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'''Prophet Muhammad (s)''', the son of Abdullah, is the Prophet of Islam. He was born in [[Mecca]], attained prophethood at the age of forty, and began inviting people to Islam in Mecca. Fourteen years later, he went to [[the city of Yathrib]] to expand his invitation, a city that was later named [[Medina]] after the Prophet's arrival and became the center of the Islamic government. He lived in this city for ten years, and the [[Masjid al-Nabī|Prophet's Mosque]] was his residence along with his wives. Later, mosques were built in various places where he visited or prayed.
Abraham (peace be upon him)
Abraham (peace be upon him) is considered a leader among the followers of monotheistic religions, the forerunner of monotheists, and the father of monotheistic nations. In Islamic literature and the Quran, Abraham is recognized as the builder or rebuilder of the Kaaba. The Quran and Islamic narrations mention his migration to Mecca, the construction of the Kaaba with the assistance of Ishmael (peace be upon him), and Abraham's performance of the pilgrimage.
Abraham (peace be upon him) among nations and peoples.


==Birthday==
The word "Abraham" is of Babylonian origin, and according to some linguists, it is composed of "Ab" meaning father and "raham" meaning merciful.(1)( Jawharī, Abū Naṣr Ismāʿīl b. Ḥammād al-. Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lugha.vol5.p1871,,, Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. ''Lisān al-ʿArab''..vol12.p48,,, Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr'.vol1.p542)
Most Shi'ites consider the seventeenth of Rabi' al-Awwal as the date of the birth of the prophet, while most Sunnis consider the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal as his birthday.<ref>Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 43</ref>)
His two covenants and the Quran consider him a model of submission to God and the possessor of the highest moral virtues.(2)(***,,, Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ''.p110)
His father was [[Abdullah b. Abdul-Muttalib]] and his mother was [[Amina bint Wahb b. Abd Manaf]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref>
The Quran describes him as a patient and compassionate man who seeks forgiveness for himself and others.(3)(***) And he was always obedient to God's command and also advised his children to submit to the decree and will of the Lord.(4)*** God describes him as "Hanif," meaning inclined towards turning away from falsehood towards truth.(5)*** And He considers him the first Muslim.(6)***
Muhammad was born in a house in the neighborhood of [[Abu Talib]], which later became known as [[Prophet's birthplace|the House of the Prophet's Birth]] and was respected. After his birth, he was entrusted to [[Halima]], the daughter of Abu Dhuaib, to nurse him. He resided with Halima among the tribe of Banu Sa'ad ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin for four years, and in the fifth year, Halima returned him to his mother.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 280.</ref>
The Arabs' recognition of Abraham
Even before Islam, the Arabs had a complete awareness of Abraham. They had placed his image or statue along with Ishmael (peace be upon him) inside the Kaaba. According to a narration, when the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) conquered Mecca, he pulled out and broke these two statues from inside the Kaaba.(7)( Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī.vol5.p93,,, Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhār.vol8.p14)
In addition to this, numerous traces of Abraham, including sites, shrines, beliefs, and monotheistic practices attributed to him, are found throughout the Semitic region from Mesopotamia to the Sinai Peninsula. These serve as evidence of his extensive and profound influence among the nations, communities, and peoples of this region.(8)( Sūsa, Aḥmad. Al-ʿarab wa al-yahūd fī al-tārīkh.p251/256)


==From childhood to marriage==
Birth and migration from Babylon
From childhood to youth and the marriage of Prophet Muhammad, some events have been highlighted by biographers.


===Death of Parents===
In Islamic narrations, we come across extensive information about the personal life of Abraham. All narrations agree that Abraham was born in the land of Babylon, in present-day southern Iraq.(9)( Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān.vol1.p383)
At the age of six, the Prophet accompanied his mother Amina to [[Medina]]. Amina passed away on the return journey in a place called [[Abwa]] and was buried there. [[Umm Ayman]], after Amina's death, took the Prophet back to Mecca. [[Abdul-Muttalib]], the grandfather of Muhammad(s), took care of him until the age of eight, and upon Abdul-Muttalib's passing, his care was entrusted to his uncle, [[Abu Talib]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 168-169,179; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 281.</ref>
The subject of Abraham's migration (peace be upon him) from his original land is reported several times in the Quran.(10)***
According to interpretative narratives, the destination of this migration was the sacred land(11)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol20.p174,,, Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''.vol8.p371,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p45)
In a less known narrative, it is reported to be Egypt(12)( Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p100) In a narration by Ibn Abbas, the destination of Abraham's migration is understood to be Mecca.(13) Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol17.p62,,, Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol7.p100) This migration occurred after Abraham's deliverance from the fire.(14)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol17.p60,,, Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī.vol8.p370-371)
According to several narratives, this migration followed Abraham's exile at the hands of Nimrod(15)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī.vol8.p371,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p39-154)
The Torah's narrative
According to the Torah's account, Abraham, along with his father Terah, his wife Sarah, and his nephew Lot, left Ur of the Chaldeans and migrated to Haran.(16)*** Then, by God's command, he left Haran towards the land of Canaan.(17)*** The holy land is mentioned as his ultimate destination for migration.(18)***
Some Islamic narratives confirm the accounts of the Torah, according to which Abraham initially went to Haran, resided there for a while, and then departed from Haran to journey towards Palestine.(19)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'.vol17.p61,,, Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī(Al-Jamiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān.vol15.p98 ; vol23.p755,,, Shabistarī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. ''Aʿlām al-Qurʾān.p23)
The journey to Mecca
In the Quran, unlike the Torah, Abraham's journey to Mecca is mentioned, which likely occurred at least twice. During the first journey, Hagar and Ishmael were also with him, and he settled them in Mecca. At that time, Mecca was a barren land devoid of water and vegetation.(20)( ) Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p755,,, Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol6.p84)
﴿رَبَّنا إِنِّی أَسکنتُ مِن ذُرِّیتِی بِواد غَیرِ ذِی زَرع عِندَ بَیتِک المُحَرَّم"Our Lord, indeed I have settled some of my descendants in an uncultivated valley near Your sacred House(21)***
Based on numerous narrations, Ishmael was an infant during this journey, and at the command of God and with the assistance of Gabriel, Abraham placed Ishmael in the current location of the Hijr Isma'il.(22)( Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''.vol4.p116,,, Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī.vol4.p201)
According to another narration, after arriving in Mecca and Abraham's departure, Ishmael fell into a state of near-death due to extreme thirst. Then, by the grace of God, water was found in that land, and it became the destination for caravans from Yemen.(23)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī.vol4.p20) According to the narrations of interpreters, the settlement of Ishmael and Hagar in this location, along with Abraham's supplication for the prosperity of this city, laid the foundation for the establishment or flourishing of the city of Mecca.(24)( Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol12.p68)(25)( Al-shirwanī wa Al-ʿIbādī. Ḥawāshī al-shirwanī wa al-ʿIbād.vol4.p66)
Abraham's second journey to Mecca
According to the verses of the Quran, Abraham traveled to Mecca more than once. During his first journey, he settled his infant son Ishmael and Hagar there.(26)***
And during his second journey, he, with the help of his son Ishmael, built the Kaaba and established the rituals of Hajj.(27)***
The construction of the Kaaba
From the apparent meaning of some verses, such as "Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind..."(28)*** And explicit narratives indicate that the Kaaba existed before Abraham and was built by Prophet Adam.(29)( Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''.vol1.p386,,, Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'.vol6.p290-291,,, Qummi Mashhadi, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Riḍa. ''Tafsīr kanz al-daqāʾiq wa bahr al-gharāʾib.vol1.p338-339)
On the other hand, some scholars consider Abraham as the founder of the Kaaba and regard the accounts of Adam building the Kaaba as weak. [Reference: Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Vol. 1, p. 391]
Numerous narrations suggest that initially, the location of the Kaaba was not known to Abraham, and it was Gabriel who taught him the place to build it.(30) Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī.vol1.p62,,, Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p389,,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār.vol96.p38)
In the Quranic verses, there is no explicit mention of God commanding Abraham to build the Kaaba. However, some narrations, which commentators have adhered to, state that God instructed him to build the Kaaba.(31)( Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''.vol1.p61,,, Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. ''Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī'.vol1.p189,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p99)
Abraham was not alone in building the Kaaba; Ishmael assisted him by fetching bricks or stones, and Abraham constructed it.(32)( Thaʿlabī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p274,,, Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p292,,, Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1p389)


===Journey to Syria===
In some narratives, assistance from angels to them is also mentioned. (33)( ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''.vol9.p213) The building materials were a type of red brick or stone brought from five different mountains surrounding the Kaaba, and according to one narrative, they were brought from the Mount Tuwa. (34) Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''.vol1.p62,,, ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī.vol9.p213,,, Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. ''Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī.vol1.p189)
At the age of twelve, or some say nine or thirteen, prophet Muhammad(s) accompanied Abu Talib on a trade caravan of the [[Quraysh]] to [[Syria]]. Muhammad once again traveled to Syria at the age of twenty-five for trade, financed by [[Khadija]], a journey that laid the groundwork for the marriage of Muhammad (s) and Khadijah.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 181; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 20.</ref>
The Station of Abraham
==Reconstruction of the Ka'ba==
The Station of Abraham next to the Kaaba is another trace of Abraham (peace be upon him): "And [mention] when We made the House a place of return for the people and [a place of] security. And take, [O believers], from the standing place of Abraham a place of prayer(35)***
Ten years after his marriage to Khadija and fifteen years after the fourth Fijar, when the Messenger of God was thirty-five years old, the Quraysh decided to reconstruct the Kaaba. In this reconstruction, Muhammad placed [[the Black Stone]](Hajar al-aswad) in its place.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 192; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', p. 321-323.</ref>
It is said that this is the same stone that he placed under his feet when building the Kaaba. Some have also considered the Kaaba itself as the Station of Abraham. (36)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p746-747,,, Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr.vol4.p54)
Some reports suggest that the Prophet's age at the time of this event was twenty-five.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 19.</ref>
According to narratives, after the construction of the Kaaba, Ibrahim was commanded by God to call upon the people for Hajj: "And proclaim to the people the Hajj [pilgrimage]..."(37)***
==Tahannuth in Hira'==
He stood on Mount Abu Qubais, placing his hand on his ear and cried out: "O people! Answer the call of your Lord." The tribe of Jurhum, a Yemeni tribe, were the first to respond to his call.(38)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī'.vol4.p205,,, ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ''ʿUmdat al-qarī.vol9.p128,,, Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''.vol11.p15)
The Prophet Muhammad used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year, and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref>


==Bi'tha==
The pilgrimage of Ibrahim (peace be upon him)
According to the widely accepted belief among Shia Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Ba'athat occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 67.</ref>
From the apparent meaning of the Quranic verses, it is understood that Ibrahim was not familiar with the rituals of Hajj. Therefore, he asked God to teach him: "...and show us our rites [of worship]..."(39)***
According to some reports, the first encounter of the Prophet Muhammad with the Angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion (I'tikaf) in [[cave of Hira|the cave of Hira]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> It is said that Muhammad was forty years old at this time.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 22.</ref>
Scholars of narrations have mentioned that Gabriel taught the rituals of Hajj to Ibrahim.(40)( Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyā.vol1.p189,,, Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr.vol1.p137)(41)( Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p100)
There is a difference of opinion regarding the first verses revealed to the Prophet Muhammad(s). Some believe that the first five verses of Sura Al-Alaq (Sura 96) were the initial revelations, while others argue that the first verses were from Sura Al-Muddathir (Surah 74). Additionally, some scholars consider the Surah Al-Fatiha (Sura 1), as the first revelation.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 70.</ref>
There is no specific report regarding the number of pilgrimages performed by Ibrahim; it is said that Ibrahim's first pilgrimage was after the construction of the House of God.(42)( Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyā..vol1.p189,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p100)
==The commencement of the Prophet's call in Mecca==
This view is also supported by those who consider him as the founder of the Kaaba.(43)( Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p462)
Among the family members of Prophet Muhammad, the first believers and supporters were [[Ali]] and [[Khadija]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 23.</ref>
However, there are narrations indicating that Ibrahim's first pilgrimage was before the construction of the Kaaba.(44)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī'.vol4.p202-203)
[[Hamza b. Abdul-Muttalib]] also embraced Islam in the second or sixth year after the commencement of the Bi'tha. Besides them, a group of Meccans joined him. The companions of the Prophet used to go to the outskirts of [[Mecca]] to pray until a confrontation between them and the Meccan polytheists led them to thereafter pray at [[the house of Arqam]].


Three years after the beginning of the Prophet's mission, he publicly declared his call in Mecca and expanded it. From then on, the polytheists sought to constrain the Prophet. The Messenger of Allah also explored new ways to expand his call. In the fifth year of the mission, he sent a group of Muslims to Abyssinia and traveled to Ta'if to find supporters in that city.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref> During the pilgrimage days, the Prophet would engage in discussions with the pilgrims and invite them to Islam.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref>
References
===The acquaintance of the people of Medina with the Prophet===
In the eleventh year after Bi'tha, during the days of Hajj, the Prophet met with six individuals from the [[tribe of Khazraj]] in [[Yathrib]] (later known as Medina) and invited them to Islam. After returning to Yathrib, this group brought up the Prophet's invitation.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 428-431.</ref>


During the Hajj of the twelfth year of the Bi'tha, twelve individuals from the people of Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet at [[Aqaba]], known as the [[First Aqaba pledge]]. In the thirteenth year's Hajj, around seventy dignitaries from [[Medina]] met with the Prophet and pledged allegiance, known as the [[Second Aqaba pledge]], inviting him to migrate to Medina.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 438; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 38.</ref>
Shabistarī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. ''Aʿlām al-Qurʾān''. 1st edition. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawza-yi Ilmīya-yi Qom, 1379 Sh.


==Migration to the medina==
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.


The migration of Muslims began after the second pledge at Al-Aqaba in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year after Bi'tha . The Prophet himself migrated in the first of Rabi' al-Awwal of the year 14 after the Bi'tha. The Prophet's journey to Medina later became known as the Hijra route. He entered Quba on the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, which was one of the neighborhoods of Medina.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 590; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 286.</ref>
Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1422 AH
==The Prophet in Medina==
The Prophet lived in [[Medina]] for ten years and passed away in this city. The migration to Medina later became the beginning of Islamic history. The years following the migration were the years of the establishment of the Muslim state under the leadership of the Prophet. During these years, several small and large battles occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the polytheists of Quraysh or other tribes around or within Medina (the Jews).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 491; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 287-289.</ref>
The most important of these are the battles of [[Badr]], [[Uhud]], the Trench, [[Hudaybiyya]], and [[Khaybar]]. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year, with the conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula.
==The Conquest of Mecca==
The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> He went to the [[al-Masjid al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] riding on a camel and circumambulated the [[Ka'ba]] seven times, then touched [[the Black Stone]] with a stick he had in his hand.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 464.</ref>
After the [[conquest of Mecca]], the prophet(s) entered the Ka'ba, smashed the idols, stood at the door of the Ka'ba, and addressed the people.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 60; Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 466.</ref>
==The memorials of Muhammad in Mecca and Medina==
In addition to the Quran, which is the holy book of Muslims and the result of divine revelation to the Prophet, Muslims consider many places or buildings associated with him as valuable memorials. Among them, mosques have been built in various locations in Mecca and Medina where the Prophet prayed.<ref>Numayrī, ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'', vol. 1, p. 75.</ref>
Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]], which was connected to the house of the Prophet and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in this mosque after his death. Today, the Prophet's Mosque is the largest pilgrimage site for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.
Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet prayed during his journeys and expeditions later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which were built from Medina to [[Tabuk]].<ref>Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 500.</ref>
==Hajj==


After migrating to Medina, the Prophet performed [[Umra]] once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the sixth year after the Hijra, which is known as [[Umrah al-Qada]].<ref>Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 427.</ref>
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
Once again, after the [[Battle of Hunayn]], in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the eighth year after the Hijra, the Prophet performed Umra. He also performed Hajj once in the tenth year after the Hijra. This pilgrimage is known as the [[Hajjat al-Wida']].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 297.</ref>
Reports of the Prophet's pilgrimage serve as one of the sources for understanding the jurisprudence and rituals of Hajj among Muslims.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 605-606.</ref>
It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of [[Ghadir Khumm]] occurred, where the Prophet (s) selected Ali b. Abi Talib (s) as his successor.
==Passing Away==
Most historians have reported the Prophet's(s) date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. Ali and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away ([[The Prophet's Chamber|the chamber of the Prophet]]).<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 663; Fayyāz,  ''Tārīkh-i Islām'',p.111-112.</ref>
==Wives and Children==
The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has been recorded differently by various sources.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 643; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 290.</ref>
The prophet muhammad(s) had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Qasim and Abdullah were born in [[Mecca]] and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in the eighth year after the Hijra in Medina and passed away in the tenth year. His daughters were Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and [[Fatima(s)]].<ref>Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 60-61.</ref>


==Notes==
Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1409 AH.
{{Notes}}
==References==
{{References}}
.Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].


.Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr''.Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt, 1413 AH.


.Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām''. Edited by Abu l-Qāsim Gurjī. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1378 Sh.
Thaʿlabī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH.
.
Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar''.Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].


• Numayrī, Ibn Shubbah. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī(Al-Jamiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān)''. Fifth edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1405 AH.
.
Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām. Tehran:Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1382 Sh.


.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī''. Fourth edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1403 AH.
Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Ṣidqī Jamīl and ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Hindāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH


.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth, 1387 AH.
Al-shirwanī wa Al-ʿIbādī. Ḥawāshī al-shirwanī wa al-ʿIbādī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]
 
Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1365 AH.
 
Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. ''Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī''. Beirut: al-Aʿlamī inistitute, 1302 AH.
 
Jawharī, Abū Naṣr Ismāʿīl b. Ḥammād al-. Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lugha. Edited by Aḥmad ʿAbd al-ʿAṭṭār. Beirut: Dār al-ʾIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 1407 AH.
 
Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1401 AH.
 
Sūsa, Aḥmad. Al-ʿarab wa al-yahūd fī al-tārīkh. Damascus: [n.p], 1972
 
ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]
 
Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
 
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Jazāʾirī, Niʿmat Allāh b. Abd Allāh al-. ''Al-Nūr al-mubīn fī qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ wa l-mursalīn''. Qom: Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d]
 
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Revision as of 14:43, 20 April 2024

Abraham (peace be upon him) Abraham (peace be upon him) is considered a leader among the followers of monotheistic religions, the forerunner of monotheists, and the father of monotheistic nations. In Islamic literature and the Quran, Abraham is recognized as the builder or rebuilder of the Kaaba. The Quran and Islamic narrations mention his migration to Mecca, the construction of the Kaaba with the assistance of Ishmael (peace be upon him), and Abraham's performance of the pilgrimage. Abraham (peace be upon him) among nations and peoples.

The word "Abraham" is of Babylonian origin, and according to some linguists, it is composed of "Ab" meaning father and "raham" meaning merciful.(1)( Jawharī, Abū Naṣr Ismāʿīl b. Ḥammād al-. Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lugha.vol5.p1871,,, Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab..vol12.p48,,, Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr'.vol1.p542) His two covenants and the Quran consider him a model of submission to God and the possessor of the highest moral virtues.(2)(***,,, Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ.p110) The Quran describes him as a patient and compassionate man who seeks forgiveness for himself and others.(3)(***) And he was always obedient to God's command and also advised his children to submit to the decree and will of the Lord.(4)*** God describes him as "Hanif," meaning inclined towards turning away from falsehood towards truth.(5)*** And He considers him the first Muslim.(6)*** The Arabs' recognition of Abraham Even before Islam, the Arabs had a complete awareness of Abraham. They had placed his image or statue along with Ishmael (peace be upon him) inside the Kaaba. According to a narration, when the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) conquered Mecca, he pulled out and broke these two statues from inside the Kaaba.(7)( Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī.vol5.p93,,, Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhār.vol8.p14) In addition to this, numerous traces of Abraham, including sites, shrines, beliefs, and monotheistic practices attributed to him, are found throughout the Semitic region from Mesopotamia to the Sinai Peninsula. These serve as evidence of his extensive and profound influence among the nations, communities, and peoples of this region.(8)( Sūsa, Aḥmad. Al-ʿarab wa al-yahūd fī al-tārīkh.p251/256)

Birth and migration from Babylon

In Islamic narrations, we come across extensive information about the personal life of Abraham. All narrations agree that Abraham was born in the land of Babylon, in present-day southern Iraq.(9)( Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-buldān.vol1.p383) The subject of Abraham's migration (peace be upon him) from his original land is reported several times in the Quran.(10)*** According to interpretative narratives, the destination of this migration was the sacred land(11)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol20.p174,,, Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī.vol8.p371,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p45) In a less known narrative, it is reported to be Egypt(12)( Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol1.p100) In a narration by Ibn Abbas, the destination of Abraham's migration is understood to be Mecca.(13) Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol17.p62,,, Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol7.p100) This migration occurred after Abraham's deliverance from the fire.(14)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol17.p60,,, Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī.vol8.p370-371) According to several narratives, this migration followed Abraham's exile at the hands of Nimrod(15)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī.vol8.p371,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p39-154) The Torah's narrative According to the Torah's account, Abraham, along with his father Terah, his wife Sarah, and his nephew Lot, left Ur of the Chaldeans and migrated to Haran.(16)*** Then, by God's command, he left Haran towards the land of Canaan.(17)*** The holy land is mentioned as his ultimate destination for migration.(18)*** Some Islamic narratives confirm the accounts of the Torah, according to which Abraham initially went to Haran, resided there for a while, and then departed from Haran to journey towards Palestine.(19)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'.vol17.p61,,, Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. Tafsīr al-Qurtubī(Al-Jamiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān.vol15.p98 ; vol23.p755,,, Shabistarī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. Aʿlām al-Qurʾān.p23) The journey to Mecca In the Quran, unlike the Torah, Abraham's journey to Mecca is mentioned, which likely occurred at least twice. During the first journey, Hagar and Ishmael were also with him, and he settled them in Mecca. At that time, Mecca was a barren land devoid of water and vegetation.(20)( ) Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p755,,, Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol6.p84) ﴿رَبَّنا إِنِّی أَسکنتُ مِن ذُرِّیتِی بِواد غَیرِ ذِی زَرع عِندَ بَیتِک المُحَرَّم"Our Lord, indeed I have settled some of my descendants in an uncultivated valley near Your sacred House(21)*** Based on numerous narrations, Ishmael was an infant during this journey, and at the command of God and with the assistance of Gabriel, Abraham placed Ishmael in the current location of the Hijr Isma'il.(22)( Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī.vol4.p116,,, Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī.vol4.p201) According to another narration, after arriving in Mecca and Abraham's departure, Ishmael fell into a state of near-death due to extreme thirst. Then, by the grace of God, water was found in that land, and it became the destination for caravans from Yemen.(23)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī.vol4.p20) According to the narrations of interpreters, the settlement of Ishmael and Hagar in this location, along with Abraham's supplication for the prosperity of this city, laid the foundation for the establishment or flourishing of the city of Mecca.(24)( Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol12.p68)(25)( Al-shirwanī wa Al-ʿIbādī. Ḥawāshī al-shirwanī wa al-ʿIbād.vol4.p66) Abraham's second journey to Mecca According to the verses of the Quran, Abraham traveled to Mecca more than once. During his first journey, he settled his infant son Ishmael and Hagar there.(26)*** And during his second journey, he, with the help of his son Ishmael, built the Kaaba and established the rituals of Hajj.(27)*** The construction of the Kaaba From the apparent meaning of some verses, such as "Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind..."(28)*** And explicit narratives indicate that the Kaaba existed before Abraham and was built by Prophet Adam.(29)( Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p386,,, Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'.vol6.p290-291,,, Qummi Mashhadi, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Riḍa. Tafsīr kanz al-daqāʾiq wa bahr al-gharāʾib.vol1.p338-339) On the other hand, some scholars consider Abraham as the founder of the Kaaba and regard the accounts of Adam building the Kaaba as weak. [Reference: Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Vol. 1, p. 391] Numerous narrations suggest that initially, the location of the Kaaba was not known to Abraham, and it was Gabriel who taught him the place to build it.(30) Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. Tafsīr al-Qummī.vol1.p62,,, Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p389,,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār.vol96.p38) In the Quranic verses, there is no explicit mention of God commanding Abraham to build the Kaaba. However, some narrations, which commentators have adhered to, state that God instructed him to build the Kaaba.(31)( Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. Tafsīr al-Qummī.vol1.p61,,, Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī'.vol1.p189,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p99) Abraham was not alone in building the Kaaba; Ishmael assisted him by fetching bricks or stones, and Abraham constructed it.(32)( Thaʿlabī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p274,,, Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p292,,, Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1p389)

In some narratives, assistance from angels to them is also mentioned. (33)( ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī.vol9.p213) The building materials were a type of red brick or stone brought from five different mountains surrounding the Kaaba, and according to one narrative, they were brought from the Mount Tuwa. (34) Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. Tafsīr al-Qummī.vol1.p62,,, ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī.vol9.p213,,, Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. Tafsīr al-Ṣāfī.vol1.p189) The Station of Abraham The Station of Abraham next to the Kaaba is another trace of Abraham (peace be upon him): "And [mention] when We made the House a place of return for the people and [a place of] security. And take, [O believers], from the standing place of Abraham a place of prayer(35)*** It is said that this is the same stone that he placed under his feet when building the Kaaba. Some have also considered the Kaaba itself as the Station of Abraham. (36)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p746-747,,, Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr.vol4.p54) According to narratives, after the construction of the Kaaba, Ibrahim was commanded by God to call upon the people for Hajj: "And proclaim to the people the Hajj [pilgrimage]..."(37)*** He stood on Mount Abu Qubais, placing his hand on his ear and cried out: "O people! Answer the call of your Lord." The tribe of Jurhum, a Yemeni tribe, were the first to respond to his call.(38)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī'.vol4.p205,,, ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ʿUmdat al-qarī.vol9.p128,,, Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa.vol11.p15)

The pilgrimage of Ibrahim (peace be upon him) From the apparent meaning of the Quranic verses, it is understood that Ibrahim was not familiar with the rituals of Hajj. Therefore, he asked God to teach him: "...and show us our rites [of worship]..."(39)*** Scholars of narrations have mentioned that Gabriel taught the rituals of Hajj to Ibrahim.(40)( Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyā.vol1.p189,,, Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr.vol1.p137)(41)( Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p100) There is no specific report regarding the number of pilgrimages performed by Ibrahim; it is said that Ibrahim's first pilgrimage was after the construction of the House of God.(42)( Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyā..vol1.p189,,, Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār.vol12.p100) This view is also supported by those who consider him as the founder of the Kaaba.(43)( Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān.vol1.p462) However, there are narrations indicating that Ibrahim's first pilgrimage was before the construction of the Kaaba.(44)( Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī'.vol4.p202-203)

References

Shabistarī, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn. Aʿlām al-Qurʾān. 1st edition. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawza-yi Ilmīya-yi Qom, 1379 Sh.

Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.

Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1422 AH

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].

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