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Ḥijr Ismāʿīl (Arabic: حجر اسماعيل) is a Semicircular area near [[Ka'ba]], and according to Islamic narratives is the burial place of [[Ishmael]], [[Hajar|Hājar]] and some prophets.
Hijr Isma'il (Arabic: {{ia|حجر اسماعيل}}) is a semicircular area beside the [[Ka'ba]], and according to Islamic narrations is the burial place of [[Isma'il]], [[Hajar]] and some prophets.
According to some hadiths, a segment of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl was a part of Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most of Sunni jurists, during Ṭawāf, Ḥijr Ismāʿīl should be placed inside the [[Tawaf|Ṭawāf]].
 
According to some hadiths, a segment of Hijr Isma'il was a part of the Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most Sunni jurists, during tawaf, one should go round Hijr Isma'il.
 
==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Ḥijr Ismāʿīl is said to be the Semicircular area on the northwest side of [[Ka'ba]], in front of the gold gutter.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref>
Hijr Isma'il is the semicircular area on the northwest side of [[Ka'ba]], in front of the gold gutter.<ref>Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref>
[[File: حجر اسماعیل.jpg|270px|thumbnail|right|A top-view of Hijr Isma'il]]
[[File: حجر اسماعیل.jpg|270px|thumbnail|right|A top-view of Hijr Isma'il ]]


Ḥijr Ismāʿīl is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the [[gold gutter]] is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 meters between the [[Rukn al-'Irāqī]] and the Rukn al-Shāmī .<ref>Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 576.</ref>
Hijr Isma'il is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the [[gold gutter]] is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 square meters between the [[al-Rukn al-'Iraqi]] and the al-Rukn al-Shami.<ref>Rafʿat Pāshā, ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 576.</ref>


==History==
==History==
Based on religious traditions, Hijr Isma'il dates back to the time of the construction of the [[Ka'ba]] by [[Ibrahim(a)]]. There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason for the Hijr's construction. Some reports show that [[Isma'il(s)]] took shelter from the scorching sun in this part.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 117.</ref> and probably Hijr is introduced as his house.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref> Other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Hijr to Prophet Abraham(s), to protect the Isma'il's sheep.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 64-65; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 13, p. 355.</ref>


Based on religious traditions, the history of creation of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl goes back to the time of the construction of [[Ka'ba]] by Prophet [[Abraham(s)]]. There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason of the Ḥijr's construction; Some reports show that [[Ishmael(s)]] took shelter from the scorching sun in this part,<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 117.</ref> and  in this regard, perhaps the Ḥijr is introduced as his house.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref>Some other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Ḥijr to Prophet Abraham(s) with the aim of protecting the sheep of Ishmael(s).<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, pp. 64-65;  Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 13, p. 355.</ref>
===Burial Place of Prophets ===
 
Islamic narrations have reported that some prophets are buried in Hijr Isma'il without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Isma'il, his mother [[Hajar]], and some of his daughters were buried there.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref>
==Burial of prophets in the Ḥijr==  
Islamic narratives have reported that some prophets were buried in the Ḥijr without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Ishmael, his mother [[Hājar]] and some of his daughters were buried in this place.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref>


==The importance of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl among Meccans and Muslims==
===Importance Among Meccans and Muslims===
Ḥijr Ismāʿīl has always attracted the attention of people of Mecca. There are reports of [[ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] sitting in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'' ,vol. 1, p. 82.</ref> and verbal disputes between Prophet Muhammad (s) and polytheists of [[Quraysh]] in this place,<ref>Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, pp. 289-290.</ref> and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 125.</ref> The number of dreams attributed to grandees such as ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib<ref>Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathīr,''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', Vol. 2, p. 244. </ref>and the Prophet(s) in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd'', p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317.</ref>shows that this place is suitable for resting after worshiping.
Hijr Isma'il has always attracted the attention of the people of Mecca. There are reports of [['Abd al-Muttalib]] sittings in Hijr Isma'il,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 82.</ref> disputes between the Prophet Muhammad(s) and polytheists of [[Quraysh]] in this place,<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 289-290.</ref> and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 125.</ref> Numerous dreams are attributed to figures such as 'Abd al-Muttalib<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 244. </ref> and the Prophet(s) in Hijr Isma'il<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs'', p. 100; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 317.</ref> showing that this place was suitable for resting after worship.


Reports related to the designation of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl as the starting point of the [[ascension]] of the Prophet(s),<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd'', p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317</ref> the holding of some of his speeches,<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> the presence of Shia imams on various occasions, and their prayers and supplications at this place<ref>ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 337; Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba. , p. 259; Ṣaffār, Baṣāʾir al-darajāt p. 373.</ref> show prominent position of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl among religious grandees.
Reports that Hijr Isma'il was the starting point of the [[Ascension]] of the Prophet(s),<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs'', p. 100; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 317</ref> the place of some of his speeches,<ref>Qummi, ''Tafsir al-Qummi'', vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> and Shia imams on various occasions were staying and praying in the place<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 2, p. 337; Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 259; Ṣaffār, ''Baṣāʾir al-darajāt'', p. 373.</ref> shows the prominent position of Hijr Isma'il among religious figures.


==Reconstructions of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl throughout history==
==Reconstructions Throughout History==
Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to [[Prophet Muhammad(s)]] addressed to [[ʿĀʾisha]]<ref>Khuzaymah,Ṣaḥīḥ ibn Khuzaimah , vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshābūrī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 968.</ref> believe that a part of the current Ḥijr Ismāʿīl was part of [[Ka'ba]], which was placed in the inner Ḥijr due to the financial inability of the [[Quraysh]] to rebuild the Ka'ba in the fifth year before [[Biʿtha]]/605 CE.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> They have even considered the naming of the Ḥijr to be appropriate to the stones marking the remaining part of the [[Ka'ba]] and to prevent people from entering it.<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 2, p. 221.</ref>
Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to [[Prophet Muhammad(s)]] addressed to [['A'isha]]<ref>Ibn Khuzayma, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Khuzaima'', vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshaburi, ''Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 968.</ref> believe that a portion of the current Hijr Isma'il was a part of the [[Ka'ba]], which became the inner Hijr due to the financial inability of the [[Quraysh]] to rebuild the Ka'ba completely in the fifth year before [[Bi'tha]] (605CE).<ref>Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> They have even considered the naming as hijr to be after the stones marking it as a part of the Ka'ba to prevent people from entering it while doing tawaf.<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 2, p. 221.</ref>


[[ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr]] in 64 AH/683-4 CE In [[rebuilding the Ka'ba]], he added the mentioned part to the Ka'ba, but [[Al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf]] after permission from [[ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān]] (R: 65-86 AH/ 65/684-5 - 86/705 CE) in 74 AH/ 693-4 CE. He restored the building of the [[Ka'ba]] to its previous form.<ref>Rustā, ''Al-aʿlāq al-nafīsa'', p. 30;   Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, p. 214.</ref>The area of the Ḥijr has remained unchanged since then.
[['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] in 64/683-4 while [[rebuilding the Ka'ba]], added the mentioned part to the building of the Ka'ba, but [[al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf]] by the permission of [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (Ruled: 65/684-5-86/705) in 74/693-4 restored the building of the [[Ka'ba]] to its previous form.<ref>Rūstā, ''al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsah'', p. 30; Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 214.</ref> The region of Hijr Isma'il has remained the same since then.


According to Sources the paving of Ḥijr was done in 140 AH/757-8 By order of [[Mansūr al-'Abbasī]](R: 136-158 AH/754-775<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 313;sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref> and reconstructed in 164 AH/780-1 By the order of [[Mahdī al-'Abbasī]] (R:158-169 AH/775-785-6).<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', Vol 1, pp. 313-314; Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>Other renovations were done in 1040 AH/1630-1, 1260 AH/1844-5 and 1283 AH/1866-7. It was done during the period of the Ottoman sultans.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>
According to sources Hijr Isma'il was paved in 140/757-8 by the order of [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]](Ruled: 136/754-158/775<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 313; Sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref> and reconstructed in 164/780-1 by the order of [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] (Rulde: 158/775-169/785-6).<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol 1, p. 313-314; Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref> Other renovations were done in 1040/1630-1, 1260/1844-5 and 1283/1866-7 during the period of the Ottomans.<ref>Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>


==Ṭawāf in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl==
==Tawaf in Hijr Isma'il==
The method of [[Ṭawāf]] and also the obligatory and recommended prayers at Ḥijr Ismāʿīl have been disputed by Shia and Sunni jurists. The root of this disagreement is the difference in their views on Ḥijr Ismāʿīl whether is a part of [[Ka'ba]] or not.<ref>PūrAmīnī, Ḥijr Ismaʿīl. pp. 42-61;    Quarterly magazine of Mīqāt-I Ḥajj. vol. 8, p. 111.</ref>
Shia and Sunni jurists have disputed the method of [[tawaf]] and the obligatory and recommended prayers at Hijr Isma'il. The disagreement is rooted in the difference in their views on whether Hijr Isma'il is a part of the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Pūramīnī, ''Ḥijr Ismaʿīl''. p. 42-61.</ref>


Shia scholars have unanimously placed Ḥijr Ismāʿīl inside Ṭawāf, and in the case of entering Ḥijr Ismāʿīl while doing Ṭawāf, they have ruled to return Ṭawāf and repeat it.<ref>Ṭūsī,''Al-Khilāf'', vol. 2, p. 324; Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa al-burhān, Vol. 7, p. 79.</ref> Sunni jurists have also considered [[Ṭawāf]] outside the Ḥijr as permissible and only to Abū Ḥanīfa’s belief is that entering the Ḥijr does not disturb the correctness of Ṭawāf.<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''Al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 193; kalūdhānī, ''Al-Hidāya'', p. 190.</ref>
Shia scholars have unanimously placed Hijr Isma'il inside the tawaf area, and in case someone enters Hijr Isma'il while doing tawaf, the Shi'a jurists have ruled that he has to do tawaf from the beginning.<ref>Tusi,''Al-Khilaf'', vol. 2, p. 324; Muqaddas Ardibīlī, ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān'', vol. 7, p. 79.</ref> Among Sunni jurists only Abu Hanifa believes that entering Hijr Isma'il does not disturb the tawaf.<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 193; Kalwadhānī, ''al-Hidāya ʿalā madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad'', p. 190.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}


==references==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
 
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* Ṣaffār, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. ''Baṣāʾir al-darajāt fī faḍāʾil Āl Muḥammad''. Edited by Muḥsin Kūchabāghī. Tehran: Aʿlamī, 1404AH.
*Rafʿat Pāshā, Ibrāhīm. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn''. Tehran: Mashʿar,[n.d].
* Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs. ''Al-Umm''. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1403 AH
*Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar . ''Al-aʿlāq al-nafīsah''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1892.
* Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Khilāf''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1407AH.
*Ṣaffār, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. ''Baṣāʾir al-darajāt fī faḍāʾil-i Āl-i Muḥammad''. Edited by Muḥsin Kūchabāghī. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī, 1404 AH.
* Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Edited by ʿIbād Allāh Tihrānī and ʿAlī Aḥmad Nāṣiḥ. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1411AH.
*Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs. ''Al-Umm''. Beirut: 1403 AH
* Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmūd Mahdawī Dāmghānī. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1388Sh.
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥaasn al-. ''Al-Khilāf''. Edited by ʿAlī Khurāsānī et.al. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1407 AH.
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Edited by ʿIbād Allāh Tihrānī and ʿAlī Aḥmad Nāṣiḥ. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1411 AH.
*Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmūd Mahdawī Dāmghānī. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1388 Sh.
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[[fa:حجر اسماعیل]]
[[fa:حجر اسماعیل]]
[[ar:حجر إسماعيل]]
[[ar:حجر إسماعيل]]

Latest revision as of 11:46, 10 January 2024

Hijr Isma'il (Arabic: حجر اسماعيل) is a semicircular area beside the Ka'ba, and according to Islamic narrations is the burial place of Isma'il, Hajar and some prophets.

According to some hadiths, a segment of Hijr Isma'il was a part of the Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most Sunni jurists, during tawaf, one should go round Hijr Isma'il.

Introduction

Hijr Isma'il is the semicircular area on the northwest side of Ka'ba, in front of the gold gutter.[1]

A top-view of Hijr Isma'il

Hijr Isma'il is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the gold gutter is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 square meters between the al-Rukn al-'Iraqi and the al-Rukn al-Shami.[2]

History

Based on religious traditions, Hijr Isma'il dates back to the time of the construction of the Ka'ba by Ibrahim(a). There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason for the Hijr's construction. Some reports show that Isma'il(s) took shelter from the scorching sun in this part.[3] and probably Hijr is introduced as his house.[4] Other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Hijr to Prophet Abraham(s), to protect the Isma'il's sheep.[5]

Burial Place of Prophets

Islamic narrations have reported that some prophets are buried in Hijr Isma'il without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Isma'il, his mother Hajar, and some of his daughters were buried there.[6]

Importance Among Meccans and Muslims

Hijr Isma'il has always attracted the attention of the people of Mecca. There are reports of 'Abd al-Muttalib sittings in Hijr Isma'il,[7] disputes between the Prophet Muhammad(s) and polytheists of Quraysh in this place,[8] and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.[9] Numerous dreams are attributed to figures such as 'Abd al-Muttalib[10] and the Prophet(s) in Hijr Isma'il[11] showing that this place was suitable for resting after worship.

Reports that Hijr Isma'il was the starting point of the Ascension of the Prophet(s),[12] the place of some of his speeches,[13] and Shia imams on various occasions were staying and praying in the place[14] shows the prominent position of Hijr Isma'il among religious figures.

Reconstructions Throughout History

Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to Prophet Muhammad(s) addressed to 'A'isha[15] believe that a portion of the current Hijr Isma'il was a part of the Ka'ba, which became the inner Hijr due to the financial inability of the Quraysh to rebuild the Ka'ba completely in the fifth year before Bi'tha (605CE).[16] They have even considered the naming as hijr to be after the stones marking it as a part of the Ka'ba to prevent people from entering it while doing tawaf.[17]

'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr in 64/683-4 while rebuilding the Ka'ba, added the mentioned part to the building of the Ka'ba, but al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf by the permission of 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan (Ruled: 65/684-5-86/705) in 74/693-4 restored the building of the Ka'ba to its previous form.[18] The region of Hijr Isma'il has remained the same since then.

According to sources Hijr Isma'il was paved in 140/757-8 by the order of al-Mansur al-'Abbasi(Ruled: 136/754-158/775[19] and reconstructed in 164/780-1 by the order of al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi (Rulde: 158/775-169/785-6).[20] Other renovations were done in 1040/1630-1, 1260/1844-5 and 1283/1866-7 during the period of the Ottomans.[21]

Tawaf in Hijr Isma'il

Shia and Sunni jurists have disputed the method of tawaf and the obligatory and recommended prayers at Hijr Isma'il. The disagreement is rooted in the difference in their views on whether Hijr Isma'il is a part of the Ka'ba.[22]

Shia scholars have unanimously placed Hijr Isma'il inside the tawaf area, and in case someone enters Hijr Isma'il while doing tawaf, the Shi'a jurists have ruled that he has to do tawaf from the beginning.[23] Among Sunni jurists only Abu Hanifa believes that entering Hijr Isma'il does not disturb the tawaf.[24]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 569.
  2. ↑ Rafʿat Pāshā, Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 576.
  3. ↑ Qāʾidān, Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 117.
  4. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 210.
  5. ↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 64-65; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 13, p. 355.
  6. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 5.
  7. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 1, p. 82.
  8. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 289-290.
  9. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, vol. 1, p. 125.
  10. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 244.
  11. ↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs, p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317.
  12. ↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs, p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317
  13. ↑ Qummi, Tafsir al-Qummi, vol. 1, p. 379.
  14. ↑ ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 337; Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, p. 259; Ṣaffār, Baṣāʾir al-darajāt, p. 373.
  15. ↑ Ibn Khuzayma, Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Khuzaima, vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshaburi, Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim, vol. 2, p. 968.
  16. ↑ Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 573.
  17. ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, vol. 2, p. 221.
  18. ↑ Rūstā, al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsah, p. 30; Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 214.
  19. ↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 313; Sanjārī, Manāʾiḥ al-karam, vol. 2, p. 92.
  20. ↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, Vol 1, p. 313-314; Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 579.
  21. ↑ Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 579.
  22. ↑ Pūramīnī, Ḥijr Ismaʿīl. p. 42-61.
  23. ↑ Tusi,Al-Khilaf, vol. 2, p. 324; Muqaddas Ardibīlī, Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān, vol. 7, p. 79.
  24. ↑ Shāfiʿī, al-Umm, vol. 2, p. 193; Kalwadhānī, al-Hidāya ʿalā madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad, p. 190.

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