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Abraham (a) is considered a leader among the followers of monotheistic religions, the forerunner of monotheists, and the father of monotheistic nations. In Islamic literature and the Quran, Abraham is recognized as the builder or rebuilder of the [[Ka'ba]]. The Quran and Islamic narrations mention his migration to [[Mecca]], the construction of the Kaaba with the assistance of [[Ishma'il(a)]], and Abraham's performance of the [[hajj]].
Mount Abu Qubays
==Abraham (s) among nations and peoples==
Mount Abu Qubays is a sacred mountain for Muslims located in the northeast of the Masjid al-Haram in the city of Mecca. Today, it has been carved, and its original dome-shaped form has been altered. It is said that when the Black Stone descended from paradise, it was placed in this mountain for a period of time as a trust. Additionally, Prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him) used to call people to perform the rituals of Hajj from atop this mountain. The Mosque of Ibrahim, the Mosque of Shiqq al-Qamar, and the caravanserai of Mulla Muhammad Yazidi are among the structures built on the slopes of this mountain.
Geographical Location:


The word "Abraham" is of Babylonian origin, and according to some linguists, it is composed of "Ib" meaning father and "rahim" meaning merciful.<ref>Jawharī, ''Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lugha'', vol. 5, p.1871; Ibn Manẓūr,  ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 12, p.48; Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, ''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr'', vol. 1, p. 542.</ref>
Mount Abu Qubays is situated in the northeast of the Masjid al-Haram and overlooks it.(1)(Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Vol1.p80,,, Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. ''Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ.vol3.p1066)
His two covenants and the Quran consider him a model of submission to God and the possessor of the highest moral virtues.<ref>Book of Genesis: 12:1-3; Jazāʾirī, ''Al-Nūr al-mubīn fī qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ wa l-mursalīn'' p. 110.</ref>
And the Shi'ab Abi Talib begins from there. Its elevation from sea level is reported to be 420 meters, and from the base, it is 120 meters.(2)( • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna.p95)
The Quran describes him as a patient and compassionate man who seeks forgiveness for himself and others.<ref>Quran: 11:75; 9: 114.</ref>And he was always obedient to God's command and also advised his children to submit to the decree and will of the Lord.<ref>Quran: 2:131-132.</ref> God describes him as "Hanif," meaning inclined towards turning away from falsehood towards truth.<ref>Quran: 16:120; Quran: 3:17; Quran: 4:125.</ref> And He considers him the first Muslim.<ref>Quran: 6:163.</ref>
According to Naser Khosrow, this mountain was dome-shaped.(3)( Nāṣir Khusraw. ''Safarnāma.p119)
===The Arabs' recognition of Abraham===
In recent years, a significant portion of the mountain has been flattened, and on it, a palace and a government guesthouse have been built.(4)( Furqānī, Muḥammad. Sarzamīn yādhā wa nishānihā.p89)
Even before Islam, the Arabs had a complete awareness of Abraham. They had placed his image or statue along with Ishmael inside the Ka'ba. According to a narration, when the Prophet Muhammad(a) conquered Mecca, he pulled out and broke these two statues from inside the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 5, p. 93; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 8, p. 14.</ref>
Names:
In addition to this, numerous traces of Abraham, including sites, shrines, beliefs, and monotheistic practices attributed to him, are found throughout the Semitic region from Mesopotamia to the Sinai Peninsula. These serve as evidence of his extensive and profound influence among the nations, communities, and peoples of this region.<ref>Sūsa, ''Al-ʿarab wa al-yahūd fī al-tārīkh'', p. 251-256.</ref>


==Birth and migration from Babylon==
The name of this mountain is derived from the name of a person from the Mazhij tribe.(5)( Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. '' Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh.p27)
In Islamic narrations, we come across extensive information about the personal life of Abraham. All narrations agree that Abraham was born in the land of Babylon, in present-day southern Iraq.<ref> Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''و vol. 1و p. 383.</ref>
Or Ayad.(6)( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka.vol2.p267)  It is said that for the first time, a house was built on its slopes(7)( ( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka.vol2.p265/267,,, Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān.vol1.p80,,, Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. '' Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh.p27)
The subject of Abraham's migration from his original land is reported several times in the Quran.<ref>Quran: 19:48; 37:99; 29:26; 21:71.</ref>
According to some accounts, such as Abu Qubays ibn Shalih from the Jurhum tribe sought refuge on this mountain due to disagreements with his relatives, and he never returned. The mountain became famous by this name thereafter.(8)( Suhaylī, ʾAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Al-Rawḍ al-anf fī tafsīr al-sīra al-nabawīyya li ibn Hushām.vol3.p90)
According to interpretative narratives, the destination of this migration was the sacred land.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 20,p.174; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 371; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 45.</ref>
Some also, considering the semantic significance, have said that Abu Qubays relates to "qabas" (a piece of firewood), suggesting that Prophet Adam (peace be upon him) took fire from this mountain(9)( • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p50)
In a less known narrative, it is reported to be [[Egypt]].<ref>Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 1, p. 100.</ref> In a narration by Ibn Abbas, the destination of Abraham's migration is understood to be Mecca.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 17, p. 62; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 7, p. 100.</ref> This migration occurred after Abraham's deliverance from the fire.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 17, p. 60; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 370-371.</ref>
The names Abu Qabus and Sheikh al-Jabal have also been attributed to Abu Qubais.(10)( • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p50)
According to several narratives, this migration followed Abraham's exile at the hands of Nimrod.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 371; Majlisī,''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p.39-154.</ref>
Historical and Religious Significance:
===The Torah's narrative===
According to the Torah's account, Abraham, along with his father Terah, his wife Sarah, and his nephew Lot, left Ur of the Chaldeans and migrated to Haran.<ref>Book of Genesis: 11:31.</ref> Then, by God's command, he left Haran towards the land of Canaan.<ref>Book of Genesis: 12:4-5</ref>The holy land is mentioned as his ultimate destination for migration.<ref>Book of Genesis: 12:1.</ref>
Some Islamic narratives confirm the accounts of the Torah, according to which Abraham initially went to Haran, resided there for a while, and then departed from Haran to journey towards Palestine.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 17, p. 61; Qurṭubī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī(Al-Jamiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān'', vol. 15, p. 98; vol. 23, p. 65; Shabistarī, ''Aʿlām al-Qurʾān'', p. 23.</ref>
==The journey to Mecca==
In the Quran, unlike the Torah, Abraham's journey to Mecca is mentioned, which likely occurred at least twice. During the first journey, Hagar and Ishmael were also with him, and he settled them in Mecca. At that time, Mecca was a barren land devoid of water and vegetation.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 755; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 6, p. 84.</ref>
﴿رَبَّنا إِنِّی أَسکنتُ مِن ذُرِّیتِی بِواد غَیرِ ذِی زَرع عِندَ بَیتِک المُحَرَّم"Our Lord, indeed I have settled some of my descendants in an uncultivated valley near Your sacred House.<ref>Quran: 14:37.</ref> Based on numerous narrations, Ishmael was an infant during this journey, and at the command of God and with the assistance of Gabriel, Abraham placed Ishmael in the current location of the [[Hijr Isma'il]].<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 4, p. 116; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 201.</ref>
According to another narration, after arriving in Mecca and Abraham's departure, Ishma'il fell into a state of near-death due to extreme thirst. Then, by the grace of God, water was found in that land, and it became the destination for caravans from Yemen.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 20.</ref> According to the narrations of interpreters, the settlement of Ishma'il and Hagar in this location, along with Abraham's supplication for the prosperity of this city, laid the foundation for the establishment or flourishing of the city of Mecca.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 12, p. 68; Al-shirwanī wa Al-ʿIbādī, ''Ḥawāshī al-shirwanī wa al-ʿIbādī'', vol. 4, p. 66.</ref>
===Abraham's second journey to Mecca===
According to the verses of the Quran, Abraham traveled to Mecca more than once. During his first journey, he settled his infant son Ishma'i and Hagar there.<ref>Quran: 14:37.</ref>
And during his second journey, he, with the help of his son Ishma'il, built the Ka'ba and established the [[Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'|rituals of Hajj]].<ref>Quran: 2:127.</ref>
==The construction of the Ka'ba==
From the apparent meaning of some verses, such as (إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَیت وُضِعَ لِلنّاس...) "Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind..."<ref>Quran: 3:96.</ref> And explicit narratives indicate that the Ka'ba existed before Abraham and was built by [[Adam (Prophet)|Prophet Adam]].<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 386; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī,''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 6, p. 290-291; Qummi Mashhadi, ''Tafsīr kanz al-daqāʾiq wa bahr al-gharāʾib'', vol. 1, p. 338-339.</ref> On the other hand, some scholars consider Abraham as the founder of the Kaaba and regard the accounts of Adam building the Ka'ba as weak.<ref>Ibn Kathīr,''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', Vol. 1, p. 391.</ref>
Numerous narrations suggest that initially, the location of the Ka'ba was not known to Abraham, and it was Gabriel who taught him the place to build it.<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 62; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 389; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 96, p. 38.</ref>
In the Quranic verses, there is no explicit mention of God commanding Abraham to build the [[Ka'ba]]. However, some narrations, which commentators have adhered to, state that God instructed him to build the Ka'ba.<ref>Qummī,  ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 61; Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, ''Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī'', vol. 1, p. 189; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 99.</ref>
Abraham was not alone in building the Ka'ba; Ishma'il assisted him by fetching bricks or stones, and Abraham constructed it.<ref>Thaʿlabī, ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 274; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 292; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 389.</ref>
In some narratives, assistance from angels to them is also mentioned.<ref>ʿAynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 9, p. 213.</ref>The building materials were a type of red brick or stone brought from five different mountains surrounding the Kaaba, and according to one narrative, they were brought from the [[Mount Tuwa]].<ref>Qummī,  ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 62; ʿAynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 9, p. 213; Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, ''Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī'', vol. 1, p. 189.</ref>
==Maqam Ibrahim==
The [[Maqam Ibrahim]](Station of Abraham) next to the Ka'ba is another trace of Abraham: "وَإِذ جَعَلنَا البَیتَ مَثَابَةً لِّلنَّاسِ وَأَمْنًا وَاتَّخِذُوا مِن مَّقَامِ إِبرَاهِیمَ مُصَلًّی Thus we set up the House as a resort for mankind and a sanctuary, and [said]: "Adopt Abraham's station as a place for prayer.<ref>Quran: 2:125.</ref>
It is said that this is the same stone that he placed under his feet when building the Ka'ba. Some have also considered the Ka'ba itself as the Station of Abraham.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 746-747; Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 4, p. 54.</ref>
==Calling people to Hajj==
According to narratives, after the construction of the Ka'ba, Abraham was commanded by God to call upon the people for [[Hajj]]: (و‌أَذِّن فی النّاسِ بِالحَجّ... "and proclaim among men the Pilgrimage, ...")<ref>Quran: 22:27.</ref>
He stood on [[Mount Abu Qubays]], placing his hand on his ear and cried out: "O people! Answer the call of your Lord." [[The tribe of Jurhum]], a Yemeni tribe, were the first to respond to his call.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 205; ʿAynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī'', vol. 9, p. 128; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 11, p. 15.</ref>


==Abraham's Hajj==
Abu Qubais has been revered as a sacred mountain both before and after Islam, and in Islamic narratives, it is associated with some historical events related to the prophets. It has also been considered a place where prayers are answered.(11)( Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p524)
From the apparent meaning of the Quranic verses, it is understood that Abraham was not familiar with the [[Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'|rituals of Hajj]]. Therefore, he asked God to teach him: (... وأَرِنا مَناسِکنا..."...Show us our ceremonies...")<ref>Quran: 2:128.</ref>
 
Scholars of narrations have mentioned that Gabriel taught the rituals of Hajj to Abraham.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyā'', vol. 1, p. 189; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 1, p. 137; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 100.</ref>
Some of the narrations of Abu Qubais first(12)( • Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka.vol1.p32) And the best(13)( • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p525)They have called it the mountain of the earth.
There is no specific report regarding the number of pilgrimages performed by Abraham; it is said that Abraham's first pilgrimage was after the construction of the [[Ka'ba|House of God]].<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyā'', vol. 1, p. 189; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 100.</ref>
The ancient prophets
This view is also supported by those who consider him as the founder of the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 462.</ref>
They have said that the graves of Adam, Sheeth son of Adam, and Hawa, the wife of Adam, are located in the cave of this mountain called Ghar-e Khaz.(14)( Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p519-520)
However, there are narrations indicating that Abraham's  first pilgrimage was before the construction of the Ka'ba.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 202-203.</ref>
They have mentioned that when the Black Stone descended from Paradise, it was placed as a trust in this mountain. Then Prophet Abraham (peace be upon him) used it in the construction of the Kaaba(15)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol1.p26-27)
==Notes==
During the flood of Noah, the Black Stone was also entrusted in this mountain. Because of this, during the pre-Islamic era, people used to call this mountain "Al-Amin" (the trustworthy).(16)( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka.vol2.p266,,, Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān.vol1.p80)
{{Notes}}
They say that Abu Qubays is one of the six mountains from which the stones of the Kaaba have been provided.(17)( • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p179)
==References==
Ibrahim (peace be upon him) used to stand on this mountain and call people to perform the rituals of Hajj.(18)( Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad. ''Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī.vol2.p72 ,,, Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka.vol2.p203,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār'.vol12.p91)
{{References}}
The Prophet of Islam
*Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1422 AH.
 
*Al-shirwanī wa Al-ʿIbādī. Ḥawāshī al-shirwanī wa al-ʿIbādī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
Based on a report, in one of the years before the Hijra, the Prophet (peace be upon him) split the moon into two halves with his miracle; one half was over Mount Qaiqan and the other half was over Mount Abu Qubays.(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'.vol2.p116-117)
*ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]
The nobility of this mountain made it possible for them to address the people of Mecca from its summit to inform them. One such instance was the call of a man named Zubayd who called out from the hills of the Halif al-Fudul.(20)( Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. ''Al-Munammaq fī akhbār Quraysh.p52,,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf.p179,,,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.v0l2.p291)
*Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH.
It is also reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him) publicly invited the Quraysh to accept Islam from the summit of this very mountain.(21)( • Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ.vol3.p219,,, Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād.vol2.p343)   
*Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr''.Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt, 1413 AH.
The structures on the mountain.
*Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. ''Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī''. Beirut: al-Aʿlamī inistitute, 1302 AH.
The Mosque of Ibrahim
*Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1412 AH.
During the early centuries of Islam, on the summit of this mountain, the Mosque of Ibrahim was constructed.(22)( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka.vol2.p202)
*Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965.
which later gained fame as the Mosque of Bilal.(23)( Naʿīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā al-. Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn.p205)
*Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
This mosque is attributed to either Ibrahim Khalil (peace be upon him) or Ibrahim Qubaysi.(24)( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka.vol2.p202)
*Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1409 AH.
Or to an Indian merchant who built it in the year 1275 AH.(25)( • Ṣabbāgh, Muḥammad. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-marām..vol1.p502-503)
*Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ''. Edited by Muṣtafā ʿAbd al-Waḥidī. Beirut:Dār al-Kutub al-Ḥadītha, 1388 AH.
Other structures include...
*Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. ''Lisān al-ʿArab''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1414 AH.
Among the other structures on the summit of this mountain, mention can be made of the Shagh al-Qamar Mosque and the caravanserai of Mulla Mohammad Yazdi.(26)( • Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara.vol1.p551)
*Jawharī, Abū Naṣr Ismāʿīl b. Ḥammād al-. Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lugha. Edited by Aḥmad ʿAbd al-ʿAṭṭār. Beirut: Dār al-ʾIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 1407 AH.
A minaret is also mentioned, which was built by Abdullah ibn Malik Khaza'i during the time of Harun al-Abbasi.(27)( • Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih.vol3.p87,,, • Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara.vol1.p551)
*Jazāʾirī, Niʿmat Allāh b. Abd Allāh al-. ''Al-Nūr al-mubīn fī qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ wa l-mursalīn''. Qom: Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d]
 
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1375 Sh.
References
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf''.Beirut:Dār al-Ṣaʿb,[n.d]
*Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''. Edited by Mūsawī Jazāʾirī. Third edition. Qom: Dār al-Kitab, 1404 AH.
 
*Qummi Mashhadī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Riḍa. ''Tafsīr kanz al-daqāʾiq wa bahr al-gharāʾib''. Tehran: Wizārat-i Farhang wa Irshād-i Islāmī, 1411AH.
Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-marām. Mecca: [n.p], 1424 AH.
*Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī(Al-Jamiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān)''. Fifth edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1405 AH.
 
*Shabistarī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. ''Aʿlām al-Qurʾān''. 1st edition. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawza-yi Ilmīya-yi Qom, 1379 Sh.
Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. '' Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh. Cairo: Dār al-Fadhīla, 1319AH.
*Sūsa, Aḥmad. Al-ʿarab wa al-yahūd fī al-tārīkh. Damascus: [n.p], 1972
 
*Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1365 AH.
Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād''. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. 1st edition. Beirut: 1414 AH/1993.
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Ṣidqī Jamīl and ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Hindāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH
 
*Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1393 AH.
Naʿīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā al-. Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn.Tehran: Mashʿar, 1418 AH.
*Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1415 AH.
 
*Thaʿlabī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH.
Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. ''Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ''. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1412 AH.
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
 
*Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.
• Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara. London: Muʾssisa al-furqān, 1429 AH.
{{end}}
 
Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. ''Al-Munammaq fī akhbār Quraysh''. Edited by Khurshīd Aḥmad Fārūq. Beirut: ʿĀlim al-Kutub, 1405 AH-1985.
 
Suhaylī, ʾAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Al-Rawḍ al-anf fī tafsīr al-sīra al-nabawīyya li ibn Hushām''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1412 AH.
 
Furqānī, Muḥammad. Sarzamīn yādhā wa nishānihā. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1381 sh.
 
Nāṣir Khusraw. ''Safarnāma''. Edited by Muḥammad Dabīr Siyāqī. Tehran: 1356 Sh.
 
Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad. ''Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī''. Edited by Suhayl Zakar. Beirut: 1398 AH.
 
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.
 
Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
 
• Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d
Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
 
• Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.
 
• Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
 
• Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
 
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
 
• Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH.
 
Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH.

Revision as of 13:38, 28 April 2024

Mount Abu Qubays Mount Abu Qubays is a sacred mountain for Muslims located in the northeast of the Masjid al-Haram in the city of Mecca. Today, it has been carved, and its original dome-shaped form has been altered. It is said that when the Black Stone descended from paradise, it was placed in this mountain for a period of time as a trust. Additionally, Prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him) used to call people to perform the rituals of Hajj from atop this mountain. The Mosque of Ibrahim, the Mosque of Shiqq al-Qamar, and the caravanserai of Mulla Muhammad Yazidi are among the structures built on the slopes of this mountain. Geographical Location:

Mount Abu Qubays is situated in the northeast of the Masjid al-Haram and overlooks it.(1)(Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-buldān. Vol1.p80,,, Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ.vol3.p1066) And the Shi'ab Abi Talib begins from there. Its elevation from sea level is reported to be 420 meters, and from the base, it is 120 meters.(2)( • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna.p95) According to Naser Khosrow, this mountain was dome-shaped.(3)( Nāṣir Khusraw. Safarnāma.p119) In recent years, a significant portion of the mountain has been flattened, and on it, a palace and a government guesthouse have been built.(4)( Furqānī, Muḥammad. Sarzamīn yādhā wa nishānihā.p89) Names:

The name of this mountain is derived from the name of a person from the Mazhij tribe.(5)( Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh.p27) Or Ayad.(6)( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka.vol2.p267) It is said that for the first time, a house was built on its slopes(7)( ( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka.vol2.p265/267,,, Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-buldān.vol1.p80,,, Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh.p27) According to some accounts, such as Abu Qubays ibn Shalih from the Jurhum tribe sought refuge on this mountain due to disagreements with his relatives, and he never returned. The mountain became famous by this name thereafter.(8)( Suhaylī, ʾAbd al-Raḥmān. Al-Rawḍ al-anf fī tafsīr al-sīra al-nabawīyya li ibn Hushām.vol3.p90) Some also, considering the semantic significance, have said that Abu Qubays relates to "qabas" (a piece of firewood), suggesting that Prophet Adam (peace be upon him) took fire from this mountain(9)( • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p50) The names Abu Qabus and Sheikh al-Jabal have also been attributed to Abu Qubais.(10)( • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p50) Historical and Religious Significance:

Abu Qubais has been revered as a sacred mountain both before and after Islam, and in Islamic narratives, it is associated with some historical events related to the prophets. It has also been considered a place where prayers are answered.(11)( Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p524)

Some of the narrations of Abu Qubais first(12)( • Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka.vol1.p32) And the best(13)( • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p525)They have called it the mountain of the earth. The ancient prophets They have said that the graves of Adam, Sheeth son of Adam, and Hawa, the wife of Adam, are located in the cave of this mountain called Ghar-e Khaz.(14)( Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p519-520) They have mentioned that when the Black Stone descended from Paradise, it was placed as a trust in this mountain. Then Prophet Abraham (peace be upon him) used it in the construction of the Kaaba(15)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol1.p26-27) During the flood of Noah, the Black Stone was also entrusted in this mountain. Because of this, during the pre-Islamic era, people used to call this mountain "Al-Amin" (the trustworthy).(16)( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka.vol2.p266,,, Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-buldān.vol1.p80) They say that Abu Qubays is one of the six mountains from which the stones of the Kaaba have been provided.(17)( • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p179) Ibrahim (peace be upon him) used to stand on this mountain and call people to perform the rituals of Hajj.(18)( Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad. Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī.vol2.p72 ,,, Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka.vol2.p203,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār'.vol12.p91) The Prophet of Islam

Based on a report, in one of the years before the Hijra, the Prophet (peace be upon him) split the moon into two halves with his miracle; one half was over Mount Qaiqan and the other half was over Mount Abu Qubays.(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'.vol2.p116-117) The nobility of this mountain made it possible for them to address the people of Mecca from its summit to inform them. One such instance was the call of a man named Zubayd who called out from the hills of the Halif al-Fudul.(20)( Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. Al-Munammaq fī akhbār Quraysh.p52,,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf.p179,,,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.v0l2.p291) It is also reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him) publicly invited the Quraysh to accept Islam from the summit of this very mountain.(21)( • Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ.vol3.p219,,, Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād.vol2.p343) The structures on the mountain. The Mosque of Ibrahim During the early centuries of Islam, on the summit of this mountain, the Mosque of Ibrahim was constructed.(22)( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka.vol2.p202) which later gained fame as the Mosque of Bilal.(23)( Naʿīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā al-. Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn.p205) This mosque is attributed to either Ibrahim Khalil (peace be upon him) or Ibrahim Qubaysi.(24)( Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka.vol2.p202) Or to an Indian merchant who built it in the year 1275 AH.(25)( • Ṣabbāgh, Muḥammad. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-marām..vol1.p502-503) Other structures include... Among the other structures on the summit of this mountain, mention can be made of the Shagh al-Qamar Mosque and the caravanserai of Mulla Mohammad Yazdi.(26)( • Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara.vol1.p551) A minaret is also mentioned, which was built by Abdullah ibn Malik Khaza'i during the time of Harun al-Abbasi.(27)( • Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih.vol3.p87,,, • Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara.vol1.p551)

References Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf.Beirut:Dār al-Ṣaʿb,[n.d]

Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-marām. Mecca: [n.p], 1424 AH.

Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh. Cairo: Dār al-Fadhīla, 1319AH.

Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. 1st edition. Beirut: 1414 AH/1993.

Naʿīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā al-. Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn.Tehran: Mashʿar, 1418 AH.

Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1412 AH.

• Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara. London: Muʾssisa al-furqān, 1429 AH.

Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. Al-Munammaq fī akhbār Quraysh. Edited by Khurshīd Aḥmad Fārūq. Beirut: ʿĀlim al-Kutub, 1405 AH-1985.

Suhaylī, ʾAbd al-Raḥmān. Al-Rawḍ al-anf fī tafsīr al-sīra al-nabawīyya li ibn Hushām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1412 AH.

Furqānī, Muḥammad. Sarzamīn yādhā wa nishānihā. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1381 sh.

Nāṣir Khusraw. Safarnāma. Edited by Muḥammad Dabīr Siyāqī. Tehran: 1356 Sh.

Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad. Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī. Edited by Suhayl Zakar. Beirut: 1398 AH.

Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-buldān. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.

Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.

• Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].

• Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.

• Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.

• Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.

Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.

• Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH.

Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH.

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