrama''. Translated by Murtaḍā Ḥusaynī fāḍilī, Tehran: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1391 sh.
*Sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-Dīn. ''Manāʾih al-Karam''. Makkah: Jāmiʿah Umm al-Qurā, 1419 AH.
*Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Rezā. ''Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah''. Compiled by Rasūl Jafarīān. Qom: Nashr-i Mūrikh, 1386 AH.
{{end}}

Latest revision as of 11:30, 7 August 2024

Al_Mustajār (Arabic: المستجار) is a part of the western wall of the Ka'ba, approximately 2 meters in length, located between the Rukn al-Yamani and the second door of the Ka'ba, which was sealed during the time of Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi. This section is at the back of the Ka'ba, directly opposite the current door of the Ka'ba.

The meaning of the word Mustajār is 'refuge' or 'sanctuary.' This place is known for the acceptance of repentance and is recommended for supplication and prayer.

Al- Mustajar and Al-Multazam

Two places on the wall of the Ka'ba are introduced as places for the acceptance of supplications and repentance, and there are narrations about them:Al_Mustajar and Al_Multazam.

It is usually said that Mustajār is at the back of the Ka'ba on the western side, encompassing the distance from the the Rukn al-Yamani to the sealed door of the Kaaba, and Multazam is on the eastern side, encompassing the distance from the Hajar al-Aswad to the current door of the Ka'ba.[1] However, the narrations related to Multazam and Mustajar have been mixed together, and sometimes Mustajar and Multazam are considered two names for the same place. It is sometimes said that Shia Muslims consider al-Multazam and al-Mustajar to be the same, whereas Sunni Muslims consider them to be different, with Multazam being the area between the Hajar al-Aswad and the door of the Ka'ba.[2] Some Shia scholars, based on the collections of narrations from the Ahl al-Bayt regarding the acts performed at Multazam and Mustajār, have concluded that these two are names for the same place, which is Mustajār.[3] In Sunni sources, there are also numerous narrations and reports that consider Multazam to be at the back of the Ka'ba (the same place as Mustajar).[4] Despite all this, in most geographical sources on Mecca, Multazam and Mustajar are distinguished from each other.[5]

Al_Mustajār and the Crack of the Ka'ba

Some consider Al_Mustajār to be the part of the wall of the Ka'ba that was split open to allow Fatimah bint Asad, the mother of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), to enter the Kaaba for the birth of her son.[6]

The Supplication of Mustajār

In the rituals of Tawaf, it is mentioned that: It is recommended for the pilgrim, in the last round of their Tawaf, to place their face and hands on the wall, press their stomach and front against the wall of the Ka'ba, and say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ الْبَيْتُ بَيْتُكَ وَالْعَبْدُ عَبْدُكَ وَهذا مَكانُ الْعائِذِ بِكَ مِنَ النَّار. "O Allah, this house is Your house, and this servant is Your servant, and this is the place of one who seeks refuge with You from the Fire."

Then, they should confess their sins and seek forgiveness, and afterwards say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ مِنْ قِبَلِكَ الرَّوْحُ وَالْفَرَجُ وَالْعافِيَةُ. أللَّهُمَّ إنَّ عَمَلِي ضَعيْفٌ فَضاعِفْهُ لِي وَاغْفِرْ لي مَا اطَّلَعْتَ عَلَيْهِ مِنِّي وَخَفِيَ عَلى‏ خَلْقِكَ أسْتَجِيرُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ النَّار."O Allah, from You comes the spirit, relief, and well-being. O Allah, my deeds are weak, so multiply them for me and forgive me for what You have seen of me that is hidden from Your creation. I seek refuge with Allah from the Fire.

Then, after that, the person should make any supplications they wish, touch the Yemeni Corner (Rukn Yamani), come to the Hajar al-Aswad, complete their Tawaf, and say:

  • أللَّهُمَّ قَنِّعْنِي بِما رَزَقْتَني وَبارِكْ لِي فِيما آتَيْتَني‏ "O Allah, make me content with what You have provided me and bless me in what You have granted me.[7]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, " Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh", p. 99_101.
  2. ↑ Qāʾidān, " Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna", p. 71.
  3. ↑ majlisī, Mirāʾat al-ʿUqūl, vol. 9, p. 106.
  4. ↑ Naʿmatī, "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam" p. 84.
  5. ↑ Fāsī al-Makkī, Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām,vol. 1, p. 196; Mālikī, " Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 200_203; Sanjārī, "Manāʾih al-Karam", vol. 1, p. 307; Ibn Zahīra,Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf, p. 47.
  6. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, "Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah", p. 178; Jaʿfariyān,Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 97.
  7. ↑ Khomeinī, "Manāsk Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd", p. 436.

References

  • Fāsī, Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad. Shifāʾ al-Gharām bi-Aḵbār al-Balad al-Ḥarām. Edited by a committee of prominent scholars and literati. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
  • Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf. Edited by ʿAlī ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1423 AH.
  • Jafarīān, Rasūl. *Āthār Islāmī Makkah wa Madīnah*. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1389 AH.
  • Khomeinī, Rūḥ Allāh. Manāsk-i Ḥajj Motābaq ba Fatwā-ye Imām Khomeinī ba Ḥawāshī Marājiʿ Taqlīd wa Istiftāʾāt Jadīd. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1409 AH.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Mir'āt al-'uqūl. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1404 AH.
  • Mālikī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Aḵbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām. Makkah: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1424 AH.
  • Naʿmatī, Muḥammad Rezā. "Pazhuheshī dar bāray Multazam". Majallah Mīqāt-i Ḥajj, no. 43, Farvardīn 1382 SH.
  • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa Āthār Islāmī Makkah Mukarramah wa Madīnah Munawwarah. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1400 AH.
  • Ṣafāʾī Farūshānī, Niʿmat Allāh. Makkah dar Bistar-i Tārīkh. Qom: Markaz Jahanī ʿUlūm Islāmī, 1386 AH.
  • Sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-Dīn. Manāʾih al-Karam. Makkah: Jāmiʿah Umm al-Qurā, 1419 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Rezā. Hidāyat al-Ḥujjāj: Safar-Nāmah-i Makkah. Compiled by Rasūl Jafarīān. Qom: Nashr-i Mūrikh, 1386 AH.
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