Afaqi - Revision history

Engineer: Text replacement - "Muʾassisa" to "Muʾassasa"

2025-07-29T09:20:47Z

Text replacement - "Muʾassisa" to "Muʾassasa"

Engineer: /* References */

2020-02-19T05:51:52Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:21, 19 February 2020
Line 47:		Line 47:
	==References==		==References==
	{{ref}}		{{ref}}
			{{encyclopedia\|title=Afaqi\|link=http://phz.hajj.ir/422/9560}}
	* '''''Al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyya''''': al-Shahīd al-Awwal (786AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1412AH.		* '''''Al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyya''''': al-Shahīd al-Awwal (786AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1412AH.
	* '''''Al-Inṣāf fī maʿrifat al-rājiḥ min al-khilāf''''': al-Mardāwī (885AH), ed. Muḥammad Ḥāmid, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʿ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1377AH.		* '''''Al-Inṣāf fī maʿrifat al-rājiḥ min al-khilāf''''': al-Mardāwī (885AH), ed. Muḥammad Ḥāmid, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʿ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1377AH.

Engineer at 12:19, 16 February 2020

2020-02-16T12:19:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:49, 16 February 2020
Line 12:		Line 12:
	According to the most Shi'a faqihs<ref>''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.785; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> the distance from Mecca should be 48 Arabic miles (~88km).<ref>''Al-Nihāya'', al-Ṭūsī, p.206; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.784; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.558</ref> Some Shia faqihs consider a quarter of the distance sufficient.<ref>''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.306; ''Al-Wasīla'', p.157; ''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ'', p.151</ref> Their main reason is the contrast of "ḥāḍir" (present) and "musāfir" ([[traveler]]) in the verse Quran 2:196; as the minimum distance for a traveler in shari'a is four parasangs (~22 km) that distinguishes the "ḥāḍir" and "āfāqī".<ref>''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.9</ref> some have summed up the two views that 88km means 22km in four directions of Mecca.<ref>''Al-Sarāʾir'', vol.1, p.519; ''Kashf al-rumūz'', vol.1, p.336; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.15</ref>		According to the most Shi'a faqihs<ref>''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.785; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> the distance from Mecca should be 48 Arabic miles (~88km).<ref>''Al-Nihāya'', al-Ṭūsī, p.206; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.784; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.558</ref> Some Shia faqihs consider a quarter of the distance sufficient.<ref>''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.306; ''Al-Wasīla'', p.157; ''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ'', p.151</ref> Their main reason is the contrast of "ḥāḍir" (present) and "musāfir" ([[traveler]]) in the verse Quran 2:196; as the minimum distance for a traveler in shari'a is four parasangs (~22 km) that distinguishes the "ḥāḍir" and "āfāqī".<ref>''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.9</ref> some have summed up the two views that 88km means 22km in four directions of Mecca.<ref>''Al-Sarāʾir'', vol.1, p.519; ''Kashf al-rumūz'', vol.1, p.336; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.15</ref>

	The last view is not accepted by many faqihs for several reasons,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.27; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> including, there are hadiths<ref>''Tahdhīb'', vol.5, p.32-33; ''Al-Istibṣār'', vol.2, p.157-58</ref> that people of places like [[Dhāt ~~ʿĪrq~~]], [[ʿUsfān]], [[Marr]], and [[Sarf]] that are more than 22km away from Mecca,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.26; ''Kashf al-lithām'', vol.1, p.277</ref> are considered people of Mecca. There is a rare view in Shi'a fiqh that afaqi are considered people that have a distance of more than 33km from Mecca.<ref>see: ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Kulaynī, vol.4, p.300; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.8</ref>		The last view is not accepted by many faqihs for several reasons,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.27; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> including, there are hadiths<ref>''Tahdhīb'', vol.5, p.32-33; ''Al-Istibṣār'', vol.2, p.157-58</ref> that people of places like [[Dhāt ʿIrq]], [[ʿUsfān]], [[Marr]], and [[Sarf]] that are more than 22km away from Mecca,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.26; ''Kashf al-lithām'', vol.1, p.277</ref> are considered people of Mecca. There is a rare view in Shi'a fiqh that afaqi are considered people that have a distance of more than 33km from Mecca.<ref>see: ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Kulaynī, vol.4, p.300; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.8</ref>

	==Origin of the Distance==		==Origin of the Distance==

Engineer at 12:17, 16 February 2020

2020-02-16T12:17:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 16 February 2020
Line 101:		Line 101:
	* '''''Zubdat al-bayān''''': al-Muqaddas al-Ardabīlī (993AH), ed. Bihbūdī, Tehran, al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīyya.		* '''''Zubdat al-bayān''''': al-Muqaddas al-Ardabīlī (993AH), ed. Bihbūdī, Tehran, al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīyya.
	{{end}}		{{end}}

			[[ar:الآفاقي]]
			[[fa:آفاقی]]

	[[Category:Fiqh terminology]]		[[Category:Fiqh terminology]]

Engineer: added Category:Fiqh terminology using HotCat

2020-02-16T12:16:42Z

added Category:Fiqh terminology using HotCat

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 16 February 2020
Line 101:		Line 101:
	* '''''Zubdat al-bayān''''': al-Muqaddas al-Ardabīlī (993AH), ed. Bihbūdī, Tehran, al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīyya.		* '''''Zubdat al-bayān''''': al-Muqaddas al-Ardabīlī (993AH), ed. Bihbūdī, Tehran, al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīyya.
	{{end}}		{{end}}

			[[Category:Fiqh terminology]]

Engineer at 12:16, 16 February 2020

2020-02-16T12:16:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 16 February 2020
Line 6:		Line 6:
	Afaqi is a demonym for a person living in afaq (plural of ufuq) meaning a person who is from surroundings of a land.<ref>'' al-Nihāya'', Ibn Athīr, vol.3, p.38; ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol.10, p.5-6</ref> According to some, the word in the fiqh literature is unlike the common rules of Arabic literature, because a demonym is always made from a singular word.<ref>''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.515</ref> So, some have read it as ufuqī or afaqī.<ref>''Al-Ṣiḥāḥ'', vol.4, p.1446; ''Tāj al-ʿarūs'', vol.13, p.6</ref>		Afaqi is a demonym for a person living in afaq (plural of ufuq) meaning a person who is from surroundings of a land.<ref>'' al-Nihāya'', Ibn Athīr, vol.3, p.38; ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol.10, p.5-6</ref> According to some, the word in the fiqh literature is unlike the common rules of Arabic literature, because a demonym is always made from a singular word.<ref>''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.515</ref> So, some have read it as ufuqī or afaqī.<ref>''Al-Ṣiḥāḥ'', vol.4, p.1446; ''Tāj al-ʿarūs'', vol.13, p.6</ref>

	In fiqh technical usge afaqi is a person who lives in places far from Mecca (in other words outside [[al-Haram al-Makki]]).<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.394; ''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.514-515; ''Muʿjam lughat al-fuqahāʾ'', p.36</ref> The notion is mentioned in Quran with the word ~~“al~~-~~bād”~~<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', letter 67; ''Zubdat al-bayān'', p.220</ref> and in fiqh with different words, including, ~~“ahl~~ al-~~āfāq”~~,<ref>''Al-Mudawwanat al-kubrā'', vol.1, p.371-72; ''Al-Rawḍa al-bahīyya'', vol.2, p.217; ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.14, p.321, 402</ref> ~~“ahl~~ al-~~amṣār”~~,<ref>see: ''Al-Muqniʿa'', p.395; compare to: ''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Sarakhsī, vol.12, p.18; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.559, 565</ref> ~~“al~~-~~nāʾī”~~,<ref>''Al-Durūs'', vol.1, p.330-31; ''Dhikrā'', vol.3, p.184; ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.14, p.320-21</ref> and ~~“al~~-~~baʿīd”~~.<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.386; ''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.7, p.51; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.5</ref> in opposite some of fiqh sources have called people leaving around the miqats and outside al-Haram al-Makki, ~~“al~~-~~bustānī”~~, as there is a place called [[Bustan Banu Amir]] in the area.<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.394-95</ref>		In fiqh technical usge afaqi is a person who lives in places far from Mecca (in other words outside [[al-Haram al-Makki]]).<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.394; ''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.514-515; ''Muʿjam lughat al-fuqahāʾ'', p.36</ref> The notion is mentioned in Quran with the word "al-bād"<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', letter 67; ''Zubdat al-bayān'', p.220</ref> and in fiqh with different words, including, "ahl al-āfāq",<ref>''Al-Mudawwanat al-kubrā'', vol.1, p.371-72; ''Al-Rawḍa al-bahīyya'', vol.2, p.217; ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.14, p.321, 402</ref> "ahl al-amṣār",<ref>see: ''Al-Muqniʿa'', p.395; compare to: ''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Sarakhsī, vol.12, p.18; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.559, 565</ref> "al-nāʾī",<ref>''Al-Durūs'', vol.1, p.330-31; ''Dhikrā'', vol.3, p.184; ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.14, p.320-21</ref> and "al-baʿīd".<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.386; ''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.7, p.51; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.5</ref> in opposite some of fiqh sources have called people leaving around the miqats and outside al-Haram al-Makki, "al-bustānī", as there is a place called [[Bustan Banu Amir]] in the area.<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.394-95</ref>

	In Quran a person living in al-Haram is called ~~“al~~-~~ʿākif”~~,<ref>see: ''Nahj al-balāgha'', letter 67; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.729; ''Zubdat al-bayān'', p.220</ref> (Quran 22:25) and ~~“ḥāḍirī~~ l-Masjid al-~~Harām”~~ (Quran 2:196).<ref>''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.411; ''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol.7, p.128</ref> In fiqh sources such a person is mentioned as ~~“al~~-~~ḥaramī”~~,<ref>''al-Nihāya'', Ibn Athīr, vol.1, p.375; ''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.637</ref> ~~“ahl Makka”~~ (people of Mecca),<ref>''Al-Mudawwanat al-kubrā'', vol.1, p.369-71; ''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.302, 308; ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Ḥalabī, p.191</ref> ~~“ahl Ḥaram”~~ (people of haram),<ref>''Al-Marāsim al-ʿAlawīyya'', p.107; ''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol.7, p.128</ref> and ~~“al~~-~~muqīm”~~.<ref>''Sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol.1, p.178; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.35-36</ref>		In Quran a person living in al-Haram is called "al-ʿākif",<ref>see: ''Nahj al-balāgha'', letter 67; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.729; ''Zubdat al-bayān'', p.220</ref> (Quran 22:25) and "ḥāḍirī l-Masjid al-Harām" (Quran 2:196).<ref>''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.411; ''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol.7, p.128</ref> In fiqh sources such a person is mentioned as "al-ḥaramī",<ref>''al-Nihāya'', Ibn Athīr, vol.1, p.375; ''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.637</ref> "ahl Makka" (people of Mecca),<ref>''Al-Mudawwanat al-kubrā'', vol.1, p.369-71; ''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.302, 308; ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Ḥalabī, p.191</ref> "ahl Ḥaram" (people of haram),<ref>''Al-Marāsim al-ʿAlawīyya'', p.107; ''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol.7, p.128</ref> and "al-muqīm".<ref>''Sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol.1, p.178; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.35-36</ref>
	==Distance==		==Distance==
	According to the most Shi'a faqihs<ref>''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.785; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> the distance from Mecca should be 48 Arabic miles (~88km).<ref>''Al-Nihāya'', al-Ṭūsī, p.206; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.784; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.558</ref> Some Shia faqihs consider a quarter of the distance sufficient.<ref>''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.306; ''Al-Wasīla'', p.157; ''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ'', p.151</ref> Their main reason is the contrast of ~~“ḥāḍir”~~ (present) and ~~“musāfir”~~ ([[traveler]]) in the verse Quran 2:196; as the minimum distance for a traveler in shari'a is four parasangs (~22 km) that distinguishes the ~~“ḥāḍir”~~ and ~~“āfāqī”~~.<ref>''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.9</ref> some have summed up the two views that 88km means 22km in four directions of Mecca.<ref>''Al-Sarāʾir'', vol.1, p.519; ''Kashf al-rumūz'', vol.1, p.336; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.15</ref>		According to the most Shi'a faqihs<ref>''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.785; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> the distance from Mecca should be 48 Arabic miles (~88km).<ref>''Al-Nihāya'', al-Ṭūsī, p.206; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.784; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.558</ref> Some Shia faqihs consider a quarter of the distance sufficient.<ref>''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.306; ''Al-Wasīla'', p.157; ''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ'', p.151</ref> Their main reason is the contrast of "ḥāḍir" (present) and "musāfir" ([[traveler]]) in the verse Quran 2:196; as the minimum distance for a traveler in shari'a is four parasangs (~22 km) that distinguishes the "ḥāḍir" and "āfāqī".<ref>''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.9</ref> some have summed up the two views that 88km means 22km in four directions of Mecca.<ref>''Al-Sarāʾir'', vol.1, p.519; ''Kashf al-rumūz'', vol.1, p.336; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.15</ref>

	The last view is not accepted by many faqihs for several reasons,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.27; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> including, there are hadiths<ref>''Tahdhīb'', vol.5, p.32-33; ''Al-Istibṣār'', vol.2, p.157-58</ref> that people of places like [[Dhāt ʿĪrq]], [[ʿUsfān]], [[Marr]], and [[Sarf]] that are more than 22km away from Mecca,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.26; ''Kashf al-lithām'', vol.1, p.277</ref> are considered people of Mecca. There is a rare view in Shi'a fiqh that afaqi are considered people that have a distance of more than 33km from Mecca.<ref>see: ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Kulaynī, vol.4, p.300; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.8</ref>		The last view is not accepted by many faqihs for several reasons,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.27; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> including, there are hadiths<ref>''Tahdhīb'', vol.5, p.32-33; ''Al-Istibṣār'', vol.2, p.157-58</ref> that people of places like [[Dhāt ʿĪrq]], [[ʿUsfān]], [[Marr]], and [[Sarf]] that are more than 22km away from Mecca,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.26; ''Kashf al-lithām'', vol.1, p.277</ref> are considered people of Mecca. There is a rare view in Shi'a fiqh that afaqi are considered people that have a distance of more than 33km from Mecca.<ref>see: ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Kulaynī, vol.4, p.300; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.8</ref>

Engineer at 12:15, 16 February 2020

2020-02-16T12:15:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 16 February 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Afāqī''' is someone who lives out of [[al-Haram al-Makki]] (according to the most of Shia faqihs farther than about 88km out of Mecca).		'''Afāqī''' ({{ia\|الآفاقي}}) is someone who lives out of [[al-Haram al-Makki]] (according to the most of Shia faqihs farther than about 88km out of Mecca).

	Afaqi is obliged to only [[hajj al-tamattu']] from among the three possible kinds of [[hajj]], and he can perform [[haj al-qiran]] or [[hajj al-ifrad]] only under compulsion. His [[ihram]] begins from special places ([[miqats]]). If an afaqi person chooses Mecca as his residence after the obligation of hajj, his duty does not change.		Afaqi is obliged to only [[hajj al-tamattu']] from among the three possible kinds of [[hajj]], and he can perform [[haj al-qiran]] or [[hajj al-ifrad]] only under compulsion. His [[ihram]] begins from special places ([[miqats]]). If an afaqi person chooses Mecca as his residence after the obligation of hajj, his duty does not change.

Engineer at 12:14, 16 February 2020

2020-02-16T12:14:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 16 February 2020
Line 37:		Line 37:

	==See Also==		==See Also==
	[[Confines of Haram]]		* [[Confines of Haram]]
	[[Mecca]]		* [[Mecca]]
	[[Hajj al-Qiran]]		* [[Hajj al-Qiran]]
	[[Hajj al-Ifrad]]		* [[Hajj al-Ifrad]]

	==Notes==		==Notes==
Line 47:		Line 47:
	==References==		==References==
	{{ref}}		{{ref}}
	* '''''Al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyya''''' : al-Shahīd al-Awwal (786AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1412AH.		* '''''Al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyya''''': al-Shahīd al-Awwal (786AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1412AH.
	* '''''Al-Inṣāf fī maʿrifat al-rājiḥ min al-khilāf''''': al-Mardāwī (885AH), ed. Muḥammad Ḥāmid, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʿ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1377AH.		* '''''Al-Inṣāf fī maʿrifat al-rājiḥ min al-khilāf''''': al-Mardāwī (885AH), ed. Muḥammad Ḥāmid, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʿ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1377AH.
	* '''''Al-Istibṣār''''': al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Mūsawī al-Kharsān, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1363Sh.		* '''''Al-Istibṣār''''': al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Mūsawī al-Kharsān, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1363Sh.

Engineer: Created page with "'''Afāqī''' is someone who lives out of al-Haram al-Makki (according to the most of Shia faqihs farther than about 88km out of Mecca). Afaqi is obliged to only hajj a..."

2020-02-16T12:12:56Z

Created page with "'''Afāqī''' is someone who lives out of al-Haram al-Makki (according to the most of Shia faqihs farther than about 88km out of Mecca). Afaqi is obliged to only hajj a..."

New page

'''Afāqī''' is someone who lives out of [[al-Haram al-Makki]] (according to the most of Shia faqihs farther than about 88km out of Mecca).

Afaqi is obliged to only [[hajj al-tamattu']] from among the three possible kinds of [[hajj]], and he can perform [[haj al-qiran]] or [[hajj al-ifrad]] only under compulsion. His [[ihram]] begins from special places ([[miqats]]). If an afaqi person chooses Mecca as his residence after the obligation of hajj, his duty does not change.

==Notion==
Afaqi is a demonym for a person living in afaq (plural of ufuq) meaning a person who is from surroundings of a land.<ref>'' al-Nihāya'', Ibn Athīr, vol.3, p.38; ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol.10, p.5-6</ref> According to some, the word in the fiqh literature is unlike the common rules of Arabic literature, because a demonym is always made from a singular word.<ref>''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.515</ref> So, some have read it as ufuqī or afaqī.<ref>''Al-Ṣiḥāḥ'', vol.4, p.1446; ''Tāj al-ʿarūs'', vol.13, p.6</ref>

In fiqh technical usge afaqi is a person who lives in places far from Mecca (in other words outside [[al-Haram al-Makki]]).<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.394; ''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.514-515; ''Muʿjam lughat al-fuqahāʾ'', p.36</ref> The notion is mentioned in Quran with the word “al-bād”<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', letter 67; ''Zubdat al-bayān'', p.220</ref> and in fiqh with different words, including, “ahl al-āfāq”,<ref>''Al-Mudawwanat al-kubrā'', vol.1, p.371-72; ''Al-Rawḍa al-bahīyya'', vol.2, p.217; ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.14, p.321, 402</ref> “ahl al-amṣār”,<ref>see: ''Al-Muqniʿa'', p.395; compare to: ''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Sarakhsī, vol.12, p.18; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.559, 565</ref> “al-nāʾī”,<ref>''Al-Durūs'', vol.1, p.330-31; ''Dhikrā'', vol.3, p.184; ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.14, p.320-21</ref> and “al-baʿīd”.<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.386; ''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.7, p.51; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.5</ref> in opposite some of fiqh sources have called people leaving around the miqats and outside al-Haram al-Makki, “al-bustānī”, as there is a place called [[Bustan Banu Amir]] in the area.<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.394-95</ref>

In Quran a person living in al-Haram is called “al-ʿākif”,<ref>see: ''Nahj al-balāgha'', letter 67; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.729; ''Zubdat al-bayān'', p.220</ref> (Quran 22:25) and “ḥāḍirī l-Masjid al-Harām” (Quran 2:196).<ref>''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.411; ''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol.7, p.128</ref> In fiqh sources such a person is mentioned as “al-ḥaramī”,<ref>''al-Nihāya'', Ibn Athīr, vol.1, p.375; ''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.637</ref> “ahl Makka” (people of Mecca),<ref>''Al-Mudawwanat al-kubrā'', vol.1, p.369-71; ''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.302, 308; ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Ḥalabī, p.191</ref> “ahl Ḥaram” (people of haram),<ref>''Al-Marāsim al-ʿAlawīyya'', p.107; ''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol.7, p.128</ref> and “al-muqīm”.<ref>''Sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol.1, p.178; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.35-36</ref>
==Distance==
According to the most Shi'a faqihs<ref>''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.785; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> the distance from Mecca should be 48 Arabic miles (~88km).<ref>''Al-Nihāya'', al-Ṭūsī, p.206; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.784; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.558</ref> Some Shia faqihs consider a quarter of the distance sufficient.<ref>''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.306; ''Al-Wasīla'', p.157; ''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ'', p.151</ref> Their main reason is the contrast of “ḥāḍir” (present) and “musāfir” ([[traveler]]) in the verse Quran 2:196; as the minimum distance for a traveler in shari'a is four parasangs (~22 km) that distinguishes the “ḥāḍir” and “āfāqī”.<ref>''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.9</ref> some have summed up the two views that 88km means 22km in four directions of Mecca.<ref>''Al-Sarāʾir'', vol.1, p.519; ''Kashf al-rumūz'', vol.1, p.336; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.15</ref>

The last view is not accepted by many faqihs for several reasons,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.27; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> including, there are hadiths<ref>''Tahdhīb'', vol.5, p.32-33; ''Al-Istibṣār'', vol.2, p.157-58</ref> that people of places like [[Dhāt ʿĪrq]], [[ʿUsfān]], [[Marr]], and [[Sarf]] that are more than 22km away from Mecca,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.26; ''Kashf al-lithām'', vol.1, p.277</ref> are considered people of Mecca. There is a rare view in Shi'a fiqh that afaqi are considered people that have a distance of more than 33km from Mecca.<ref>see: ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Kulaynī, vol.4, p.300; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.8</ref>

==Origin of the Distance==
Some have considered al-Masjid al-Haram as the origin of the distance according to the verse Quran 2:196.<ref>''Al-Wasīla'', p.167-58; ''Muʿtamad'', vol.2, p.193</ref> others know Mecca as the origin according to a hadith from Zurara b. A'yan and the fact whole of Mecca is mentioned as al-Masjid al-Haram in verse Quran 17:1.<ref>''Masālik al-afhām'', vol.2, p.202; ''Mustamsak al-ʿurwa'', vol.11, p.158; ''Madārik al-aḥkām'', vol.7, p.189</ref>

Hanafi<ref>''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Sarakhsī, vol.4, p.169; ''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.640</ref> and Shafi'i<ref>''Badāʾiʿ al-ṣanāʾiʿ'', vol.2, p.166; ''Al-Majmūʿ'', vol.7, p.196</ref> faqihs consider people of lands outside the vicinity of [[miqats]] (known places in which the pilgrims should wear [[ihram]] before entering Mecca) as afaqi.

Maliki faqihs know people who are not living in Mecca as afaqi.<ref>''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Sarakhsī, vol.4, p.169; ''Al-Mughnī'', vol.3, p.502; ''Hashīyat al-Dusūqī'', vol.2, p.22</ref>

Habalis believe that the distance of travel that makes obligation of prayers to al-qasr prayer as the minimum distance of afaqi rulings.<ref>''Al-Mughnī'', vol.3, p.502</ref> As to them the distance is 48 Arabic miles.<ref>''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol.4, p.453; ''Al-Sharḥ al-kabīr'', vol.1, p.358</ref> the view is similar to the popular view of Shia faqihs. The origin of the distance is Mecca in some views<ref>''Al-Inṣāf'', vol.3, p.440</ref> and al-Masjid al-Haram in the others.<ref>''Al-Inṣāf'', vol.3, p.440</ref>

==Rulings==
According to Shia faqihs, pointing to verse Quran 2:196 and mutawatir hadiths,<ref>see: ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.11, p.239-245</ref> the most important rulings of afaqi is that among the three kinds of hajj he/she is only obliged to perform [[hajj al-tamattu']] and he/she can only perform [[hajj al-qiran]] or [[hajj al-ifrad]] in compulsion, contrary to the people of Mecca who have to perform hajj al-qiran or hajj al-ifrad.<ref>''Al-Muqniʿa'', p.389; ''Al-Khilāf'', vol.2, p.272; ''Qawāʿid al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.451</ref>

In the view of Shia faqihs, the other ruling of afaqi is that their [[ihram]] should be from special places known as miqat which are specified in fiqh sources<ref>''Kifāyat al-athar'', vol.1, p.288-289; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.561</ref> Sunni faqihs have also require that an afaqi person wears ihram in miqats,<ref>''Al-Majmūʿ'', vol.7, p.196</ref> and forbade passing miqat and entering Mecca without ihram.<ref>''Al-Mughnī'', vol.3, p.217; ''Al-Inṣāf'', vol.3, p.427</ref> Also Hanafis consider being afaqi one of the conditions of obligation of [[tawaf al-wida']] and do not consider it obligatory for a non-afaqi.<ref>''Badāʾiʿ al-ṣanāʾiʿ'', vol.2, p.142</ref> For an afaqi person there is a condition of having way and means of travel for their [[istita'a]] but not for a person who lives in Mecca.<ref>''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.386; ''Badāʾiʿ al-ṣanāʾiʿ'', vol.2, p.122; ''Kashf al-lithām'', vol.5, p.64-65</ref>

According to the view of Shia faqihs if an afaqi person takes residence in Mecca and becomes [[mustati']] there, his obligation is performing hajj al-ifard or hajj al-qiran.<ref>''Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol.4, p.604</ref> There is a disagreement in specifying the duration required for him to be considered a resident of Mecca. Most of Shia faqihs believe that passing of two years and entering the third year of residence is required;<ref>''Tahdhīb'', vol.5, p.34; ''Al-Sharāyiʿ'', vol.1, p.240; ''Masālik al-afhām'', vol.2, p.207</ref> others believe that three whole years is required.<ref>''Al-Nihāya'', al-Ṭūsī, p.206; ''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.308; ''Al-Sarāʾir'', vol.1, p.522</ref> There are views believing that according to most of hadiths entering the second year is sufficient.<ref>''Al-Durūs'', vol.1, p.331; ''Kashf al-lithām'', vol.5, p.64</ref>

Unlike the author of ''Madarik''<ref>''Madārik al-aḥkām'', vol.7, p.210</ref> most of Shia faqihs believe that only in case of intention of residence, the presence in Mecca is considered.<ref>''Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol.4, p.605</ref>

Sunni faqihs have also considered residence in Mecca with the intention of remaining there the requirement of changing in the obligation of hajj.<ref>''Al-Mughnī'', vol.3, p.500</ref> According to the Shia fiqh, if a person from Mecca intend to reside in another place, his obligation of hajj changes to hajj al-tamattu'; but remaining somewhere without the intention of residence does not change his/her obligation.<ref>''Madārik al-aḥkām'', vol.7, p.210; ''Rīyāḍ al-masāʾil'', vol.6, p.173; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.92</ref>

According to the most Shia faqihs, after obligation of hajj on an afaqi person if he/she choses Mecca as his/her residence, his/her obligation does not change.<ref>''Masālik al-afhām'', vol.2, p.208; ''Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol.4, p.604</ref>

==See Also==
[[Confines of Haram]]
[[Mecca]]
[[Hajj al-Qiran]]
[[Hajj al-Ifrad]]

==Notes==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{ref}}
* '''''Al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyya''''' : al-Shahīd al-Awwal (786AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1412AH.
* '''''Al-Inṣāf fī maʿrifat al-rājiḥ min al-khilāf''''': al-Mardāwī (885AH), ed. Muḥammad Ḥāmid, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʿ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1377AH.
* '''''Al-Istibṣār''''': al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Mūsawī al-Kharsān, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1363Sh.
* '''''Al-Khilāf''''':al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Sayyid ʿAlī Khurāsānī et al. Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1418AH.
* '''''Al-Kāfī fī l-fiqh''''': Abū l-Ṣalāḥ al-Ḥalabī (447AH), ed. Ustādī, Isfahan, Maktabat Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a), 1403AH.
* '''''Al-Kāfī''''': al-Kulaynī (329AH), ed. Ghaffārī, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1375Sh.
* '''''Al-Mabsūṭ fī fiqh al-Imāmīyya''''': al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Bihbūdī, Tehran, Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīyya.
* '''''Al-Mabsūṭ''''': al-Sarakhsī (483AH), Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1406AH.
* '''''Al-Majmūʿ sharḥ al-muhadhdhab''''': al-Nawawī (676AH), Dār al-Fikr.
* '''''Al-Marāsim al-ʿAlawīyya''''': Sallār Ḥamza b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (448AH), ed. Husaynī, Qom, al-Majmaʿ al-ʿĀlamī li-Ahl al-Bayt, 1414AH.
* '''''Al-Mudawwanat al-kubrā''''': Mālik b. Anas (179AH), Egypt, Maṭbaʿa al-Saʿāda.
* '''''Al-Mughnī wa l-sharḥ al-kabīr''''': ʿAbd Allāh b. Qudāma (620AH) and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Qudāma (682AH), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya.
* '''''Al-Muqniʿa''''': al-Mufīd (413AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1410AH.
* '''''Al-Muʿtabar''''': al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī (676AH), Muʾassisa Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ, 1363Sh.
* '''''Al-Nihāya''''': Ibn Athīr Mubārak b. Muḥammad al-Jazarī (606AH), ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad and Ṭāhir Aḥmad, Qom, Ismāʿīlīyan, 1367Sh.
* '''''Al-Nihāya''''':al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Āghā Buzurg Tihrānī, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, 1400AH.
* '''''Al-Rawḍa al-bahīyya''''': al-Shahīd al-Thānī (965AH), ed. Kalāntar, Qom, Maktaba al-Dāwarī, 1410AH.
* '''''Al-Sarāʾir''''': Ibn Idrīs (598AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1411AH.
* '''''Al-Sharḥ al-kabīr''''': Abu l-Barakāt (1201AH), Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya.
* '''''Al-Wasīla ilā nayl al-faḍīla''''': Ibn Ḥamza (560AH), ed. al-Ḥasūn, Qom, Maktabat al-Najafī, 1408AH.
* '''''Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā''''': Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim Yazdī (1337AH), Qom, al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1420AH.
* '''''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira''''': Yūsuf al-Baḥrānī (1186AH), ed. Ākhundī, Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1363Sh.
* '''''Al-Ṣiḥāḥ''''': al-Jawharī (393AH), ed. Aḥmad al-ʿAttār, Beirut, Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 1497AH.
* '''''Badāʾiʿ al-ṣanāʾiʿ''''': ʿAlaʾ al-Dīn al-Kāsānī (587AH), Pakistan, al-Maktabat al-Ḥabībīya, 1409AH.
* '''''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād''''': Muḥammad Bāqir al-Sabziwārī (1090AH), Āl al-Bayt (a).
* '''''Dhikrā''''': al-Shahīd al-Awwal (786AH), Qom, Āl al-Bayt (a), 1419AH.
* '''''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz''''': ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Rāfiʿī (623AH), Dār al-Fikr.q
* '''''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ''''': al-Ḥalabī (585AH), ed. Bahādurī, Qom, Muʾassisa-yi Imām Ṣādiq, 1417AH.
* '''''Hashīyat al-Dusūqī''''': al-Dusūqī (1230AH), Dār Iḥyāʿ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya.
* '''''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār''''': Ibn ʿAbidīn (1252AH), ed. Maktabat al-Buḥūth, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1415AH.
* '''''Jawāhir al-kalām''''': al-Najafī (1266AH), ed. Qūchānī, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʿ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1266AH.
* '''''Kashf al-lithām''''': al-Fāḍil al-Hindī (1137AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1416AH.
* '''''Kashf al-rumūz''''': al-Fāḍil al-Ābī (690AH), ed. Ishtihārdī and Yazdī, Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1408AH.
* '''''Kifāyat al-athar''''': ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Khazzāz al-Qummī (400AH), ed. Kūh Kamarī, Qom, Bīdār, 1401AH.
* '''''Lisān al-ʿArab''''': Ibn Manẓūr (711AH), Qom, Adab al-Ḥawza, 1405AH.
* '''''Madārik al-aḥkām''''': Sayyid Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Mūsawī al-ʿĀmilī (1009AH), Qom, Āl al-Bayt (a), 1410AH.
* '''''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida wa l-burhān'': al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ardabīlī (993AH), ed. ʿIrāqī et al. Qom, Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1416AH.
* '''''Masālik al-afhām ilā tanqīḥ sharāyiʿ al-Islām''''': al-Shahīd al-Thānī (965AH), Qom, Maʿārif-i Islāmī, 1416AH.
* '''''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa''''': al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (726AH), Qom, al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1412AH.
* '''''Mustamsak al-ʿurwa al-wuthqā''''': Sayyid Muḥsin al-Ḥakīm (1390AH), Qom, Maktabat al-Najafī, 1404AH.
* '''''Muʿjam lughat al-fuqahāʾ''''': Muḥammad Qalʿajī, Beirut, Dār al-Nafāʾis, 1408AH.
* '''''Muʿtamad al-ʿurwa al-wuthqā''''': Muḥaḍirāt al-Khoei (1413AH), al-Khalkhālī, Qom, Madrasat Dār al-ʿIlm, 1404AH.
* '''''Nahj al-balāgha''''': al-Raḍī (406AH), ed. ʿAbduh, Qom, Dār al-Dhakhāʾir, 1412AH.
* '''''Qawāʿid al-aḥkām''''': al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (726AH), Qom, al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1413AH.
* '''''Rīyāḍ al-masāʾil''''': Sayyid ʿAlī al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī (1231AH), Qom, al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1412AH.
* '''''Sharāyiʿ al-Islām''''': al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī (676AH), ed. Sayyid Ṣādiq Shīrāzī, Tehran, Istiqlāl, 1409AH.
* '''''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ''''': al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (726AH), Qom, Āl al-Bayt, 1414AH.
* '''''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'' ''': al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Mūsawī and Ākhundī, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1365Sh.
* '''''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿīyya''': al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (726AH), ed. Bahādurī, Qom, Muʾassisat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1420AH.
* '''''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ''''': ʿAlaʾ al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (539AH), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1414AH.
* '''''Tāj al-ʿarūs''''': al-Zubaydī (1205AH), ed. ʿAlī Shīrī, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1414AH.
* '''''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''''': al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī (1104AH), ed. Rabbānī Shīrāzī, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403AH.
* '''''Zubdat al-bayān''''': al-Muqaddas al-Ardabīlī (993AH), ed. Bihbūdī, Tehran, al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīyya.
{{end}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:50, 29 July 2025
Line 61:		Line 61:
	* '''''Al-Mughnī wa l-sharḥ al-kabīr''''': ʿAbd Allāh b. Qudāma (620AH) and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Qudāma (682AH), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya.		* '''''Al-Mughnī wa l-sharḥ al-kabīr''''': ʿAbd Allāh b. Qudāma (620AH) and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Qudāma (682AH), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya.
	* '''''Al-Muqniʿa''''': al-Mufīd (413AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1410AH.		* '''''Al-Muqniʿa''''': al-Mufīd (413AH), Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1410AH.
	* '''''Al-Muʿtabar''''': al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī (676AH), ~~Muʾassisa~~ Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ, 1363Sh.		* '''''Al-Muʿtabar''''': al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī (676AH), Muʾassasa Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ, 1363Sh.
	* '''''Al-Nihāya''''': Ibn Athīr Mubārak b. Muḥammad al-Jazarī (606AH), ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad and Ṭāhir Aḥmad, Qom, Ismāʿīlīyan, 1367Sh.		* '''''Al-Nihāya''''': Ibn Athīr Mubārak b. Muḥammad al-Jazarī (606AH), ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad and Ṭāhir Aḥmad, Qom, Ismāʿīlīyan, 1367Sh.
	* '''''Al-Nihāya''''':al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Āghā Buzurg Tihrānī, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, 1400AH.		* '''''Al-Nihāya''''':al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Āghā Buzurg Tihrānī, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, 1400AH.
Line 75:		Line 75:
	* '''''Dhikrā''''': al-Shahīd al-Awwal (786AH), Qom, Āl al-Bayt (a), 1419AH.		* '''''Dhikrā''''': al-Shahīd al-Awwal (786AH), Qom, Āl al-Bayt (a), 1419AH.
	* '''''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz''''': ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Rāfiʿī (623AH), Dār al-Fikr.q		* '''''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz''''': ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Rāfiʿī (623AH), Dār al-Fikr.q
	* '''''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ''''': al-Ḥalabī (585AH), ed. Bahādurī, Qom, ~~Muʾassisa~~-yi Imām Ṣādiq, 1417AH.		* '''''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ''''': al-Ḥalabī (585AH), ed. Bahādurī, Qom, Muʾassasa-yi Imām Ṣādiq, 1417AH.
	* '''''Hashīyat al-Dusūqī''''': al-Dusūqī (1230AH), Dār Iḥyāʿ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya.		* '''''Hashīyat al-Dusūqī''''': al-Dusūqī (1230AH), Dār Iḥyāʿ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya.
	* '''''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār''''': Ibn ʿAbidīn (1252AH), ed. Maktabat al-Buḥūth, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1415AH.		* '''''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār''''': Ibn ʿAbidīn (1252AH), ed. Maktabat al-Buḥūth, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1415AH.
Line 96:		Line 96:
	* '''''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ''''': al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (726AH), Qom, Āl al-Bayt, 1414AH.		* '''''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ''''': al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (726AH), Qom, Āl al-Bayt, 1414AH.
	* '''''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'' ''': al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Mūsawī and Ākhundī, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1365Sh.		* '''''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'' ''': al-Ṭūsī (460AH), ed. Mūsawī and Ākhundī, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1365Sh.
	* '''''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿīyya''': al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (726AH), ed. Bahādurī, Qom, ~~Muʾassisat~~ al-Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1420AH.		* '''''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿīyya''': al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (726AH), ed. Bahādurī, Qom, Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1420AH.
	* '''''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ''''': ʿAlaʾ al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (539AH), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1414AH.		* '''''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ''''': ʿAlaʾ al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (539AH), Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1414AH.
	* '''''Tāj al-ʿarūs''''': al-Zubaydī (1205AH), ed. ʿAlī Shīrī, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1414AH.		* '''''Tāj al-ʿarūs''''': al-Zubaydī (1205AH), ed. ʿAlī Shīrī, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1414AH.