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'''The birthplace of the Prophet(s)''' is the house of [[Abdullah b. Abdul-Muttalib]], where the prophet was born; this place is located in the city of [[Mecca]], in the neighborhood of [[Sha'ab Abi Talib]]. In the second century of hijra, [[Khayzaran]], the mother of [[Harun al-Rashid]], bought that place and converted it into a mosque.
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Reports from the sixth century onwards indicate that a decorated marble stone was erected as a commemoration of the Prophet's birthplace in a section of the mosque. In the reconstruction of 1009 AH/ 1600-1, a grand dome and minaret were built for this mosque.
Prophet Muhammad, the son of Abdullah, is the Prophet of Islam. He was born in Mecca, attained prophethood at the age of forty, and began inviting people to Islam in Mecca. Fourteen years later, he went to the city of Yathrib to expand his invitation, a city that was later named Medina after the Prophet's arrival and became the center of the Islamic government. He lived in this city for ten years, and the Prophet's Mosque was his residence along with his wives. Later, mosques were built in various places where he visited or prayed.
The Mosque of the Birthplace of the Prophet was considered one of the sacred places in Mecca, and every year on the night of the Prophet's birth, the people of Mecca would gather there.
Reports from the tenth century have mentioned the existence of a special official ceremony, which was held in the presence of an Ottoman representative in Mecca (the overseer of the Masjid al-Haram) on the night of the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal.


Due to the importance and fame of the Mosque of the Birthplace of the Prophet, this building has been reconstructed numerous times by the orders of sultans and rulers. However, during the rule of the Al Saud dynasty, like many other sacred places and buildings in Mecca, it was demolished (in the year 1343 AH / 1924-5 )
Birthday
In the year 1370 AH / 1950-1, with the aim of preserving the memory of this place, a library was built there, which still exists and is named "Maktabat Makkah al-Mukarramah" (The Library of the Honored Mecca).
Most Shi'ites consider the seventeenth of Rabi' al-Awwal as the date of the birth of the Messenger of God, while most Sunnis consider the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal as his birthday.(1)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p43)
His father was Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib and his mother was Aminah bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf.(2)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'.vol1.p1/157)
Muhammad was born in a house in the neighborhood of Abu Talib, which later became known as the House of the Prophet's Birth and was respected. After his birth, he was entrusted to Halimah, the daughter of Abu Dhuaib, to nurse him. He resided with Halimah among the tribe of Banu Sa'ad ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin for four years, and in the fifth year, Halimah returned him to his mother.(3)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p280)


==History==
From childhood to marriage
From childhood to youth and the marriage of Prophet Muhammad, some events have been highlighted by biographers.


They consider a house in which the prophet(s) was born, located in the area of [[Sha'ab Abi Talib]] in a neighborhood called [[Suq al-Layl]], as the "Birthplace of the Prophet" or the place of the Prophet's birth. In some historical sources, other places have also been mentioned as possible locations of the Prophet's birth, but these are not confirmed by most historians of Mecca.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>
Death of Parents
At the age of six, the Prophet accompanied his mother Aminah to Medina. Aminah passed away on the return journey in a place called Abwa and was buried there. Umm Ayman, after Aminah's death, took the Prophet back to Mecca. Abdul-Muttalib, the grandfather of Muhammad (PBUH), took care of him until the age of eight, and upon Abdul-Muttalib's passing, his care was entrusted to his uncle, Abu Talib.(4)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p168/169/179 ,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p281)


Journey to Syria
At the age of twelve, or some say nine or thirteen, Muhammad (PBUH) accompanied Abu Talib on a trade caravan of the Quraysh to Syria. Muhammad once again traveled to Syria at the age of twenty-five for trade, financed by Khadijah (may Allah be pleased with her), a journey that laid the groundwork for the marriage of Muhammad (PBUH) and Khadijah..(5) ( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p181)           
(6)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p20)
Reconstruction of the Kaaba
Ten years after his marriage to Khadijah and fifteen years after the fourth Fijar, when the Messenger of God was thirty-five years old, the Quraysh decided to reconstruct the Kaaba. In this reconstruction, Muhammad placed the Black Stone in its place.(7)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p192,,, Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī.p321-323)
Some reports suggest that the Prophet's age at the time of this event was twenty-five.(8)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol1.p19)
تحنث حرا***
The Prophet Muhammad used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year,


===Until the third century===
and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.(9)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol 1.p236)
Ba'athat
According to the widely accepted belief among Shia Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Ba'athat occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.(10)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p67)
According to some reports, the first encounter of the Prophet Muhammad with the Angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion (I'tikaf) in the cave of Hira.(11)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p236)
It is said that Muhammad was forty years old at this time.(12)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p22)
There is a difference of opinion regarding the first verses revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Some believe that the first five verses of Surah Al-Alaq (Surah 96) were the initial revelations, while others argue that the first verses were from Surah Al-Muddathir (Surah 74). Additionally, some scholars consider the opening chapter, Surah Al-Fatiha (Surah 1), as the first revelation.(13)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p70)
The commencement of the Prophet's call in Mecca
Among the family members of Prophet Muhammad, the first believers and supporters were Ali and Khadijah.(14)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p23)
Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib also embraced Islam in the second or sixth year after the commencement of the mission. Besides them, a group of Meccans joined him. The companions of the Prophet used to go to the outskirts of Mecca to pray until a confrontation between them and the Meccan polytheists led them to thereafter pray at the house of Arqam.


According to Azraqi's report in the book of Akhbar Makkah, who lived in the third century, the house where the Prophet was born, after his emigration, came into the possession of [[Aqil]], the son of Abu Talib, and was transferred to Aqil's children until it was sold to Muhammad b. Yusuf Thaqafi, who annexed it to his own house known as the White House. When [[Khayzaran]], the mother of Harun al-Rashid, performed Hajj in 171 AH/ 788, she bought it and built a mosque in which prayers are offered. Azraqi states that the people of Mecca have no disagreement about the location of the Prophet's birthplace.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 198.</ref>
Three years after the beginning of the Prophet's mission, he publicly declared his call in Mecca and expanded it. From then on, the polytheists sought to constrain the Prophet. The Messenger of Allah also explored new ways to expand his call. In the fifth year of the mission, he sent a group of Muslims to Abyssinia and traveled to Ta'if to find supporters in that city.(15)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p36)
The same report is also mentioned by Fakihi (d. 245 AH/859-60), another ancient historian of Mecca.<ref>Fākihī, ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 4, p. 5.</ref>
During the pilgrimage days, the Prophet would engage in discussions with the pilgrims and invite them to Islam.(16)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p36)
The acquaintance of the people of Medina with the Prophet.
In the eleventh year, during the days of Hajj, the Prophet met with six individuals from the tribe of Khazraj in Yathrib (later known as Medina) and invited them to Islam. After returning to Yathrib, this group brought up the Prophet's invitation.(17)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p428-431)


===Report of Ibn Jubayr (7th Century)===
During the Hajj of the twelfth year of the Prophethood, twelve individuals from the people of Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet at Aqabah Mani, known as the First Aqabah pledge. In the thirteenth year's Hajj, around seventy dignitaries from Medina met with the Prophet and pledged allegiance, known as the Second Aqabah pledge, inviting him to migrate to Medina(18)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p438,,, Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p38)


Ibn Jubayr (d. 614 AH/ ) visited this mosque in 579 AH and described it in his travelogue.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 82/p. 125.</ref>
Migration to the city
He considered the building to be a magnificent mosque, stating, "On Tuesdays of the month of Rabi' al-Awwal, which is the birth and celebration day of the Prophet(s), it is opened, and all people come there to gain blessings and grace. Other sacred places are also opened on the same day, and it is always a day of resurrection in [[Mecca]].<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 154.</ref>
According to Ibn Jubayr, the birthplace of the Prophet in this mosque is constructed in the form of a small pool, three cubits wide. In the middle of it lies a green marble stone, two-thirds the width of the pool, which has been encased in silver. The mihrab of the mosque is located opposite this site.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 126-127.</ref>


===Report of Fasi (9th Century)===
The migration of Muslims began after the second pledge at Al-Aqabah in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year. The Prophet himself migrated in the first of Rabi' al-Awwal of the year 14 after the Prophethood. The Prophet's journey to Medina later became known as the Hijrah route. He entered Quba on the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, which was one of the neighborhoods of Medina.(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p590,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p286)
The Prophet in Medina
The Prophet lived in Medina for ten years and passed away in this city. The migration to Medina later became the beginning of Islamic history. The years following the migration were the years of the establishment of the Muslim state under the leadership of the Prophet. During these years, several small and large battles occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the polytheists of Quraysh or other tribes around or within Medina (the Jews).(20)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī.vol2.p491 ,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p287-289)
The most important of these are the battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench, Hudaybiyyah, and Khaybar. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year, with the conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula.
The Conquest of Mecca
The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra.(21)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p296)
He went to the Masjid al-Haram riding on a camel and circumambulated the Kaaba seven times, then touched the Black Stone with a stick he had in his hand.(22)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p464)
After the conquest of Mecca, the Messenger of Allah entered the Kaaba, smashed the idols, stood at the door of the Kaaba, and addressed the people.(23)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p60,,, Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p466)
The memorials of Muhammad (peace be upon him) in Mecca and Medina
In addition to the Quran, which is the holy book of Muslims and the result of divine revelation to the Prophet, Muslims consider many places or buildings associated with him as valuable memorials. Among them, mosques have been built in various locations in Mecca and Medina where the Prophet prayed.(24)( • Numayrī, Ibn Shubbah. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'.vol1.p75)
Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is the Prophet's Mosque (Masjid al-Nabawi), which was connected to the house of the Prophet and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in this mosque after his death. Today, the Prophet's Mosque is the largest pilgrimage site for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.
Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet prayed during his journeys and expeditions later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which were built from Medina to Tabuk.(25)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p500)
Pilgrimage (Hajj)


More than two centuries later, Taqi al-Din al-Fasi (d.832 AH/1428-9), a historian of Mecca, provided a description of this revered and esteemed place in his book "Shifa al-Gharam." He depicted the structure of the mosque as square-shaped with two arched domes, with a large corner placed in the southwest corner.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 268.</ref>
After migrating to Medina, the Prophet performed Umrah once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the sixth year after the Hijra, which is known as Umrah al-Qada.(26)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p427)
Once again, after the Battle of Hunayn, in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the eighth year after the Hijra, the Prophet performed Umrah. He also performed Hajj once in the tenth year after the Hijra. This pilgrimage is known as the Farewell Pilgrimage (Hajjat al-Wada').(27)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p297)
Reports of the Prophet's pilgrimage serve as one of the sources for understanding the jurisprudence and rituals of Hajj among Muslims.(28)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol2.p605/606)
It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of Ghadir Khumm occurred, where the Prophet (peace be upon him) selected Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) as his successor.


===Report of Uliya Chalabi (11th Century)===
Passing Away
Most historians have reported the Prophet's (peace be upon him) date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. Ali and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away (the chamber of the Prophet).(29)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol2.p663,,, Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām.p111/112)
Wives and Children
The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has been recorded differently by various sources.(30)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p643,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p290)
The Messenger of Allah had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Qasim and Abdullah were born in Mecca and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in the eighth year after the Hijra in Medina and passed away in the tenth year. His daughters were Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah (peace be upon her).(31)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p60-61)


Two and a half centuries later, in the year 1081/1670-1, Uliya Chalabi, a Turkish travelogue writer, witnessed the birthplace of the Prophet and described it in his book. He described this building as a large and beautiful mosque, with a square structure, a tall dome covered in lead. Chalabi mentioned the interior decorations of the mosque, including valuable carpets and a pulpit covered in silk fabrics and gold plating. According to him, the birthplace of the Prophet was marked by a yellow-colored stone in a cavity, bearing the impression of the Prophet's body.<ref>Chilibī, ''Al-Raḥla al-ḥijazīyya'', p. 255-256.</ref>


===Before Destruction===
References


Mullah Ibrahim Kaziruni, who was fortunate enough to visit this house in the year 1315 AH/1897-8, writes: "On Friday, the fourteenth, we went to visit the site known as the birthplace of the Proph(s), which is located in [[Suq al-Layl]]. We entered through the door and descended approximately fourteen steps. We entered a room designated as a mosque. After that, we went into another room where there is a shrine. The caretaker opened the door of the shrine. Inside the shrine, there is a cavity. In the middle of it was a green stone which was the place of birth of the Seal of the Prophets.<ref>Kāzirūnī,  ''Safarnāma- yi Mulla Ibrāhīm Kāzirūnī, Mīrāth Islāmī Iran'', p. 366.</ref>
.Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
Mohammad Labib Bitouni, who traveled to Mecca in the year 1327 AH/1909/10, depicted the above plan of the structure of the Prophet's birthplace in his travelogue and described it as follows: "Upon entering it, you first enter an open space measuring 12 meters in length and 6 meters in width, with a door on the right wall. After passing through it, you enter a space where a dome is placed. In the middle of this space, and under the dome, there is a niche made of wood leaning towards the west wall, within which a concave marble stone can be seen, slightly recessed in the middle. This location indicates the birthplace of the Prophet."<ref>Batanūnī,  ''Safarnāma- yi Ḥijāz'', p. 146.</ref>


==Reconstructions==
.Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
The building of the Prophet's birthplace received attention from emirs and sultans and underwent several reconstructions. The list of these reconstructions is as follows:


* In the year 576/1180-1: Nasser, the Abbasid Caliph.
.Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām''. Edited by Abu l-Qāsim Gurjī. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1378 Sh.
* In the year 666/1267-8: Malik Mazaffar, the ruler of Yemen.
.
* In the year 740/1339-40: Malik Mujahid, the ruler of Yemen.
Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar''.Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
* In the year 758/1356-7: Amir Sheikhoun, one of the dignitaries of Egypt.
* In the year 766/1364-5: Malik Shaaban, the Sultan of Egypt.
* In the year 801/1398-9: Malik Zaher Barquq, the Sultan of Egypt.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 270.</ref>


===During the Ottoman era===
• Numayrī, Ibn Shubbah. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
.
Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām. Tehran:Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1382 Sh.


* In the year 935/1528-9: Sultan Suleiman, the Ottoman Sultan.
.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī''. Fourth edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1403 AH.
* In the year 1009/1600-1: By the order of Sultan Muhammad, the Ottoman Sultan, under the supervision of Ghazanfar Agha.<ref>ʿAlī b. Tāj al-ddīn al-sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 3, p. 506.</ref> In this reconstruction, a large dome and minaret were built for this structure, and endowments were allocated by the Ottoman government for it, and a muezzin, servant, and imam were appointed for the mosque.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh-i Makka'', vol. 2, p. 15.</ref>


* The year 1230/1814-5 according to the command of Sultan Mahmud Khan.
.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth, 1387 AH.
* The last apparent repair was during the time of Abdul-Majid Khan.<ref>Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'', vol. 2, p. 71; Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 185.</ref>
 
==The celebration of the Prophet's(s) birthday at the Mosque of the Prophet's Birthplace==
Ibn Jubayr in the sixth century reported the presence of the people of Mecca at the Mosque of the Prophet's Birthplace on Tuesday of the month of Rabi' al-Awwal to commemorate the anniversary of his birth.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr'', p. 154.</ref> Reports of the celebration of the Prophet's birthday at this location exist in the subsequent centuries.
 
Muhammad b. Ahmad Nahrawali (d. 990 AH/1582-3) in the tenth century of Hijra provided a detailed report about the celebration of the Prophet's birthday night. According to him, every year on the night of the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, after the Maghrib prayer, jurists, dignitaries, scholars, and people gather while carrying numerous candles and torches before the overseer of the Masjid al-Haram and the judges of the four schools of thought. They assemble at [[Al-Masjid al-Haram|the Masjid al-Haram]] and proceed towards [[Suq al-Layl]] and the location of the Prophet's birthplace. Upon reaching there, a sermon is delivered, and then people return to the Masjid al-Haram where some dignitaries are honored, and the Isha prayer is performed, concluding the ceremony.<ref>Nahrawālī al-Makkī, ''Al-Aʿlām bi aʿlām bayt Allāh al-harām'', p. 422.</ref>
More than a century later, the travelogue written in the years 1105-1106/1693-4 about the pilgrimage journey quotes Nahrawali's report and describes this ceremony as a great gathering, in which many Bedouins and residents of other cities (besides Mecca) participated.<ref>Nāblusī, ''Al-Ḥaqīqa wa al-majāz fī riḥlat al-bilād al-shām wa miṣr wa al-ḥijāz'', vol. 3, p. 354-355.</ref>
 
==Destruction of buildings and the construction of a library==
 
In the Al Saud government, the structure of the Prophet's birthplace, like many other ancient buildings in [[Mecca]], was demolished on the pretext that people excessively sought blessings from it.<ref>Bilādī, ''Maʿālim makka al-tārīkhīyya wa al-atharīyya'', p. 294.</ref> It was demolished in the year 1343/1924-5.
 
Later, considering that there was no tomb to be visited at this location, some tried to obtain permission for its reconstruction. In 1370 AH/1950-1, a permit was issued for the construction of a library in this place.
 
The construction capital was provided by Fatimah, the daughter of Yusuf Qatan, and her brother Sheikh Abbas Qatan (d. 1370 AH/1950-1) supervised the construction. After his death, his sons completed the construction work. Thus, the "Maktabat Makkah al-Mukarramah" was built at this location.<ref>Kurdī,  ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', p. 171-173; ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Ibrāhīm Abū Solaymān, ''Maktabat makka al-mukarrama qadīman wa ḥadīthan'', p. 80.</ref>
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
==References==
{{References}}
*ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Ibrāhīm Abū Solaymān . Maktabat makka al-mukarrama qadīman wa ḥadīthan. Riyadh: Maktaba al-Malik Fahad al-Waṭanīyya, 1433 AH.
*ʿAlī b. Tāj al-ddīn al-sanjārī.Manāʾiḥ al-karam. Mecca: umm al-qurā university, 1998.
* Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d]
*Batanūnī, Muḥammad Labīb. Safarnāma- yi Ḥijāz. Translated by Hādī Anṣārī. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Mashʿar, 1381 sh.
*Bilādī, ʿĀtiq b. Ghayth al-. Maʿālim makka al-tārīkhīyya wa al-atharīyya. Mecca: Dār al-Makka, 1403 AH.
*Chilibī, ʾUlīyā. Al-Raḥla al-ḥijazīyya. Translated by Aḥmad al-Mursī. Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabīyya, 1420 AH.
*Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
*Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbd Allāh. Makka: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Ḥadītha, 1407 AH.
*Gāzī, ʿAbdullāh b. Muḥammad al-. Ifādat al-anām. Mecca: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1430 AH.
*Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Safarnāma Ibn Jubayr''. Translated by Parwīz Atābakī. Mashhad: Intishārāt-i Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, 1370 Sh.
*Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh.
*Kāzirūnī, Ibrāhīm. Safarnāma- yi Mulla Ibrāhīm Kāzirūnī, Mīrāth Islāmī Iran. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Marʿashī Najafī, Fifth edition, 1376 sh.
*Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''
*Nāblusī, ʿAbdu-l Ghanī al-. Al-Ḥaqīqa wa al-majāz fī riḥlat al-bilād al-shām wa miṣr wa al-ḥijāz. Edited by Riyādh ʿAbdu-l  Ḥamīd  Murād. Damascus: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1419 AH.
*Nahrawālī al-Makkī, Quṭb al-Dīn. ''Al-Aʿlām bi aʿlām bayt Allāh al-harām''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1425 AH.
*Ṭabarī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbdu-l Qādir. Al-ʾArj al-miskī. [n.p], Dār al-Makka, 1400 AH.
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Tārīkh-i Makka, Ittiḥāf fudhal al-zaman bi tārīkh wālīh banī al-ḥasan.  Edited by Muḥsin Muḥammad Ḥasan Salīm.  Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Jāmiʿī, 1413 AH.
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Revision as of 15:02, 7 April 2024

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Prophet Muhammad, the son of Abdullah, is the Prophet of Islam. He was born in Mecca, attained prophethood at the age of forty, and began inviting people to Islam in Mecca. Fourteen years later, he went to the city of Yathrib to expand his invitation, a city that was later named Medina after the Prophet's arrival and became the center of the Islamic government. He lived in this city for ten years, and the Prophet's Mosque was his residence along with his wives. Later, mosques were built in various places where he visited or prayed.

Birthday Most Shi'ites consider the seventeenth of Rabi' al-Awwal as the date of the birth of the Messenger of God, while most Sunnis consider the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal as his birthday.(1)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p43) His father was Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib and his mother was Aminah bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf.(2)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'.vol1.p1/157) Muhammad was born in a house in the neighborhood of Abu Talib, which later became known as the House of the Prophet's Birth and was respected. After his birth, he was entrusted to Halimah, the daughter of Abu Dhuaib, to nurse him. He resided with Halimah among the tribe of Banu Sa'ad ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin for four years, and in the fifth year, Halimah returned him to his mother.(3)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p280)

From childhood to marriage From childhood to youth and the marriage of Prophet Muhammad, some events have been highlighted by biographers.

Death of Parents At the age of six, the Prophet accompanied his mother Aminah to Medina. Aminah passed away on the return journey in a place called Abwa and was buried there. Umm Ayman, after Aminah's death, took the Prophet back to Mecca. Abdul-Muttalib, the grandfather of Muhammad (PBUH), took care of him until the age of eight, and upon Abdul-Muttalib's passing, his care was entrusted to his uncle, Abu Talib.(4)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p168/169/179 ,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p281)

Journey to Syria At the age of twelve, or some say nine or thirteen, Muhammad (PBUH) accompanied Abu Talib on a trade caravan of the Quraysh to Syria. Muhammad once again traveled to Syria at the age of twenty-five for trade, financed by Khadijah (may Allah be pleased with her), a journey that laid the groundwork for the marriage of Muhammad (PBUH) and Khadijah..(5) ( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p181) (6)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p20) Reconstruction of the Kaaba Ten years after his marriage to Khadijah and fifteen years after the fourth Fijar, when the Messenger of God was thirty-five years old, the Quraysh decided to reconstruct the Kaaba. In this reconstruction, Muhammad placed the Black Stone in its place.(7)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p192,,, Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī.p321-323) Some reports suggest that the Prophet's age at the time of this event was twenty-five.(8)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol1.p19) تحنث حرا*** The Prophet Muhammad used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year,

and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.(9)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol 1.p236) Ba'athat According to the widely accepted belief among Shia Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Ba'athat occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.(10)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p67) According to some reports, the first encounter of the Prophet Muhammad with the Angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion (I'tikaf) in the cave of Hira.(11)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p236) It is said that Muhammad was forty years old at this time.(12)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p22) There is a difference of opinion regarding the first verses revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Some believe that the first five verses of Surah Al-Alaq (Surah 96) were the initial revelations, while others argue that the first verses were from Surah Al-Muddathir (Surah 74). Additionally, some scholars consider the opening chapter, Surah Al-Fatiha (Surah 1), as the first revelation.(13)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p70) The commencement of the Prophet's call in Mecca Among the family members of Prophet Muhammad, the first believers and supporters were Ali and Khadijah.(14)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p23) Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib also embraced Islam in the second or sixth year after the commencement of the mission. Besides them, a group of Meccans joined him. The companions of the Prophet used to go to the outskirts of Mecca to pray until a confrontation between them and the Meccan polytheists led them to thereafter pray at the house of Arqam.

Three years after the beginning of the Prophet's mission, he publicly declared his call in Mecca and expanded it. From then on, the polytheists sought to constrain the Prophet. The Messenger of Allah also explored new ways to expand his call. In the fifth year of the mission, he sent a group of Muslims to Abyssinia and traveled to Ta'if to find supporters in that city.(15)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p36) During the pilgrimage days, the Prophet would engage in discussions with the pilgrims and invite them to Islam.(16)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p36) The acquaintance of the people of Medina with the Prophet. In the eleventh year, during the days of Hajj, the Prophet met with six individuals from the tribe of Khazraj in Yathrib (later known as Medina) and invited them to Islam. After returning to Yathrib, this group brought up the Prophet's invitation.(17)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p428-431)

During the Hajj of the twelfth year of the Prophethood, twelve individuals from the people of Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet at Aqabah Mani, known as the First Aqabah pledge. In the thirteenth year's Hajj, around seventy dignitaries from Medina met with the Prophet and pledged allegiance, known as the Second Aqabah pledge, inviting him to migrate to Medina(18)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p438,,, Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p38)

Migration to the city

The migration of Muslims began after the second pledge at Al-Aqabah in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year. The Prophet himself migrated in the first of Rabi' al-Awwal of the year 14 after the Prophethood. The Prophet's journey to Medina later became known as the Hijrah route. He entered Quba on the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, which was one of the neighborhoods of Medina.(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p590,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p286) The Prophet in Medina The Prophet lived in Medina for ten years and passed away in this city. The migration to Medina later became the beginning of Islamic history. The years following the migration were the years of the establishment of the Muslim state under the leadership of the Prophet. During these years, several small and large battles occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the polytheists of Quraysh or other tribes around or within Medina (the Jews).(20)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī.vol2.p491 ,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p287-289) The most important of these are the battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench, Hudaybiyyah, and Khaybar. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year, with the conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula. The Conquest of Mecca The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra.(21)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p296) He went to the Masjid al-Haram riding on a camel and circumambulated the Kaaba seven times, then touched the Black Stone with a stick he had in his hand.(22)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p464) After the conquest of Mecca, the Messenger of Allah entered the Kaaba, smashed the idols, stood at the door of the Kaaba, and addressed the people.(23)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p60,,, Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p466) The memorials of Muhammad (peace be upon him) in Mecca and Medina In addition to the Quran, which is the holy book of Muslims and the result of divine revelation to the Prophet, Muslims consider many places or buildings associated with him as valuable memorials. Among them, mosques have been built in various locations in Mecca and Medina where the Prophet prayed.(24)( • Numayrī, Ibn Shubbah. Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'.vol1.p75) Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is the Prophet's Mosque (Masjid al-Nabawi), which was connected to the house of the Prophet and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in this mosque after his death. Today, the Prophet's Mosque is the largest pilgrimage site for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet prayed during his journeys and expeditions later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which were built from Medina to Tabuk.(25)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p500) Pilgrimage (Hajj)

After migrating to Medina, the Prophet performed Umrah once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the sixth year after the Hijra, which is known as Umrah al-Qada.(26)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p427) Once again, after the Battle of Hunayn, in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the eighth year after the Hijra, the Prophet performed Umrah. He also performed Hajj once in the tenth year after the Hijra. This pilgrimage is known as the Farewell Pilgrimage (Hajjat al-Wada').(27)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p297) Reports of the Prophet's pilgrimage serve as one of the sources for understanding the jurisprudence and rituals of Hajj among Muslims.(28)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol2.p605/606) It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of Ghadir Khumm occurred, where the Prophet (peace be upon him) selected Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) as his successor.

Passing Away Most historians have reported the Prophet's (peace be upon him) date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. Ali and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away (the chamber of the Prophet).(29)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol2.p663,,, Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām.p111/112) Wives and Children The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has been recorded differently by various sources.(30)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p643,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p290) The Messenger of Allah had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Qasim and Abdullah were born in Mecca and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in the eighth year after the Hijra in Medina and passed away in the tenth year. His daughters were Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah (peace be upon her).(31)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p60-61)


References

.Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].

.Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.

.Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām. Edited by Abu l-Qāsim Gurjī. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1378 Sh. . Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].

• Numayrī, Ibn Shubbah. Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. . Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām. Tehran:Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1382 Sh.

.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī. Fourth edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1403 AH.

.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth, 1387 AH.

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