Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-11-14T08:50:30Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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	[[Category:Rulers of Iran]]		[[Category:Rulers of Iran]]

			[[ar:الشاه إسماعيل الأول]]
	[[fa:شاه اسماعیل اول]]		[[fa:شاه اسماعیل اول]]

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-11-14T08:50:24Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{جعبه اطلاعات حاکم
| عنوان =
| تصویر =شاه اسماعیل.jpg
| اندازه تصویر =
| توضیح تصویر =A painting attributed to Shah Isma'il I
| نام = Shah Isma'il I
| لقب =
| تولد = 892 AH
| مرگ = 930 AH
| پدر =
| مادر =
| فرزندگان = Shah Tahmasb
| همسر =
| دین = Islam
| محل دفن = [[Shrine of Shaykh Safi al-Din Ardabili]]
| سمت = Founder of the Safavid dynasty
| سلسله = Safavid
| گستره حکمرانی =
| آغاز حکومت = 907 AH
| پایان حکومت = 930 AH
| همزمان با = Ottoman rule
| مرکز حکومت = Tabriz
| اقدامات مهم = Declaration of Shi'ism as the official religion of the country
| آثار برجا مانده =
| پیش از =
| پس از =
}}
'''Shah Isma'il I''', the founder of the [[Safavid dynasty]], ruled [[Iran]] from 907 to 930 AH. After coming to power, he declared [[Shi'ism]] as the official religion of the country. In 914 AH, after conquering [[Baghdad]], Shah Isma'il visited the [[holy shrines]]. During this trip, he also undertook many measures for the development, restoration, and decoration of the shrines of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] in [[Iraq]].

== Introduction ==
Shah Isma'il I was born in 892 AH in Ardabil.<ref>Tarikh-e Habib al-Siyar, vol. 4, p. 428.</ref> In the summer of 907 AH, at the age of fifteen, he was crowned in Tabriz.<ref>Iran in the Safavid Era, p. 25.</ref> The formation and continuation of Shah Isma'il's rule were realized with the help and military might of the Qizilbash soldiers, who, through the religious bond of the Safavid Sufi order in Ardabil, established a master-disciple relationship with the Safavid shaykhs and shahs.<ref>“The Status and Privileges of Qizilbash Soldiers in the Government of Shah Isma'il I Safavi,” p. 18.</ref>

Shah Isma'il I's method of governance prevented the disintegration and division of a chaotic Iran between the two powerful Ottoman and Uzbek empires.<ref>''Safarnamaha-ye Veniziyan dar Iran'', pp. 328–329; ''Tarikh-e Ravabet-e Iran va Hend dar Dowreh-ye Safaviyyeh va Afshariyyeh'', pp. 21, 23.</ref> Shah Isma'il wrote poetry in Persian and Turkish, using the pen name Khaṭaʾi.<ref>''Jahangoshay-e Khaqan'', p. 609.</ref> He passed away at the age of thirty-eight in 930 AH, and his body was buried in the [[Shrine of Shaykh Safi al-Din Ardabili]].<ref>Shah Isma'il I, p. 669.</ref>

== Promotion of Shi'ism ==
Shah Isma'il I declared Shi'ism as the official religion of the country and presented himself as chosen by [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>“Taʾthir-e Andisheh-ye Mahdaviyyat bar Tashkil-e Hukumat-e Shi'i-ye Melli-ye Safavi (Dowreh-ye Shah Isma'il I),” p. 114.</ref> To promote Shi'ism in a country where most people were [[Sunnis]], Shah Isma'il sometimes resorted to violence, which was often carried out by the Qizilbash and Tabarraʾiyan.<ref>''Alam-ara-ye Safavi'', pp. 64–65; ''Khulasat al-Tawarikh'', p. 86; ''Safarnamaha-ye Veniziyan dar Iran'', p. 409.</ref> He also invited Iranian scholars and scholars from Jabal Amil, Kufa, and Bahrain to compile books on Ja'fari jurisprudence for the dissemination of Shi'ism.<ref>Iran dar Roozegar-e Shah Isma'il va Shah Tahmasb, p. 126; ''Roozegaran'', pp. 3, 34; ''Khulasat al-Tawarikh'', p. 73.</ref>

Shah Isma'il was interested in constructing monuments and rebuilding religious structures;<ref>''Shah Isma'il I'', pp. 813–816; ''Jahangoshay-e Khaqan'', pp. 428–429, 573–574.</ref> the restoration and expansion of the shrines of the Imams in the cities of Iraq and Mashhad, the construction of mausoleums for Imamzadehs in Iranian cities, and the project of supplying water from the Euphrates to Najaf are among his construction works.<ref>''Jahangoshay-e Khaqan'', pp. 149, 289–292; ''Safarnamaha-ye Veniziyan dar Iran'', pp. 427–428; ''Alam-ara-ye Safavi'', pp. 127–129; ''Khulasat al-Tawarikh'', p. 151; ''Golshan-e Morad'', p. 556.</ref>

== Status of Hajj in the Era of Shah Isma'il ==
Due to the Ottoman Empire's control over Hijaz and the Iran-Ottoman wars, direct travel of the Shah to Mecca and Medina was not possible; he maintained contact with the two holy shrines through representatives or local rulers of Iraq, although his focus was on the holy shrines in Iraq.

== Pilgrimage Journeys of Shah Isma'il ==
Shah Isma'il I paid great attention to the [[pilgrimage]] of the tombs of the Imams (a). After his victory over the Uzbeks in 913 AH, which was his greatest victory, he went to Mashhad to visit the shrine of Imam Reza (a).<ref>Alam-ara-ye Shah Isma'il, pp. 346 and 347; Iran dar Roozegar-e Shah Isma'il va Shah Tahmasb, p. 68.</ref>

After conquering Baghdad in 914 AH,<ref>“Iqdamat-e Omrani-ye Shahan-e Safavi dar Atabat-e Aliyat,” p. 68.</ref> Shah Isma'il I first went to [[Karbala]] to visit the tomb of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and the martyrs of Karbala, openly expressing his love and devotion to the Infallible Imams (a).<ref>''Habib al-Siyar fi Akhbar Afrad Bashar'', vol. 4, p. 495.</ref> He spent one night in vigil at the [[Holy Shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a)]].<ref>“Jaygah-e Haramayn Sharifayn va Atabat-e Aliyat dar Monasabat-e Safaviyan va Osmaniyan,” p. 33.</ref> He personally participated in cleaning the shrine and, after presenting valuable gifts and offerings to the residents, servants, and pilgrims, went to [[Najaf]].<ref>Tarikh-e Fatuhat-e Shahi, pp. 300 and 301.</ref> Upon reaching near the city of Najaf, Shah Isma'il dismounted his horse and walked barefoot and bareheaded towards the [[Holy Shrine of Imam 'Ali (a)]].<ref>Alam-ara-ye Shah Isma'il, pp. 166 and 167; ''Iran dar Roozegar-e Shah Isma'il va Shah Tahmasb'', p. 495.</ref> He passed through the crowd, chanting “Ya 'Ali,” and entered the shrine directly, allowing no one else to enter, and remained alone inside the shrine for eight hours.<ref>Tarikh-e Fatuhat-e Shahi, p. 303; Tarikh-e Habib al-Siyar, vol. 4, pp. 494 and 495.</ref>

After visiting Karbala and Najaf, Shah Isma'il went to [[Kazimayn]].<ref>“Jaygah-e Haramayn Sharifayn va Atabat-e Aliyat dar Monasabat-e Safaviyan va Osmaniyan,” p. 34.</ref> After visiting and giving many gifts and offerings to the servants and residents of the Kazimayn shrine, he went towards Samarra<ref>Monshi al-Qomi, ''Khulasat al-Tawarikh'', edited by Ehsan Eshraghi, vol. 1, p. 190.</ref> and after visiting the shrines of [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]] and [[Imam Hasan al-'Askari (a)]] and spending some time sightseeing and hunting in [[Baghdad]] and around the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]], he returned to Iran.<ref>Tarikh-e Fatuhat-e Shahi, p. 303.</ref>

Some have considered Shah Isma'il I's pilgrimage journeys to the holy shrines in Iraq and Mashhad influential in spreading the culture of pilgrimage and ensuring the security of pilgrimage areas.<ref>“Shahan-e Safavi va Ziyarat,” pp. 135 and 136.</ref>

== Shah Isma'il's Construction Activities in the Holy Shrines ==
With the arrival of Shah Isma'il I in Iraq, construction activities and efforts to rebuild and develop the [[Holy Shrines]] began.<ref>"Construction Activities of Safavid Kings in the Holy Shrines", p. 68.</ref> After visiting the Holy Shrines (914 AH), Shah Isma'il I furnished all of them with the most beautiful and exquisite Persian silk carpets and presented golden curtains and gold and silver chandeliers for the decoration and illumination of the holy shrines.<ref>''Iran in the Time of Shah Isma'il and Shah Tahmasb'', p. 496; ''Madīnat al-Ḥusayn aw Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Karbalā'', vol. 1, p. 34.</ref> This was the first time in history that gold was used to adorn the holy thresholds of the Imams, and it became very popular thereafter.<ref>"The Position of the Two Holy Shrines and the Holy Shrines in Safavid and Ottoman Relations", p. 42.</ref>

For the decoration and renovation of the Holy Shrines, Shah Isma'il gathered many carpenters, *khatam*-band engineers, and artists in Baghdad for this work<ref>"The Position of the Two Holy Shrines and the Holy Shrines in Safavid and Ottoman Relations", p. 43.</ref> and ordered the construction of six exquisite *khatam* and *munabbat* wooden [[coffin]]s to be placed on the graves of the Imams buried in [[Iraq]].<ref>''Takmilat al-Akhbār'', p. 21.</ref> Also, by his order, *naqqārakhāna*s (drum houses) were built around each shrine, and ceremonies were held in these *naqqārakhāna*s every morning and evening.<ref>''Takmilat al-Akhbār'', p. 21.</ref> Furthermore, for the comfort of pilgrims and the people of [[Najaf]], and also due to the popular belief that whenever the water of the Euphrates reaches Najaf, the promised Mahdi will appear,<ref>''Takmilat al-Akhbār'', pp. 211 and 212.</ref> Shah Isma'il brought the water of the [[Euphrates River]] to four *farsakh*s (leagues) from Najaf al-Ashraf.<ref>''Tārīkh Ḥaram Kāẓimayn'', pp. 62 and 63.</ref>

The reconstruction and development of these religious sites during the reign of Shah Isma'il I brought comfort and prosperity to the residents and pilgrims of these holy cities, and resulted in a positive religious image and strengthened the legitimacy and governmental position of the nascent [[Safavid dynasty]].<ref>"Safavid Kings and Pilgrimage", pp. 135 and 136.</ref>

=== Reconstruction of the Kāẓimayn Shrine ===
Shah Isma'il's most extensive construction activities were dedicated to the [[Holy Shrine of Kāẓimayn]]; because the Kāẓimayn shrine had been ruined due to the flooding of the [[Tigris River]], past neglect, and its location at the center of sectarian conflicts.<ref>''Tārīkh Ḥaram Kāẓimayn'', pp. 62 and 63.</ref> On the other hand, Safavid kings, because they introduced themselves as descendants of [[Imam Musa al-Kazim (a)]],<ref>Iran in the Time of Shah Safi and Shah 'Abbas II, p. 126; ''Tārīkh Ḥabīb al-Siyar'', vol. 4, p. 494.</ref> paid special attention to this shrine.<ref>"The Position of the Two Holy Shrines and the Holy Shrines in Safavid and Ottoman Relations", p. 44.</ref> On Jumada II 25, 914 AH, Shah Isma'il visited the Kāẓimayn shrine and ordered the complete demolition of the shrine's structure. He summoned a number of engineers and architects from the cities of [[Isfahan]], [[Qazvin]], and other Iranian cities to rebuild the pre-designed structure. This reconstruction took twenty-one years and was completed during the time of [[Shah Tahmasb I]] in 935 AH. The rebuilt structure was expanded and had two separate domes and two minarets, and included decorative stones, exquisite carpets, and gold chandeliers.

It included: the construction of two separate domes, the expansion of the shrine, tiling the inner wall of the *rawḍa* and its outer walls with Quranic verses inscribed on them, paving the porticos with marble, building a large mosque north of the shrine which became known as the Safavid Mosque, moving the caravanserai inside the courtyard to outside behind the courtyard, decorating the shrine with exquisite carpets and gold and silver chandeliers, building two minarets, and removing the old coffins and installing two *khatam*-work wooden coffins in their place.<ref>''Khulāṣat al-Tawārīkh'', vol. 1, pp. 597 and 598; "The Position of the Two Holy Shrines and the Holy Shrines in Safavid and Ottoman Relations", p. 44.</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

== References ==
{{References}}
* '''''Az Shaykh Ṣafī tā Shāh Ṣafī'' (Tārīkh-i Sulṭānī)''', Ḥusaynī Astarābādī, Ḥasan b. Murtaḍā, edited by Iḥsān Ishrāqī, Tehran, 1364 Sh.
* '''"Urban Development Measures of Safavid Shahs in the Holy Shrines"''', Maryam Kāẓimī Dalīgānī, Tārīkh-i Islām, no. 1, Spring 1386 Sh.
* '''Īrān dar Rūzgār-i Shāh Ismāʿīl va Shāh Ṭahmāsb''', Khvāndamīr, Amīr Maḥmūd, Tehran, Adabī, 1370 Sh.
* '''Īrān dar Zamān-i Shāh Ṣafī va Shāh ʿAbbās-i Duvvum''', Qazvīnī Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Yūsuf, correction and annotations, explanations and additions by Muḥammad Riḍā Naṣīrī, Tehran, Anjuman-i Āthār va Mafākhir-i Farhangī, 1380 Sh.
* '''Īrān dar ʿAṣr-i Ṣafavī''', Savory, Roger; translated by Aḥmad Ṣabā, bī-jā, Kitāb-i Tehrān, 1363 Sh, first print.
* '''"The Impact of Mahdism Thought on the Formation of the National Shiʿi Safavid Government (Shah Ismāʿīl I Period)"''', Sharīfiyān, Laylā; Kalhor, Muḥammad, Ḥaydar Niyā, Muḥsin, Intiẓār-i Mawʿūd, no. 81, Summer 1402 Sh.
* '''''Tārīkh-i Ravābiṭ-i Īrān va Hind dar Dawra-yi Ṣafavīya va Afshārīya''''' , Riyāḍ al-Islām, translated by Bāqir Ārām and ʿAbbāsqulī Ghaffārī Fard, Tehran, 1373 Sh.
* '''Tārīkh-i Ḥaram-i Kāẓimayn''', Āl Yāsīn, Shaykh Muḥammad Ḥasan, translated by Gholamreza Akbari, bī-jā, Kangira-yi Jahānī-yi Ḥaḍrat-i Riḍā, 1371 Sh.
* '''Tārīkh-i Ḥabīb al-Siyar''', Khvāndamīr, Ghiyāth al-Dīn b. Humām al-Dīn, correction and annotations by Muḥammad Dabīrsiyāqī, Tehran, Khayyām, 1362 Sh.
* '''Tārīkh-i Futūḥāt-i Shāhī (Tārīkh-i Ṣafavī az Āghāz tā Sāl 920 AH)''', Amīnī Haravī, Amīr Ṣadr al-Dīn Ibrāhīm, correction, annotation, explanation and additions by Dr. Muḥammad Riḍā Naṣīrī, Tehran, Anjuman-i Āthār va Mafākhir-i Farhangī, 1383 Sh.
* '''Takmilat al-Akhbār''', ʿAbdī Beg Shīrāzī, correction by ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Navāʾī, Tehran, Nay, 1369 Sh.
* '''Jāygāh-i Ḥaramayn-i Sharīfayn va ʿAtabāt-i ʿĀlīyāt dar Munāsabāt-i Ṣafavīyān va ʿUthmānīyān''', Muḥammadī, Ramaḍān, and Muḥammad Bāqir Khazāʾīlī, Pazhūhishkada-yi Ḥajj va Ziyārat, bī-tā.
* '''"The Status and Military Privileges of Qizilbash Soldiers in the Government of Shah Ismāʿīl I Safavid"''', Thavāqib, Jahānbakhsh, Āzādbakht, Surūsh; Marvatī, Farīda, Muṭālaʿāt-i Tārīkhī-yi Jang, no. 23, Spring 1402 Sh.
* '''''Jahāngushā-yi Khāqān'' (Tārīkh-i Shāh Ismāʿīl)''', pictorial edition, Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt-i Fārsī-yi Īrān va Pākistān, Islāmābād, 1364 Sh.
* '''Ḥabīb al-Siyar fī Akhbār-i Afrād-i Bashar''', Khvāndamīr, Ghiyāth al-Dīn Humām, Tehran, Khayyām, 1333 Sh.
* '''Khulāṣat al-Tavārīkh''', Munshī Qummī, Aḥmad b. Ḥusayn, correction by Iḥsān Ishrāqī, Tehran, Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 1359 Sh.
* '''''Rūzgārān'' (Rūzgārān-i Īrān)''', Zarrīnkūb, ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn, Tehran, 1374–1375 Sh.
* '''''Safarnāmahā-yi Vanīzīyān dar Īrān''''' , translated by Manūchihr Amīrī, Tehran, 1349 Sh.
* '''"Safavid Shahs and Pilgrimage"''', Īzadī, Ḥusayn, Shīʿa Shināsī, no. 39, Autumn 1391 Sh.
* '''''Shāh Ismāʿīl I''''' , Pārsādūst, Manūchihr, Tehran, bī-nā, 1375 Sh.
* '''''ʿĀlamārā-yi Ṣafavī''''' , edited by Yadullāh Shukrī, Tehran, 1363 Sh.
* '''ʿĀlam Ārā-yi Shāh Ismāʿīl''', introduction, correction and annotation by Asghar Muntaẓir Ṣāḥib, Tehran, ʿIlmī va Farhangī, 1384 Sh.
* '''''Gulshan-i Murād''''' , Mustawfī, Abū al-Ḥasan, edited by Gholamreza Tabataba'i Majd, Tehran, 1369 Sh.
* '''Madīnat al-Ḥusayn aw Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Karbalā''', Kalīdār, ʿAbd al-Jawād, Baghdad, al-Najāḥ, 1367 Sh.
{{End}}
[[Category:Individuals Influential on the Holy Shrines]]
[[Category:Rulers of Iran]]

[[fa:شاه اسماعیل اول]]

Shah Isma'il I - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی