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'''Abū Bakr b. Abī Quḥāfa''' was one of the early Muslims, a migrant, a famous companion, the father-in-law, and the first caliph of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet Muhammad(s)]]. He accompanied the Prophet during his migration from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] and participated in all the expeditions alongside him. In the ninth year of the Hijra, during the first [[Hajj]] pilgrimage of the Muslims from Medina, Abu Bakr was appointed as the leader of the pilgrimage. According to reports, in the 11th year after Hijra/632-3, during his caliphate, Abu Bakr also supervised the Hajj pilgrims.
Elijah (AS)
Elijah (AS) was one of the prophets of the Children of Israel. His name in the Holy Scriptures is recorded as "Eliya," which has become known in Arabic as "Elyas." The name of this prophet of God is mentioned twice in the Quran, where he is described as a believer, one of the righteous servants of God, and a sent prophet. According to some Islamic narrations, Elijah (AS) enjoys eternal life and every year accompanies Khidr (AS) on the pilgrimage.
In the Holy Scriptures,


==The name and lineage==
Elijah's name in Hebrew is derived from Eliya.)1)( Jawālīqī, Al-muʿrab min al-kalam al-aʿjamī.p13,,, arthur Jeffrey, wāzhihāy-i dakhīl dar qur'ān majīd.p127)(2)( James Hawkes, Qāmūs-i Kitāb-i Muqaddas.p144)
Elijah is a prophet among the Children of Israel, whose name is recorded as "Eliya" in the Holy Scriptures.(3)( James Hawkes, Qāmūs-i Kitāb-i Muqaddas.p144-145)
It is said that through his supplication, he revived Jonah son of Amittai after several days of his death, as well as he healed Elisha.(4)( Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'.vol1.p213,,, Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn''.vol2.p102/112,,, James Hawkes, Qāmūs-i Kitāb-i Muqaddas.p145)
In the Quran


Abu Bakr Abdullah b. Abi Quhafa belonged to the Banu Taym clan of the [[Quraysh tribe]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 142; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 51.</ref>
The Quran mentions Elijah in two verses, acknowledging him as a believer, one of the righteous servants of God, and a sent prophet. It speaks of his efforts to combat the idolatry of his people and his call to them to piety and monotheism. (Surah As-Saffat, 123; Surah Al-An'am, 85-86). Some argue that the Elias mentioned in verse 130 of Surah As-Saffat is also the same Elijah.(5)( Bayḍāwi, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar. ''Anwār al-tanzīl wa asrār al-taʾwīl'.vol5.p18,,, Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr.vol5.p286)
And his mother was Umm al-Khair Salma bint Sakhr, the cousin of Abu Quhafa.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 100.</ref> According to reports, he was born three years before [[the Year of the Elephant]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 151.</ref> It is said that Abu Bakr, at the time of his death, in 13AH/ 634, was 63 years old.
Elijah in Islamic Sources
His name before Islam was Abdul Ka'ba, which the Prophet changed to Abdullah.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref> He was famously known as Abu Bakr and It has been called with nicknames such as Sadiq<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 3, p. 207.</ref> and Atiq.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba'', vol. 4, p. 146-147; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 126-128; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref>
Exegetical Sources(6)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'.vol23.p109,,, Ālūsī, Maḥmūd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Rūḥ al-maʿānī fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm.vol23.p138) And Historical(7)( Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol2.p5,,, Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād'.vol6.p318)
===Wives and Children===
Muslims consider Elijah as a descendant of Imran, the father of Moses (AS) and Aaron (AS).(8)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p461,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212,,, ,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol2.p5) According to narrations, he is known for his wisdom as a descendant of Aaron.(9)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''.vol1.p227) He belongs to the lineage of Abraham (AS), coming after the Prophet Ezekiel and preceding his disciple, Elisha(10)( Abū Riyḥān Bīrūnī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Āthār al-bāqiya.p373,,, Māwirdī, Ab al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, al-. ''Aʿlām al-nubuwwa.p54,,, . Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol9.p206/209)
His wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 101.</ref> His daughters were [[Asma]], the daughter of Umais Khathami, and Habiba, the daughter of Kharija ibn Zaid Khazraji.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 126.</ref> Abu Bakr's wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair. His sons were Abdullah, Abdul-Rahman, and Muhammad, and his daughters were Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum. [[Aisha]] became the wife of the Prophet Muhammad(s), while Asma married Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and became the mother of [[Abdullah b. Zubayr]].<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 167; Mufīd, ''Kitāb al-amālī'', p. 79.</ref>
He was stirred to prophethood.(11)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p461)
He was sent to the people of Baalbek, a region of Syria, during the reign of King Ahab.(12)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p461,,, . Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol9.p209,,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212) He guided them and warned them about the worship of the idol Baal.(13)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p461,,, . Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol9.p209 ,,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212) He is known for destroying the idol of Baal.(14)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p464,,, . Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol9.p209 ,,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212,,,, John Bayer Nas. ''Tārīkh-i jāmiʿ-i Abd adyān.p507)
According to some sources, after his passing, he was buried in the region of Qalb, a land between Damascus, Homs, and Baalbek.(15)( Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān.vol1.p470,,, Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. ''Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ.vol1.p211)
The pilgrimage of Elijah
According to some reports, Elijah is among those who are believed to have attained eternal life.(16)( Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p361,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol1.p394-395,,, Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna.vol19.p144)
They go for Hajj every year with Prophet Khidr, and after performing the Hajj rituals, they drink from the water of Zamzam.(17)( Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p361,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol1.p394)
Also, in one report, the annual meeting of Khidr and Elijah at Arafat is mentioned.(18)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol1.p394,,, Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ.vol2.p242-243)
Although some Muslim historians have expressed doubt about the accuracy of the narrations regarding Elijah's eternal life.(19)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol1.p337)


==The conversion to Islam==
References
.Abū Riyḥān Bīrūnī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Āthār al-bāqiya.Tehran: Mirāth-i Maktūb, 1422 AH.
.Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyyīz al-ṣaḥāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH.


The conversion of Abu Bakr to Islam is remembered to have occurred after [[Imam Ali(a)]].<ref> Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 266; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 128; Kūfī, ''Al-Muṣannaf'', vol. 7, p. 498; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 316; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 100.</ref>
.Māwirdī, Ab al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, al-. ''Aʿlām al-nubuwwa''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, 1987 CE
After embracing Islam, Abu Bakr bought and freed a number of tortured Muslim slaves from the [[Quraysh]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Maʿārif'', p. 177.</ref>
During the Prophet's invitations to the tribes during the [[Hajj]] and in the final years of his presence in [[Mecca]], Abu Bakr, due to his familiarity with Arab genealogies, accompanied the Prophet.<ref>Ṭabarānī, ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr'', vol. 6, p. 62; Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 382-386.</ref> With the Prophet's migration to [[Medina]], Abu Bakr also accompanied him.<ref> Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 100</ref>
==After the migration to Medina==
[[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet Muhammad(s)]]stood between Abu Bakr and Salim, the freed slave of Hudhaifah.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Maʿārif'', p. 273.</ref> Or Harithah ibn Zaid.<ref>Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'', p. 73.</ref> A brotherhood pact was established. Earlier in [[Mecca]], a brotherhood pact had been made between him and [[Umar]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 206.</ref> Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 318.</ref> Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad(s). Based on a report, in [[the Battle of Bani Mustaliq]] in 5 AH/626-7, the flagbearer was from the Emigrants.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 407.</ref>


===Emirate of Hajj in the 9AH===
.Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1408 AH.
Abu Bakr, in the ninth year, as the Emir of Hajj, led the first pilgrimage of the Muslims.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 132.</ref>
And according to a report, for the proclamation of Sura Bara'at (Al-Tawbah) by the prophet(s), he set out from Medina to Mecca with 300 people.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 188.</ref> In this journey, he had five sacrificial camels with him and was instructed to perform the standing ([[Wuquf at 'Arafat|wuquf]]) on [[the Day of Arafa]] in Arafat, not in Muzdalifa, contrary to the polytheists. He would leave [['Arafat|Arafat]] after sunset and depart from [[Muzdalifa]] after sunrise.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077.</ref> After becoming [[muhrim]] in [[Dhul-Hulayfa]], he met Ali (a) at [[Arj]]. At first, he thought that he had been relieved of the [[emirate of Hajj]].<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077.</ref>
But with the words of Ali, he realized that [[Ali(a)]] had been solely tasked with conveying the initial verses of [[Sura Al-Tawba]] (Bara'at).<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077; Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 190.</ref> Based on this, Abu Bakr went to [[Mecca]] alongside Ali and during the pilgrimage, he delivered sermons in [[Mina]] on the afternoon of the seventh day, the Day of Arafa, and the afternoon of [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1078.</ref>
According to reports, including a narration from [[Ibn Abbas]], Abu Bakr was relieved of the emirate of Hajj and returned to [[Medina]].<ref>Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'', vol. 1, p. 3; Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 65.</ref>
==Caliphate==
After the passing of the Prophet (a) and before his burial, a group of [[Ansar]] gathered at the [[Saqifa of Bani Sa'ida]] and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the successor to the Prophet (a).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 459; Mufīd, ''Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra'', p. 119.</ref>
Although before that on 18 Dhul Hijja of year 10 Hijri/ 16 March 632, the Prophet had raised the hand of Ali bin Abi Talib (a.s.) in the farewell Hajj (Ghadir incident) and introduced him to the people as the master and guardian after him.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 27; Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 136.</ref>


===Supervision of Pilgrims During the Caliphate===
.John Bayer Nas. ''Tārīkh-i jāmiʿ-i Abd adyān''. Translated to Farsi by ʿAlī Aṣghar Ḥikmat. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Ilmī wa Farhangī, 1373 Sh.
In the 11th AH/ 632-3, Abu Bakr appointed [[Umar b. Khattab]] as the head of the pilgrims, and he performed[[Umra]] in the month of Rajab of the 12th AH/ 633-4, and in the season of the same year, he became the head of the pilgrims.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 139.</ref>
Some reports suggest that during his caliphate, Abu Bakr did not perform Hajj, and Umar or Attab b. Usaid, the agent of the Prophet (a) in Mecca, carried out the pilgrimage.<ref>Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'', p. 12.</ref> Or he appointed [[Abdul-Rahman b. Awf]] to the emirate of Hajj.<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh-i damishq'', vol. 30, p. 217.</ref>


==Death==
.Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn''. Edited by Khalīl Shaḥāda. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408AH-1988.
Abu Bakr passed away due to illness on the seventh of Jumada al-thani in the year 13 AH/ August 8, 634, after two years, three months, and 26 days of caliphate, at the age of 63.<ref> Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 150-151.</ref> And upon his death, he left behind a date palm grove from the spoils of [[Banu Nadir]], as well as lands in [[Bahrain]], [[Ghaba]], and [[Khaybar]].<ref>Ṣanʿānī, ''Al-Muṣannaf'', vol. 9, p. 101-102.</ref>
 
==Notes==
.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1387 AH
{{Notes}}
 
==References==
.Bayḍāwi, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar. ''Anwār al-tanzīl wa asrār al-taʾwīl''. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1418 AH.
{{References}}
 
*Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]
.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Ṣidqī Jamīl and ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Hindāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
*Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH.
 
*Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH.
.Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1365 AH.
*Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha''. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya, 1378 AH.
 
*Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. ''Tārīkh-i damishq''. Edited by ʿAmr-i b. Gharāma al-ʿAmrawī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH/ 1995.
.Ālūsī, Maḥmūd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Rūḥ al-maʿānī fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
*Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH.
 
*Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar''. Edited by Elza Lichten Stetter. Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda, [n.d].
.Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād''. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1414 AH.
*Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH.
 
*Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]
.James Hawkes, Qāmūs-i Kitāb-i Muqaddas.Tehran: Asāṭīr, 1377 sh.
*Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafāʾ''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Awḍāʾ. 1410AH-1990.
 
*Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif''. Edited by Tharwat ʿAkkāsha. Qom: Sharīf Raḍī, 1373 sh.
.Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ''. Edited by Muṣtafā ʿAbd al-Waḥidī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ḥadītha, 1388 AH.
*Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d].
 
*Jawharī Baṣrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ''Al-Saqīfa wa Fadak''. Edited by Hādī Amīnī. Beirut: Shirkat al-Katbī, 1413 AH.
.Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
*Kūfī, Ibn Abī Shayba al-. ''Al-Muṣannaf''. Edited by Saʿīd al-Laḥām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1409 AH.
 
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
.Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH.
*Maghribī, Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-. ''Sharḥ al-akhbār''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1414 AH.
 
*Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād''. Edited by Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Taḥqīq al-Turāth. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1414 AH
.Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. ''Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ''. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1412 AH.
*Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Kitāb al-amālī''. Edited by Ḥusayn Ustād Walī and ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Beirut:Dār al-Mufīd, 1414 AH.
 
*Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra''. Qom: Maktibat al-Dāwarī, [n.d]
.Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.
*Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. Humām. ''Al-Muṣannaf''. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān Aʿzamī. Beirut: al-Majlis al-ʿIlmī,1403 AH.
 
*Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr''. Edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd Salafī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
.Jawālīqī, Al-muʿrab min al-kalam al-aʿjamī, edited by Khalil ʿUmrān. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1419 AH.
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1387 AH.
 
*Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH.
.Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1412 AH.
*Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
 
{{end}}
.Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1375 Sh.
 
.arthur Jeffrey, wāzhihāy-i dakhīl dar qur'ān majīd. Translated by Badrieī. Tehran: Tūs, 1372 sh.
. Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq. Edited by ʿAmr-i b. Gharāma al-ʿAmrawī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH/ 1995.

Revision as of 14:21, 29 April 2024

Elijah (AS) Elijah (AS) was one of the prophets of the Children of Israel. His name in the Holy Scriptures is recorded as "Eliya," which has become known in Arabic as "Elyas." The name of this prophet of God is mentioned twice in the Quran, where he is described as a believer, one of the righteous servants of God, and a sent prophet. According to some Islamic narrations, Elijah (AS) enjoys eternal life and every year accompanies Khidr (AS) on the pilgrimage. In the Holy Scriptures,

Elijah's name in Hebrew is derived from Eliya.)1)( Jawālīqī, Al-muʿrab min al-kalam al-aʿjamī.p13,,, arthur Jeffrey, wāzhihāy-i dakhīl dar qur'ān majīd.p127)(2)( James Hawkes, Qāmūs-i Kitāb-i Muqaddas.p144) Elijah is a prophet among the Children of Israel, whose name is recorded as "Eliya" in the Holy Scriptures.(3)( James Hawkes, Qāmūs-i Kitāb-i Muqaddas.p144-145) It is said that through his supplication, he revived Jonah son of Amittai after several days of his death, as well as he healed Elisha.(4)( Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'.vol1.p213,,, Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn.vol2.p102/112,,, James Hawkes, Qāmūs-i Kitāb-i Muqaddas.p145) In the Quran

The Quran mentions Elijah in two verses, acknowledging him as a believer, one of the righteous servants of God, and a sent prophet. It speaks of his efforts to combat the idolatry of his people and his call to them to piety and monotheism. (Surah As-Saffat, 123; Surah Al-An'am, 85-86). Some argue that the Elias mentioned in verse 130 of Surah As-Saffat is also the same Elijah.(5)( Bayḍāwi, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar. Anwār al-tanzīl wa asrār al-taʾwīl'.vol5.p18,,, Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr.vol5.p286) Elijah in Islamic Sources Exegetical Sources(6)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'.vol23.p109,,, Ālūsī, Maḥmūd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Rūḥ al-maʿānī fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm.vol23.p138) And Historical(7)( Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol2.p5,,, Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād'.vol6.p318) Muslims consider Elijah as a descendant of Imran, the father of Moses (AS) and Aaron (AS).(8)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p461,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212,,, ,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol2.p5) According to narrations, he is known for his wisdom as a descendant of Aaron.(9)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī.vol1.p227) He belongs to the lineage of Abraham (AS), coming after the Prophet Ezekiel and preceding his disciple, Elisha(10)( Abū Riyḥān Bīrūnī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Āthār al-bāqiya.p373,,, Māwirdī, Ab al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, al-. Aʿlām al-nubuwwa.p54,,, . Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol9.p206/209) He was stirred to prophethood.(11)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p461) He was sent to the people of Baalbek, a region of Syria, during the reign of King Ahab.(12)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p461,,, . Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol9.p209,,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212) He guided them and warned them about the worship of the idol Baal.(13)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p461,,, . Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol9.p209 ,,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212) He is known for destroying the idol of Baal.(14)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p464,,, . Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol9.p209 ,,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p212,,,, John Bayer Nas. Tārīkh-i jāmiʿ-i Abd adyān.p507) According to some sources, after his passing, he was buried in the region of Qalb, a land between Damascus, Homs, and Baalbek.(15)( Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-buldān.vol1.p470,,, Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ.vol1.p211) The pilgrimage of Elijah According to some reports, Elijah is among those who are believed to have attained eternal life.(16)( Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p361,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol1.p394-395,,, Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna.vol19.p144) They go for Hajj every year with Prophet Khidr, and after performing the Hajj rituals, they drink from the water of Zamzam.(17)( Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol1.p361,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol1.p394) Also, in one report, the annual meeting of Khidr and Elijah at Arafat is mentioned.(18)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol1.p394,,, Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ.vol2.p242-243) Although some Muslim historians have expressed doubt about the accuracy of the narrations regarding Elijah's eternal life.(19)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol1.p337)

References .Abū Riyḥān Bīrūnī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Āthār al-bāqiya.Tehran: Mirāth-i Maktūb, 1422 AH. .Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Al-Iṣāba fī tamyyīz al-ṣaḥāba. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH.

.Māwirdī, Ab al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, al-. Aʿlām al-nubuwwa. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, 1987 CE

.Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1408 AH.

.John Bayer Nas. Tārīkh-i jāmiʿ-i Abd adyān. Translated to Farsi by ʿAlī Aṣghar Ḥikmat. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Ilmī wa Farhangī, 1373 Sh.

.Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn. Edited by Khalīl Shaḥāda. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408AH-1988.

.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1387 AH

.Bayḍāwi, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar. Anwār al-tanzīl wa asrār al-taʾwīl. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1418 AH.

.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Ṣidqī Jamīl and ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Hindāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.

.Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1365 AH.

.Ālūsī, Maḥmūd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Rūḥ al-maʿānī fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].

.Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1414 AH.

.James Hawkes, Qāmūs-i Kitāb-i Muqaddas.Tehran: Asāṭīr, 1377 sh.

.Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ. Edited by Muṣtafā ʿAbd al-Waḥidī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ḥadītha, 1388 AH.

.Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.

.Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH.

.Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1412 AH.

.Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-buldān. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.

.Jawālīqī, Al-muʿrab min al-kalam al-aʿjamī, edited by Khalil ʿUmrān. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1419 AH.

.Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1412 AH.

.Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1375 Sh.

.arthur Jeffrey, wāzhihāy-i dakhīl dar qur'ān majīd. Translated by Badrieī. Tehran: Tūs, 1372 sh. . Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq. Edited by ʿAmr-i b. Gharāma al-ʿAmrawī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH/ 1995.

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